Crime prevention through building design, urban planning and city maintenance - Principles and process

This Technical Specification gives guidelines on methods for assessing and mitigating the risk of crime and/ or fear of crime/feelings of insecurity and measures, procedures and processes aimed at reducing these risks. Nowadays crime also includes terrorism (e.g. ram raiding attacks on soft targets in public places) and other new types of crimes (or modus operandi). Also new assessment methods are available (Intelligence-led Approaches, Predictive Policing) and last but not least new approaches to design are
available (Design Thinking, Systems Engineering Approaches, etc.).
Using social science methods and innovation tools from the design and planning world this Technical Specification will be based on innovating practical, evidence-based tools that meet end-user needs of designers, planners, maintenance people but also police, law enforcement and the security industry in their operational contexts.
Design guidelines are given for specific types of environments to prevent or counteract different crime problems consistently with the building design, urban planning and city maintenance documents. Furthermore, guidelines for a step by step process are presented to involve all stakeholders engaged in urban planning and environmental crime reduction as well as all other stakeholders mainly local and regional authorities and residents in the multi-agency action needed to minimize the risks of crime
and fear of crime. Reference will be made to the quickly changing and worldwide spreading approach of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED).
This Technical Specification provides principles and processes for building design, urban planning and city maintenance. This guidance can be applied for buildings, for a neighborhood or environment ranging from just a few houses or streets to the whole city with a focus on public spaces.

Kriminalprävention im öffentlichen Raum, in Gebäuden und in Anlagen durch Gebäudeplanung, Städtebau und Instandhaltung - Teil 2: Grundsätze und Verfahren

Preprečevanje kriminala z načrtovanjem stavb, urbanističnim načrtovanjem in vzdrževanjem mesta - Načela in postopek

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Status
Not Published
Current Stage
5060 - Closure of Vote - Formal Approval

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022
01-september-2022
Preprečevanje kriminala z načrtovanjem stavb, urbanističnim načrtovanjem in
vzdrževanjem mesta - Načela in postopek
Crime prevention through building design, urban planning and city maintenance -
Principles and process
Kriminalprävention im öffentlichen Raum, in Gebäuden und in Anlagen durch
Gebäudeplanung, Städtebau und Instandhaltung - Teil 2: Grundsätze und Verfahren
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TS 14383-2
ICS:
13.310 Varstvo pred kriminalom Protection against crime
91.020 Prostorsko planiranje. Physical planning. Town
Urbanizem planning
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022
FINAL DRAFT
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
FprCEN/TS 14383-2
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
July 2022
ICS 13.310; 91.020 Will supersede CEN/TR 14383-2:2007
English Version
Crime prevention through building design, urban planning
and city maintenance - Principles and process
Kriminalprävention im öffentlichen Raum, in Gebäuden
und in Anlagen durch Gebäudeplanung, Städtebau und
Instandhaltung - Teil 2: Grundsätze und Verfahren

This draft Technical Specification is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 325.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a Technical Specification. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change

without notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Specification.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022
FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 (E)
Contents Page

European foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 5

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 7

3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 7

4 General approach .................................................................................................................................. 8

4.1 CPTED as risk management for the prevention/reduction of crime problems ............. 8

4.2 Assumptions of this document ......................................................................................................... 9

4.3 Content and process ........................................................................................................................... 10

4.4 Focus on urban environments ....................................................................................................... 10

5 Principles of CPTED............................................................................................................................ 10

5.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 10

5.2 CPTED: how to implement it and what to do............................................................................. 11

5.2.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 11

5.2.2 General principles on how to implement CPTED .................................................................... 11

5.2.3 Principles on what to do to tackle and reduce crime problems [2] .................................. 13

6 Framework (Responsible Body: leadership and commitment) ......................................... 14

6.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 14

6.2 Responsible Body (RB) ..................................................................................................................... 14

6.2.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 14

6.2.2 Policy Commitment ............................................................................................................................ 15

6.2.3 Improvement ........................................................................................................................................ 15

6.2.4 Evaluation .............................................................................................................................................. 15

6.3 Making specific CPTED processes possible ............................................................................... 15

7 Specific CPTED process in one project/environment ............................................................ 18

7.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 18

7.2 Working Group .................................................................................................................................... 20

7.2.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 20

7.2.2 Two approaches: integrated or specialized .............................................................................. 20

7.2.3 Document identifying the Working Group programme ........................................................ 20

7.3 Communication and consultation Responsible Body <-> Working Group .................... 21

7.3.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 21

7.3.2 Working Group responsibilities .................................................................................................... 21

7.3.3 Responsible Body decides ............................................................................................................... 21

7.4 Scope, context and criteria .............................................................................................................. 22

7.4.1 Specific Crime Prevention Statement (SCPS) ............................................................................ 22

7.4.2 Objectives/requirements................................................................................................................. 22

7.5 Crime risk assessment and review ............................................................................................... 22

7.5.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 22

7.5.2 Crime risk identification .................................................................................................................. 23

7.5.3 Three categories of crime problems ............................................................................................ 23

7.5.4 Crime risk analysis: where, what and who ................................................................................ 24

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FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 (E)

7.5.5 Crime risk evaluation (ex ante) ..................................................................................................... 27

7.6 Monitoring (during) and evaluating (afterwards) ................................................................. 27

7.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 27

7.6.2 Ex post evaluation to learn .............................................................................................................. 27

7.7 Recording and reporting .................................................................................................................. 28

8 Examples for the application of risk management of crime problems ........................... 29

8.1 Levels at which action can be taken ............................................................................................. 29

Annex A (informative) Crime classification and further information .......................................... 33

A.1 Crime: how to classify 11 specific types in 24 languages ..................................................... 33

A.1.1 Crime? ..................................................................................................................................................... 33

A.1.2 International Classification of Crime........................................................................................... 33

A.1.3 European Classification of Crime .................................................................................................. 34

A.1.4 How to use this information for your own practical purposes? ........................................ 35

A.1.5 Further information on data and mapping ............................................................................... 36

Annex B (informative) Crime Assessment (new environment) – Examples of elements to take

into account .......................................................................................................................................... 39

B.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 39

B.2 Risk assessment: three general aspects ..................................................................................... 39

B.3 Specific risk assessment factors for types of crime and for feelings of insecurity ..... 40

Annex C (informative) Crime review - Problem identification in existing environments .... 44

Annex D (informative) Level of intervention and CPTED strategies ............................................. 46

D.1 Strategies ............................................................................................................................................... 46

D.1.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 46

D.1.2 Urban planning strategies ............................................................................................................... 46

D.1.3 Urban design strategies .................................................................................................................... 47

D.1.4 Management strategies .................................................................................................................... 47

D.1.5 How to choose appropriate strategies ........................................................................................ 48

Annex E (informative) Feelings of insecurity ........................................................................................ 49

E.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 49

E.2 Factors which characterize an “unsafe location”: ................................................................... 49

E.2.1 Fear generating activities ................................................................................................................ 49

E.2.2 Vandalism and poor maintenance ................................................................................................ 49

E.3 Problematic urban design ............................................................................................................... 50

E.3.1 Lack of control ..................................................................................................................................... 50

E.3.2 Isolation - lack of visibility by others .......................................................................................... 50

E.3.3 Lack of orientation and alternative routes ............................................................................... 50

Annex F (informative) Security framework of an urban project [2] ............................................. 51

F.1 The basic principles ........................................................................................................................... 51

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FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 (E)

F.2 Urban planning strategies ............................................................................................................... 52

F.2.1 Taking into account the existing social and physical structures ....................................... 52

F.2.2 Guaranteeing accessibility and avoiding enclaves ................................................................. 52

F.2.3 Creating vitality (blending functions and attractive layout) .............................................. 52

F.2.4 Providing mixed status (blending socio-economic groups, avoiding isolation and

segregation) .......................................................................................................................................... 53

F.2.5 Creating adequate urban density to allow vitality and informal surveillance ............. 53

F.2.6 Avoiding physical barriers (due to infrastructures etc.) and waste land....................... 53

F.3 Urban design strategies .................................................................................................................... 53

F.3.1 Layout (continuity of urban fabric and pedestrian and bicycle routes) ......................... 53

F.3.2 Specific location of activities .......................................................................................................... 54

F.3.3 Time schedules coordination to guarantee continuous informal surveillance ........... 54

F.3.4 Visibility (overview, sight lines between e.g. dwellings and public space, lighting, etc.)

................................................................................................................................................................... 54

F.3.5 Accessibility (orientation, space to move, alternatives routes, limiting access for non-

authorized people) ............................................................................................................................. 54

F.3.6 Territoriality (human scale, clear public/private zoning, compartmentalization) ... 55

F.3.7 Attractiveness (colour, material, lighting, noise, smell, street furniture) ..................... 55

F.3.8 Robustness (materials e.g. street furniture, fences) .............................................................. 55

F.4 Management strategies..................................................................................................................... 56

F.4.1 Target hardening/removal ............................................................................................................. 56

F.4.2 Maintenance ......................................................................................................................................... 56

F.4.3 Surveillance (patrolling, camera monitoring) ......................................................................... 56

F.4.4 Rules (for conduct of the public in public spaces) .................................................................. 57

F.4.5 Providing infrastructures for particular groups ..................................................................... 57

Annex G (informative) Wider perspectives and foundations of CPTED in: EU, Council of

Europe (COE) and UN ......................................................................................................................... 58

G.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 58

G.2 The European Urban Charter of the Council of Europe (COE, 1992) ................................ 58

G.3 The COE Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe (CLRAE, 1997) .......... 58

G.4 The EU Justice and Home Affairs council (2001) ..................................................................... 59

G.5 The EU Internal Security Strategy (ISS, 2010) .......................................................................... 59

G.6 The UN Sustainable Development Goals (2015) ...................................................................... 59

G.7 Urban Agenda for the EU (2017) ................................................................................................... 60

G.8 The New Leipzig Urban Charter (2020) ...................................................................................... 60

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 61

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FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 (E)
European foreword

This document (FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 325

“Prevention of crime by urban planning and building design”, the secretariat of which is held by ÚNMZ.

This document is currently submitted to the vote on TS.
This document will supersede CEN/TR 14383-2:2007.

In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made:

• The revised document is supported from guidance given in ISO 31000:2018 and ISO 22341:2021.

• The content of CEN/TR 14383-2:2007 was structured and edited accordingly.
• Informative annexes are added.

This Technical Specification is one of a series for the “Prevention of crime - Urban planning and building

design” EN 14383, which consists of the following parts:
• Part 1: Definition of specific terms
• Part 2: Principles and process
• Part 3: Dwellings
• Part 4: Shops and offices
• Part 5: Petrol stations
• Part 6: Schools (publication scheduled for 2022-08-08)
• Part 7: Design and management of public transport facilities

• Part 8: Protection of buildings and sites against criminal attacks with vehicles

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FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 (E)
Introduction

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED; pronounced “Sep-Ted”) is a multi-disciplinary

approach to crime prevention that uses urban planning, architectural design and the urban maintenance

and management of specific environments to influence human behaviour to reduce the risk of crime and

the feelings of insecurity (see Annex E). Property crimes like theft, burglary and vandalism and violent

crimes like assaults, robberies, terrorism (see Annex A for an overview) as well as feelings of insecurity

have a significant negative impact on citizens’ quality of life, community cohesion and the security in the

urban environment. Those living in deprived neighbourhoods and vulnerable groups are often the most

seriously affected.
In this Technical Specification CPTED is defined as:

• an approach to prevent and/or reduce crime problems: crimes (specific types of crime including

terrorism; see Annex A and B for further specifications) and feelings of insecurity (see Annex E),

NOTE 1 In this Technical Specification the word ‘crime problem’ is used for prevalence of one or more types

of crime in a specific environment and/or the prevalence of feelings of insecurity; hence, crime problem = crime

and/or feelings of insecurity

NOTE 2 Prevalence is the proportion of a population who – in a specific environment - have a specific

characteristic – becoming a crime victim and/or being fearful of crime - in a given time period

• following a rational risk management approach (complying to ISO 31000:2018),
• through al multi-disciplinary, multi-agency or partnership process [5],

• by design, planning, economic/social/psychological approaches and management/maintenance in a

particular physical, social and governance/organisational environment (city, town, neighbourhood,

community or a specific place).

The process of applying CPTED is summarized in Figure 1. In this process the stakeholders choose

strategies and measures to reduce identified crime risks. To help stakeholders make this choice they may

use the strategies and measures as presented in Clause 5, Annex C.

Hence by adopting this Technical Specification the process described in Clause 6 is adopted while the

definitive choice of strategies and measures (see Clause 5, Annex C) is left to the stakeholders in a specific

project/environment and in the end to a Responsible Body (most often local and regional authorities

issuing rules for urban planning, building/planning codes, regulations and permits, management and

maintenance routines) involved in a concrete plan for building, reconstruction or the management of an

area.

This Technical Specification is an addition to the regular planning / management processes that already

exists in all member states of the EU, and these are not to be described here (e.g. planning and building

laws, levels of government and their responsibilities, etc.). Those regular planning/management process

are already firmly established and have not been, nor will be in the future, subject to this Technical

Specification. The only additional new feature resulting from the adoption of this Technical Specification

will be incorporation of measures to prevent and reduce crime problems.

