EN ISO 12404:2021
(Main)Soil and waste - Guidance on the selection and application of screening methods (ISO 12404:2021)
Soil and waste - Guidance on the selection and application of screening methods (ISO 12404:2021)
This document provides guidance on the selection and application of screening methods for assessing soil quality and waste characterization, including distribution of target parameters in soil and soil‑like material. The aim of this document is to set up criteria as to when the different kind of screening methods can be applied for the analysis of a certain parameter in soil, including soil‑like material, and waste, and which steps are required to prove their suitability.
This document does not recommend any particular screening method but confirms the principles of their selection and application.
Boden und Abfall - Anleitung für die Auswahl und Anwendung von Screening-Verfahren (ISO 12404:2021)
Dieses Dokument gibt Anleitung zur Auswahl und Anwendung von Screening Verfahren für die Bewertung der Bodenbeschaffenheit und zur Charakterisierung von Abfällen, einschließlich der Verteilung von Zielparametern im Boden und bodenähnlichen Feststoffen. Ziel dieses Dokuments ist es, Kriterien dafür aufzustellen, wann die verschiedenen Arten von Screening Verfahren für die Analyse eines bestimmten Parameters im Boden, einschließlich bodenähnlichen Feststoffs, und Abfall angewendet werden können und welche Schritte zum Nachweis ihrer Eignung erforderlich sind.
Dieses Dokument empfiehlt kein bestimmtes Screening Verfahren, legt jedoch die Prinzipien dessen Auswahl und Anwendung fest.
Sol et déchets - Recommandations relatives à la sélection et à l'application des méthodes de diagnostic rapide (ISO 12404:2021)
Le présent document fournit des recommandations relatives à la sélection et à l’application de méthodes de diagnostic rapide pour l’évaluation de la qualité des sols et la caractérisation des déchets, y compris la répartition des paramètres cibles des sols et des solides assimilables aux sols. Le présent document a pour objet de fixer des critères permettant de décider dans quels cas les différents types de méthodes de diagnostic rapide peuvent être appliqués pour l’analyse d’un paramètre donné relatif à un sol, y compris un solide assimilable au sol, et à un déchet; il s’agit également de préciser quelles étapes sont nécessaires pour en démontrer l’adéquation.
Le présent document ne recommande aucune méthode de diagnostic rapide en particulier mais il confirme les principes de sélection et d’application de ces méthodes.
Tla in odpadki - Navodilo za izbiro in uporabo presejalnih metod (ISO 12404:2021)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 16123:2013
SIST EN ISO 12404:2015
Tla in odpadki - Navodilo za izbiro in uporabo presejalnih metod (ISO 12404:2021)
Soil and waste - Guidance on the selection and application of screening methods (ISO
12404:2021)
Boden und Abfall - Anleitung für die Auswahl und Anwendung von Screening-Verfahren
(ISO 12404:2021)
Sol et déchets - Recommandations relatives à la sélection et à l'application des
méthodes de diagnostic rapide (ISO 12404:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 12404:2021
ICS:
13.080.10 Kemijske značilnosti tal Chemical characteristics of
soils
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 12404
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
June 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.080.10 Supersedes EN 16123:2013, EN ISO 12404:2015
English Version
Soil and waste - Guidance on the selection and application
of screening methods (ISO 12404:2021)
Sol et déchets - Recommandations relatives à la Boden und Abfall - Anleitung für die Auswahl und
sélection et à l'application des méthodes de diagnostic Anwendung von Screening-Verfahren (ISO
rapide (ISO 12404:2021) 12404:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 May 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 12404:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 12404:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 "Soil
quality" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 444 “Environmental characterization of
solid matrices” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2021, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 16123:2013 and EN ISO 12404:2015.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 12404:2021 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 12404:2021 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12404
Second edition
2021-06
Soil and waste — Guidance on the
selection and application of screening
methods
Sol et déchets — Recommandations relatives à la sélection et à
l'application des méthodes de diagnostic rapide
Reference number
ISO 12404:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
