EN 1745:2012

Masonry and masonry products - Methods for determining thermal properties

This European Standard specifies procedures for the determination of thermal properties of masonry and masonry products.

Mauerwerk und Mauerwerksprodukte - Verfahren zur Bestimmung von wärmeschutztechnischen Eigenschaften

Diese Europäische Norm legt Verfahren zur Ermittlung der wärmeschutztechnischen Eigenschaften von Mauerwerk und Mauerwerksprodukten fest.

Maçonnerie et éléments de maçonnerie - Méthodes pour la détermination des propriétés thermiques

La présente Norme européenne donne les procédures de détermination des propriétés thermiques de
la maçonnerie et des éléments de maçonnerie.

Zidovje in zidarski proizvodi - Metode za določanje projektnih (računskih) toplotnih lastnosti

Ta evropski standard določa postopke za določanje toplotnih lastnosti zidovja in zidarskih proizvodov.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 17-Apr-2012
• Withdrawal Date: 13-Apr-2025
• ICS: 91.080.30 - Masonry
• ICS: 91.120.10 - Thermal insulation of buildings
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 125 - Masonry
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 125/WG 6 - EN 1745
• Current Stage: 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
• Start Date: 22-Jul-2020
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Directive: 305/2011 - Regulation (eu) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing council directive 89/106/eec
• Directive: 89/106/EEC - Construction products
• Mandate: M/116 - Mandate to CEN/CENELEC concerning the execution of standardization work for harmonized standards on masonry and related products
• Ref Project: SIST EN 1745:2012 - Masonry and masonry products - Methods for determining thermal properties

Relations

• Replaces: EN 1745:2002 - Masonry and masonry products - Methods for determining design thermal values
• Effective Date: 25-Apr-2012
• Replaced By: EN 1745:2020 - