prEN 12681-1
(Main)Founding - Radiographic testing - Part 1: Film techniques
Founding - Radiographic testing - Part 1: Film techniques
This document gives specific procedures for industrial X-ray and gamma radiography for discontinuity detection purposes, using NDT (non-destructive testing) film techniques. This part of the EN 12681 series specifies the requirements for film radiographic testing of castings.
Films after exposure and processing become radiographs with different area of optical density. Radiographs are viewed and evaluated using industrial radiographic illuminators.
This part of the EN 12681 series specifies the recommended procedure for the choice of operating conditions and radiographic practice.
These procedures are applicable to castings produced by any casting process, especially for steel, cast iron, aluminium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and any alloys of them.
NOTE This document considers EN ISO 5579.
This document does not apply to:
- radiographic testing of castings for aerospace applications (see EN 2002-21);
- radiographic testing of welded joints (see EN ISO 17636-1);
- radiography with digital detectors (see EN 12681-2);
- radioscopic testing (see the EN 13068 series).
Gießereiwesen - Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1: Filmtechniken
Dieses Dokument legt die besonderen Vorgehensweisen für die industrielle Durchstrahlungsprüfung mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen zum Nachweis von Ungänzen mittels Filmtechniken für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (NDT, en: non-destructive testing) fest. Dieser Teil der Normenreihe EN 12681 legt die Anforderungen an die Durchstrahlungsprüfung von Gussstücken mit Filmen fest.
Nach der Aufnahme und dem Entwickeln der Filme stehen Durchstrahlungsbilder zur Verfügung, die Bereiche unterschiedlicher optischer Dichte aufweisen. Die Durchstrahlungsbilder lassen sich mit Betrachtungsgeräten für die industrielle Radiographie betrachten und auswerten.
Dieser Teil der Normenreihe EN 12681 legt das empfohlene Verfahren für die Wahl der Betriebsbedingungen und der Durchstrahlungstechnik fest.
Diese Verfahren gelten für nach einem beliebigen Gießverfahren hergestellte Gussstücke, insbesondere aus Stahl, Gusseisen, Aluminium, Cobalt, Kupfer, Magnesium, Nickel, Titan, Zink und deren Legierungen.
ANMERKUNG Dieses Dokument berücksichtigt EN ISO 5579.
Dieses Dokument ist nicht anzuwenden für:
die Durchstrahlungsprüfung von Gussstücken für Anwendungen in der Luft- und Raumfahrt (siehe EN 2002 21);
die Durchstrahlungsprüfung von Schweißverbindungen (siehe EN ISO 17636 1);
die Durchstrahlung mit digitalen Detektoren (siehe EN 12681 2);
die radioskopische Prüfung (siehe die Normenreihe EN 13068).
Fonderie - Contrôle par radiographie - Partie 1 : Techniques à l'aide de films
Le présent document décrit les procédures spécifiques de radiographie industrielle au moyen de rayons X et gamma, pour la détection de discontinuités, selon des techniques employant des films radiographiques pour END (essais non destructifs). La présente partie de la série EN 12681 spécifie les exigences relatives au contrôle par radiographie de pièces moulées à l'aide de films.
Les films, après exposition et traitement, deviennent des radiogrammes comportant des zones de densité optique différente. Les radiogrammes sont examinés et évalués à l'aide de négatoscopes utilisés en radiographie industrielle.
La présente partie de la série EN 12681 spécifie la procédure recommandée pour le choix des conditions d'utilisation et la pratique radiographique.
Ces procédures sont applicables aux pièces moulées, fabriquées par tous les procédés de moulage, particulièrement pour les aciers, les fontes, l'aluminium, le cobalt, le cuivre, le magnésium, le nickel, le titane, le zinc et leurs alliages.
NOTE Le présent document tient compte de l’EN ISO 5579.
Le présent document ne s’applique pas :
— au contrôle par radiographie des pièces moulées pour applications aérospatiales (voir l’EN 2002 21);
— au contrôle par radiographie des assemblages soudés (voir l’EN ISO 17636 1);
— à la radiographie à l'aide de détecteurs numériques (voir l’EN 12681 2);
— au contrôle par radioscopie (voir la série EN 13068).