ISO 12404:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
ISO 12404:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principles . 1
5 Typical areas for application of screening methods . 2
5.1 General . 2
5.2 Support of sampling/sample preparation processes . 2
5.3 On-site verification . 2
5.4 Monitoring of processes . 2
5.5 Identification of homogeneity/heterogeneity of bulk material . 2
5.6 Survey of contaminated sites (hot-spot identification) . 2
5.7 Identification of sources of contamination . 2
5.8 Monitoring of large areas . 2
5.9 Safety issues . 3
6 Selection of a screening method . 3
6.1 General objectives . 3
6.2 Data quality objectives (DQOs) . 4
6.3 Selection criteria. 4
6.3.1 General. 4
6.3.2 Sampling/sample pre-treatment/preparation . 5
6.4 Checks for the selection of candidate methods . 5
6.4.1 General. 5
6.4.2 Parameter definition . 5
6.4.3 Field of application . 5
6.4.4 Method characteristics . 5
6.4.5 Boundary conditions . 6
6.5 Fit-for-purpose test . 6
6.6 Quality targets . 6
7 Applicability conditions for screening methods . 7
7.1 General . 7
7.2 Performance requirements . 7
7.3 Screening method applicability . 8
7.3.1 General. 8
7.3.2 Measurement conditions . 8
7.3.3 Principle of the measurement . 8
7.3.4 Instruction for method setup . 8
7.3.5 Sampling and samples. 9
7.3.6 Measurement steps. 9
7.3.7 Statement of results . 9
7.3.8 Sample and reagent disposal . 9
7.3.9 Characteristic data of the method . 9
8 Fit‑for‑purpose evaluation .10
8.1 General .10
8.2 Accuracy testing .10
8.3 Exclusion of false negative results .10
8.4 Testing of individual comparability .11
9 Analytical acceptance criteria .11
9.1 General .11
9.2 Starting criteria .11
ISO 12404:2021(E)
9.3 Continuous criteria .11
10 Quality assurance .11
11 Documentation .12
Annex A (informative) Example for the selection and application process of screening
methods to soil contamination .13
Annex B (informative) Typical results on finding hot spots by screening methods.15
Annex C (informative) Decision making process .17
Annex D (informative) Example of documentation aid/check list .18
Annex E (informative) Statistical tool for individual comparability — Equality of results
from reference method and screening method: Mean value t‑test for real samples.21
Bibliography .23
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
ISO 12404:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, SC 3, Chemical and
physical characterization.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12404:2011), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— The contents of ISO 12404:2011 and EN 16123:2013 were merged;
— The scope was widened to include waste;
— The document was developed parallel with CEN according to the Vienna Agreement;
— The text was editorially revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
ISO 12404:2021(E)
Introduction
This document provides guidance on the use of screening methods for soil, soil‑like materials and waste
characterization. Most of the following clauses are applicable to all matrices mentioned. However, a few
subclauses are specific to either waste or soil, including soil‑like material, only.
One field of application of screening methods is “on‑site verification” as recommended in the European
Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) and the Landfill Decision (2003/33/EC).
Screening methods, which can be chemical, physical or biochemical in nature, can often be applied in
a quick and simple manner. Performance of quick and simple tests can be used in the field (i.e. on‑site)
and, in some cases, are also applicable for laboratory use. They can indicate the presence or absence of
an analyte or provide a qualitative estimate of a parameter such as a concentration or value, or generate
a semi‑quantitative result.
Screening methods are applicable to processes such as entrance control at waste disposal sites in
conjunction with standardized methods, because they allow fast verification of the documented waste
characteristics. They can also be used in similar way when soil or soil-like materials are to be reused in
accordance with the guidance in ISO 15176.
Regarding soil, they can also be used to produce a spatial distribution of concentrations or values within
a site, which can be supported by subsequent reference (laboratory‑based) analysis. When used in this
way, the purpose is generally to obtain information on target parameters or groups of parameters
and the location of unusual concentrations, possibly prior to undertaking a more detailed study
or investigation. In waste investigation, the location of samples is limited to an area where waste is
dumped but confirmation of the spatial distribution is still one of the investigation purposes, especially
when investigating soil‑like material.