Persons/groups that experience or perceive a higher risk for crime problems; e.g. minority groups, migrants,

elderly persons, handicapped people but also tourists
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FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 (E)
1 Scope

This document establishes general principles and specifies the framework for a process of Crime

Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED).

It specifies the assessment of risk of crime problems (crime and/or feelings of insecurity) and the

framework, process, measures and procedures aimed at reducing these risks in a specific new to build or

existing environment. The crimes covered by this document are often of an opportunistic nature and are

crimes against property (e.g. burglary, theft, vandalism, pickpocketing, arson), violent crimes (e.g.

assaults, robbery, terrorism, harassment, sexual violence) as well as other criminal behaviour (see

Annex A). The exact choice of which types of crime will be included in an approach has to be taken locally

and is part of the processes and procedures described in this document. Annex A gives an overview of all

foreseeable types of crime in all European languages. Feelings of insecurity are also defined as a ‘crime

problem’ in this document.

This document provides guidelines and strategies for a CPTED-process in specific types of environments

to prevent or reduce the risks of potential or identified crime problems. Guidelines for a step-by-step

process are given to involve all stakeholders engaged in urban planning and environmental crime

reduction. It also allows for all other stakeholders to be engaged - mainly local and regional authorities

and residents/businesses/institutes - in the multi-disciplinary action needed to minimize the risks of

crime problems (crime and feelings of insecurity).

This document introduces a process that is applicable to the planning process of new, as well as existing,

urban areas. Such an area can be the neighbourhood or environment ranging from just one building to a

few buildings or streets to a whole district. This document also introduces a higher-level framework that

is often city wide – or regional or sometimes even national – and democratically legitimised for regular

implementing CPTED in specific areas and for specific (new/existing) urban planning, design and

management projects.

This document provides all relevant actors with guidelines aimed at reducing or managing the risk of

crime problems in a specific defined environment.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 14383-1:2006 and the following

apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
crime prevention through environmental design
CPTED

multi-disciplinary approach to crime prevention that uses urban planning, architectural design, urban

maintenance and management of specific environments to influence human behaviour to reduce the risk

of crime and feelings of insecurity
Note 1 to Entry: The abbreviation CPTED is pronounced “Sep-Ted”.

Note 2 to Entry: CPTED is a used worldwide as a crime management process (see also ISO 22341:2021)

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FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 (E)
3.2
Responsible Body

council, parliament or organisation that is responsible for implementing and managing the higher-level

framework principles and processes as specified in this Technical Specification

Note1 to entry The Responsible Body is the higher political level of a municipality or region (sometimes even a

nation): the local/regional authorities, the local/regional government; a democratically legitimised organization.

See the circle ‘Framework’ in Figure 1 and Figure 4.
3.3
crime problem

any crime as defined in the UN document ICCS (The International Classification of Crime for Statistical

Purposes, UN 2015 and EU 2017; see Annex A) as well as feelings of insecurity

Note 1 to entry The exact demarcation and definition(s) of the crime problem(s) should be made in the relevant

Responsible Body.
3.4
working group

group of persons - often multidisciplinary - representing the stakeholders of a CPTED project

implementing the CPTED principles and process in plans, designs and the regular city management and

maintenance

Note 1 to entry The group implementing CPTED in a project in a specific environment. See the circle CPTED

process in Figure 1 and Figure 5.
4 General approach
4.1 CPTED as risk management for the prevention/reduction of crime problems

This document introduces a risk management approach for crime problems based on the principles,

framework and process outlined in this document, as illustrated in Figure 1. These components might

already exist in full or in part within a local or regional setting like a municipality or region, however,

they might need to be adapted or improved so that risk management of crime problems is efficient,

effective and consistent using CPTED principles, processes and experts as tools.
In this document two levels are distinguished:

• the higher political level of a municipality or region (sometimes even a nation): the local authorities,

the local government. A democratically legitimised organization which is called ‘the Responsible

Body or RB’. See the circle ‘Framework’ in Figure 1 and Figure 4.

• the - often multidisciplinary - Working Group implementing the CPTED principles and process in

plans, designs and the regular city management and maintenance; implementing CPTED in a project

in a specific environment. See the circle process of CPTED in Figure 1 and Figure 5.

Both levels are guided by general CPTED-principles for the reduction of crime problems (= crime and

feelings of insecurity) to ensure and enhance the quality of life.
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FprCEN/TS 14383-2:2022 (E)

Figure 1 — Principles (How to do CPTED and What to do by CPTED), framework and specific

CPTED process for managing cr
...

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