CEN/TS 14588:2003
(Main)Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions
Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions
This Technical Specification defines terms concerned in all standardisation work within the scope of CEN/TC 335. According to CEN/TC 335 this Technical Specification is applicable to solid biofuels originating from the following sources:
¾ products from agriculture and forestry,
¾ vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry,
¾ vegetable waste from the food processing industry,
¾ wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste from construction- and demolition waste,
¾ cork waste.
The embedding of the scope within the biomass/biofuel field is given in Figure 1.
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und Beschreibungen
Biocombustibles solides - Terminologie, définitions et descriptions
La présente Spécification technique définit des termes dont la normalisation entre dans le domaine d'application du CEN/TC 335. Selon le CEN/TC 335, la présente Spécification technique s'applique aux biocombustibles solides provenant des sources suivantes :
produits de l'agriculture et de la sylviculture ;
déchets végétaux agricoles et forestiers ;
déchets végétaux provenant du secteur de la transformation alimentaire ;
déchets de bois, à l'exception de ceux qui sont susceptibles de contenir des composés organiques halogénés ou des métaux toxiques à la suite d'un traitement avec des conservateurs du bois ou du placement d'un revêtement, y compris, en particulier, les déchets de bois de ce type provenant de déchets de construction ou de démolition ;
déchets de liège.
L'intégration du domaine d'application dans le champ d'application biomasse/biocombustibles est représentée à la Figure 1.
NOTE 1 Le CEN/TC 335 considère que les déchets de bois, y compris ceux issus de la construction et de la démolition, sont inclus dans le domaine d'application du CEN/TC 335 et dans celui du mandat M/298 "Biocombustibles solides", à moins qu'ils ne contiennent des composés organiques halogénés ou des métaux lourds, suite à un traitement avec des conservateurs du bois ou au placement d'un revêtement [8].
NOTE 2 La présente norme traite un plus grand nombre de termes que le mandat dans un souci de clarification et de différenciation.
D'autres normes dont le domaine d'application est différent de celui de cette Spécification technique peuvent comporter des définitions différentes de celles données dans la présente norme.
Trdna biogoriva - Terminologija, definicije in opisi
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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2004
Trdna biogoriva - Terminologija, definicije in opisi
Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und Beschreibungen
Biocombustibles solides - Terminologie, définitions et descriptions
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 14588:2003
ICS:
01.040.75 Naftna in sorodna tehnologija Petroleum and related
(Slovarji) technologies (Vocabularies)
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 14588
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
June 2003
ICS 01.040.75, 75.160.10
English version
Solid biofuels – Terminology, definitions and descriptions
Biocombustibles solides – Terminologie, définitions et Feste Biobrennstoffe – Terminologie, Definitionen und
descriptions Beschreibungen
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 28 February 2003 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available. It
is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible
conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14588:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents
page
Introduction .4
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .5
3 Principle.5
4 Terms and definitions.6
Annex A (informative) Translation.22
Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 14588:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN /TC 335, "Solid biofuels",
the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
Annex A is informative.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
This Technical specification has been performed in accordance with ISO 10241 [1]. Beside international standards
(see References) approved national standards and manuals [2], [3], [4], [5] provided the basis of this Technical
specification. Moreover some terms important within specific nations were added to the international terminology
during compilation of this Draft.
Waste is defined in Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC [6] and some of the given terms fall within this
category. However sources within the scope of this standard are excluded from the scope of Directive 2000/76/EC
(“waste incineration directive”) [7]. In the following standard instead of the legal definition waste the technical term
residue is used for well defined side-streams from agricultural, forestry and related industrial operations. The terms
and definitions are harmonised as far as possible with the current language used in management as well as in
regulatory activities.
1 Scope
This European Technical specification defines terms concerned in all standardisation work within the scope of
CEN/TC 335. According to CEN/TC 335 this European Technical specification is applicable to solid biofuels
originating from the following sources:
products from agriculture and forestry,
vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry,
vegetable waste from the food processing industry,
wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy
metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood
waste from construction- and demolition waste,
cork waste,
fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-
incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered.
The embedding of the scope within the biomass/biofuel field is given in figure 1.
Biofuel
Biomass
Bioenergy
Solid biofuel
CEN TC 335
Liquid and gaseous
biofuel
Non-fuels
Figure 1 — CEN TC 335 within the biomass-biofuel-bioenergy field (draft).
production / preparation
conversion
NOTE 1 The CEN/TC 335 considers that wood waste, including wood waste originating from construction and demolition
waste are included in the scope of CEN/TC 335 and of the scope of the mandate M/298 "solid biofuels", unless they contain
halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coatings [8].
NOTE 2 There are more terms included within this Technical specification as covered by the mandate due to clarification and
differentiation.
NOTE 3 Changes of ownership of the fibrous vegetable waste between paper and pulp company and the operator pf the co-
imcineration plant in which the waste is used does not affect the inclusion of the waste in the scope of mandate M/298.
Other standards with a different scope than this European Technical specification can have different definitions
than this standard.
2 Normative references
This European Technical Specification incorporates with by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this technical specification only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
prEN 13965-1: 2000, Characterization of waste — Terminology — Part 1: Material related terms and definitions
ISO 540:1995, Solid mineral fuels — Determination of fusibility of ash — High-temperature tube method.
ISO 1928:1995, Solid mineral fuels — Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method, and
calculation of net calorific value.