The use of screening methods usually increases the efficiency of a site investigation. Generally, many
more samples can be analysed or checked and screened for target parameters and results generated
faster than using conventional laboratory-based reference methods. Additionally, screening methods,
particularly if carried out on‑site, can offer an immediate decision‑making opportunity which enables
staff to direct their efforts more effectively to those areas where a more thorough investigation might
need to be undertaken. Any required performance criteria prescribed for a parameter or group of
parameters need to be known; this should include an estimate of the uncertainty of the results.
NOTE Although soil screening methods are most commonly used to determine contaminants (pollutants)
in soils, for example in investigations of potentially contaminated sites, they can also be used to determine
parameters in uncontaminated soils (e.g. agricultural soils). Thus, the word “contaminant” in this document can
be construed to apply in any particular context to any relevant soil parameter (e.g. chemical, physical, biological).
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12404:2021(E)
Soil and waste — Guidance on the selection and application
of screening methods
1 Scope
This document provides guidance on the selection and application of screening methods for assessing
soil quality and waste characterization, including distribution of target parameters in soil and soil‑like
material. The aim of this document is to set up criteria as to when the different kind of screening
methods can be applied for the analysis of a certain parameter in soil, including soil‑like material, and
waste, and which steps are required to prove their suitability.
This document does not recommend any particular screening method but confirms the principles of
their selection and application.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
screening
application of any analytical semi‑quantitative method for exploratory analysis
3.2
screening method
method which is used (often on‑site) to quickly explore a given area including target parameter
distribution or to test a set of samples and obtain data on sample characteristics
Note 1 to entry: It is not necessarily directly comparable with reference methods.
3.3
reference method
method which is performed in accordance with national or international standards
3.4
on‑site verification
inspection to ensure that the waste accepted at a landfill is the same as described in the accompanying
documents and that it is in accordance with the basic characterization and/or compliance testing
Note 1 to entry: Procedures can be found in the European Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) and the Landfill
Decision (2003/33/EC).
4 Principles
This document specifies a framework for selection and application of screening methods.
ISO 12404:2021(E)
It defines the whole process, from the selection of the screening method, the applicability and fit-for-
purpose testing, the fulfilling of the acceptance criteria, the quality control of the applied method, to
the documentation of measurement results.
The suitability of any particular screening method depends on the parameter or group of parameters
requiring determination and on the technical nature of the method.
5 Typical areas for application of screening methods
5.1 General
Screening methods constitute a useful addition to standard procedures in the following areas.
5.2 Support of sampling/sample preparation processes
Screening methods can be used for:
— selection of the most suitable analytical method (concentration range, interferences, specificity,
robustness);
— pre-selection of samples for analysis in the laboratory;
— provision of information about accompanying compounds relevant for sample preparation.
5.3 On‑site verification
Characteristics of sampled waste are verified, e.g. during transport or at the entrance of waste
treatment plants and landfills.
5.4 Monitoring of processes
Screening methods can be used:
— to monitor and control processes (e.g. success of treatment or remediation);
— to perform quality control on a treatment plant.
5.5 Identification of homogeneity/heterogeneity of bulk material
Screening methods can be applied to measure “target compounds” in large amounts of waste as well as
soil and soil-like material to check the degree of homogeneity.
5.6 Survey of contaminated sites (hot‑spot identification)
Screening methods are useful to identify contaminated areas in contamination-suspected sites.
Examples for the application to contaminated sites are given in Annex A (flowchart) and Annex B (hot
spot detection).
5.7 Identification of sources of contamination
Screening methods can be useful to identify the source of a contaminant (hot spot detection) and its
distribution or contamination variability in a material stream or stock-pile.
5.8 Monitoring of large areas
Screening methods can be used for determination of the distribution of key parameters, e.g. nutrients
in agricultural land.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
ISO 12404:2021(E)
5.9 Safety issues
Screening methods can be used to detect potentially toxic compounds (e.g. gases, radioactivity,
explosives) which could be hazardous to the personnel taking and processing samples.