Livarstvo - Radiografsko preskušanje - 1. del: Filmske tehnike
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2025
Livarstvo - Radiografsko preskušanje - 1. del: Filmske tehnike
Founding - Radiographic testing - Part 1: Film techniques
Gießereiwesen - Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1: Filmtechniken
Fonderie - Contrôle par radiographie - Partie 1 : Techniques à l'aide de films
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 12681-1
ICS:
77.040.20 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing of
kovin metals
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2025
ICS 77.040.20 Will supersede EN 12681-1:2017
English Version
Founding - Radiographic testing - Part 1: Film techniques
Fonderie - Contrôle par radiographie - Partie 1 : Gießereiwesen - Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1:
Techniques à l'aide de films Filmtechniken
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 190.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 12681-1:2025 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 8
5 Classification of radiographic techniques . 8
6 General preparations and requirements . 9
6.1 General preparations . 9
6.1.1 Protection against ionizing radiation . 9
6.1.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture . 9
6.2 Agreements . 9
6.3 Personnel qualification . 10
7 Test arrangements . 10
7.1 General. 10
7.2 Single wall penetration of plane areas . 10
7.3 Single wall penetration of curved areas . 10
7.4 Double wall penetration of plane and curved areas . 10
7.5 Choice of test arrangements for complex geometries . 10
7.6 Acceptable test area dimensions . 10
8 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source . 16
8.1 X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV . 16
8.2 Other radiation sources . 16
9 Film systems and metal screens . 17
10 Reduction of scattered radiation . 19
10.1 Metal filters and collimators . 19
10.2 Interception of backscattered radiation . 19
11 Source-to-object distance . 19
12 Optical density D of radiograph . 22
13 Film processing and viewing . 22
13.1 Processing. 22
13.2 Film viewing conditions . 23
14 Techniques for increasing the covered thickness range . 23
14.1 General. 23
14.2 Multiple film technique . 24
14.3 Contrast decreasing by higher radiation energy . 24
14.4 Contrast decreasing by beam hardening . 25
14.5 Contrast decreasing by thickness equalization . 25
15 Requirements on radiographs . 25
15.1 Identification of radiograph, test area, film position plan . 25
15.2 Marking of the test areas . 25
15.3 Overlap of films . 25
16 Verification of image quality . 25
17 Influence of crystalline structure . 26
18 Acceptance criteria . 26
18.1 General . 26
18.2 Severity levels . 26
18.3 Wall section zones . 26
19 Test report . 27
Annex A (normative) Minimum image quality values . 29
Annex B (normative) Severity levels for steel castings . 32
Annex C (normative) Severity levels for cast iron castings . 35
Annex D (normative) Severity levels for aluminium alloy and magnesium alloy castings . 38
Annex E (normative) Severity levels for copper alloy castings . 42
Annex F (normative) Severity levels for titanium and titanium alloy castings . 44
Annex G (informative) Significant technical changes between this document and the previous
edition . 46
Annex H (informative) Calculation of maximum X-ray tube voltages in Figure 13 . 47
Bibliography . 48
European foreword
This document (prEN 12681-1:2025) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry
technology”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 12681-1:2017.
The significant technical changes with respect to EN 12681-1:2017 are given in Annex G.
Introduction
Radiography can be used to detect internal discontinuities in a casting. The discontinuities can be gas
holes, non-metallic inclusions, shrinkage, cracks, inserts or chills or inclusions that have lower or higher
densities than the parent metal. This document gives acceptance criteria through severity levels.
1 Scope
This document gives specific procedures for industrial X-ray and gamma radiography for discontinuity
detection purposes, using NDT (non-destructive testing) film techniques. This part of the EN 12681 series
specifies the requirements for film radiographic testing of castings.
Films after exposure and processing become radiographs with different area of optical density.
Radiographs are viewed and evaluated using industrial radiographic illuminators.
This part of the EN 12681 series specifies the recommended procedure for the choice of operating
conditions and radiographic practice.
These procedures are applicable to castings produced by any casting process, especially for steel, cast
iron, aluminium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and any alloys of them.
NOTE This document considers EN ISO 5579.
This document does not apply to:
— radiographic testing of castings for aerospace applications (see EN 2002-21);
— radiographic testing of welded joints (see EN ISO 17636-1);
— radiography with digital detectors (see EN 12681-2);
— radioscopic testing (see the EN 13068 series).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 5579:2013, Non-destructive testing — Radiographic testing of metallic materials using film and X-
or gamma rays — Basic rules (ISO 5579:2013)
EN ISO 5580, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic illuminators — Minimum requirements
(ISO 5580)
EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712)
EN ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic film — Part 1: Classification of film
systems for indus
...
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