ISO 1213-2:1992, Solid mineral fuels — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis.
ISO 13909: 2003, Hard coal and coke — Mechanical sampling.
3 Principle
Solid biofuels are produced from different sources, which are defined within the scope of CEN TC 335 “Solid
Biofuels”. Terms and definitions are categorised in a logical structure based on the fact that solid biofuels are
produced from different sources and that the purpose of solid biofuels is the conversion into bioenergy:
the sources of solid biofuels cover the initial location of the input material (biomass) in the economic and
environmental cycles (like forest wood, energy forest trees, logging residues, landscape management residues
etc.);
the description of the solid biofuels itself as well as their handling, which covers the source and origin of the
biofuel given in the same structure as the biomass sources (e.g., wood fuels, forest fuels), the different forms
of biofuels produced within the preparation process (i.e. chipped biofuels, bundled biofuels), the most relevant
biofuel properties (e.g., total moisture, total ash), and terms of sampling and testing as well as classification
and specification;
bioenergy as the result of biofuel conversion.
Appropriate terms for sampling and testing as well as classification and specification of properties have to be
defined and described together with the category nature/origin, type and properties of solid biofuels. The structure
of this technical specification (table 1) is based on the classification system of solid biofuels given in [9], in which
the classification of solid biofuels is specified more detailed.
Table 1 — Structure of the terms [9]
Sources of biofuels Woody biomass
Herbaceous biomass
Fruit biomass
Biomass blends and mixtures
Solid biofuels Source/origin
Traded forms
Sampling and testing
Properties
Classification and specification
Bioenergy
4 Terms and definitions
4.1
agricultural residues
biomass residues originating from production, harvesting, and processing in farm areas
NOTE See also animal husbandry residues and crop production residues
4.2
agrofuels
biofuels obtained as a product of energy crops and/or agricultural residues
NOTE Adapted from Draft FAO unified wood energy terminology (UWET) [10]
4.3
animal husbandry residues
agricultural residues originating from livestock keeping
NOTE 1 It includes among others solid excreta of animals.
NOTE 2 For the time being animal husbandry residues are out of the scope of the mandate. The term is included for
information only.
4.4
ash
residue obtained by combustion of a fuel
NOTE 1 See also total ash and ash fusibility.
NOTE 2 Depending on the combustion efficiency the ash may contain combustibles.
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992
4.5
ash deformation temperature, DT
temperature at which first signs of rounding due to melting, of the tip or edges of the test piece occur
NOTE Adapted from ISO 540:1995
4.6
ash flow temperature, FT
temperature at which the ash is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which is one-third of the
height of the test piece at the ash hemisphere temperature
NOTE Adapted from ISO 540:1995
4.7
ash fusibility ; ash melting behaviour
characteristic physical state of the ash obtained by heating under specific conditions
NOTE 1 Ash fusibility is determined under either oxidizing or reducing conditions.
NOTE 2 See also ash deformation temperature, ash flow temperature, ash hemisphere temperature, and ash sphere
temperature.
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO 540:1995
4.8
ash hemisphere temperature, HT
temperature at which the height of a test piece, prepared from ash by a specific procedure, is equal to half the
width of the base, and its shape becomes approximately hemispherical
NOTE Adapted from ISO 540:1995
4.9
ash sphere temperature, ST
temperature where the height of a pyramidal and truncated-cone test pieces is equal to the width of the base, or
the edges of a cubical or cylindrical test pieces are completely round with the height remaining unchanged
NOTE Adapted from ISO 540:1995
4.10
baled biofuel, bale
solid biofuel which has been compressed and bound to keep its shape and density
EXAMPLE Straw bales, bales of energy grass, bales of treetops and branches
4.11
bark
organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees, bushes) on the outside of the growth zone (cambium)
as a shell for the wooden body
4.12
basic density
ratio of the mass on dry basis and the solid volume on green basis
4.13
bioenergy
energy from biofuels
4.14
biofuel
fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass
4.15
biofuel blend
biofuel resulting from intentionally mixing of different biofuels
EXAMPLE Straw or energy grass with wood, dried biosludge with bark.
4.16
biofuel briquette
densified biofuel made with or without pressing aids in the form of cubiform or cylindrical units, produced by
compressing pulverised biomass
NOTE 1 The raw material for briquettes can be woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass and biomass blends, and
biomass mixtures
NOTE 2 Biofuel briquettes are usually manufactured in a piston press. The total moisture of the biofuel briquette is usually
less than 15 % of mass.
4.17
biofuel mixture
biofuel resulting from natural or unintentional mixing of different biofuels and/or different types of biomass
4.18
biofuel pellet
densified biofuel made from pulverised biomass with or without pressing aids usually with a cylindrical form,
random length typically 5 to 30 mm, and broken ends
NOTE The raw material for biofuel pellets can be woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, or biomass blends
and mixtures. They are usually manufactured in a die. The total moisture of biofuel pellets is usually less than 10 % of mass.
4.19
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and transformed to fossil
NOTE See also herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, and woody biomass.
4.20
biomass residues
biomass originating from well defined side-streams from agricultural, forestry and related industrial operations
NOTE Adapted from the proposal within the Draft CEN Report Solid Recovered Fuels [11]
4.21
biosludge
sludge formed in the aeration basin during biological waste water treatment or biological treatment process and
separated by sedimentation or flotation
NOTE The sludge can be dewatered and further p
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