6 Selection of a screening method
6.1 General objectives
Before the screening of a site can be carried out, a thorough planning phase is necessary.
First, all information available about the site should be evaluated, often by conducting a preliminary
investigation such as desk study and site reconnaissance following, for example, ISO 18400-202. This
may include historical records or data available from previous investigations. Essential prerequisites
for the suitable preparation of a screening investigation is information about the hydrogeological
situation, the kind of contaminants and/or parameters of interest and the concentrations or values
likely to be expected, as well as any information about the locality, including the former use of the
site. Furthermore, the infrastructure of the site and the accessibility might need to be taken into
consideration.
NOTE 1 Further additional steps can be considered:
— development of a conceptual site model (see e.g. ISO 21365);
— development of a suitable sampling strategy (see e.g. ISO 18400-104, and ISO 18400-203 or ISO 18400-205,
as appropriate);
— preparation of a sampling plan (see e.g. ISO 18400-101).
NOTE 2 Further information relevant to development of sampling strategies can be found in e.g. ISO 11504,
ISO 15175, ISO 15176, ISO 15799, ISO 15800 and ISO 19258.
When the target field is waste, a similar approach is advised. Information about sampling strategies
and planning can be found in e.g. CEN/TR 15310, Part 1-5.
NOTE 3 For full titles of the documents listed above, see Bibliography.
Taking into account this background information, data quality objectives should be defined that
determine the applicability of the screening method. Only with these preliminary steps the selection of
screening methods is possible.
Some examples of detailed questions are listed below. This list is not exhaustive and not all might be
relevant for a specific site:
— parameters and analytes of interest;
— matrices of interest and condition and variability of matrix;
— data quality objectives (see 6.2 for the details);
— parameter values known, expected or already found on-site;
— statistical probability;
— ease of sampling;
— site facilities;
— site area;
— number of results per time unit;
ISO 12404:2021(E)
— health and safety considerations.
An example for the selection and application process of screening methods to soil contamination is
given in the informative Annex A.
An example for typical results on finding hot spots by screening methods is given in the informative
Annex B.
6.2 Data quality objectives (DQOs)
NOTE The data quality objectives (DQOs) process refers to a systematic planning procedure for
environmental data collection so that the data can be defensibly interpreted, and statistically analysed where
appropriate, to address specified objectives. It includes appropriate sampling design and sampling plans, as well
[21]
as the analytical strategy and setting analytical data objectives . The concept applies not just to numerical
data, but also to the sufficiency of all relevant information in terms of quantity, quality and type.
In land contamination investigations, there are typically DQOs that require laboratory analytical data
to be meaningfully comparable to a variety of risk-based or other quality criteria.
DQOs should be set for all investigations. They should be defined for the specific purpose of the site
investigation phase or activity, e.g. risk-based assessment (human health and controlled waters),
remediation, validation or waste classification.
When setting DQOs, account should be taken of the type, quantity and quality of the data required to
inform subsequent decisions based on the data and other available information.
DQOs should be set having regard to QA/QC (Quality Assurance/Control) requirements and how
comparison with risk-based or other criteria is to be effectively supported by the site data and
information as well as the laboratory analytical data collected.
Review points should be identified at key stages throughout the investigation, assessment and
remediation design phases to ensure that DQOs remain aligned to the project requirements. The review
should include assessment of the continuing validity of the conceptual site model, data consistency,
emerging data gaps and levels of uncertainty. A written record of the review should be maintained and
incorporated in the assessment and design process and include a statement on whether the DQOs have
been met and any shortfalls within the assessment.
6.3 Selection criteria
6.3.1 General
The following criteria should be taken into consideration when selecting the appropriate screening
method. The different criteria should be weighted depending on the intended application. The
decision-making process and the results should be documented by the user (see flowchart in Annex C
and documentation aid in Annex D).
Prerequisites are:
—
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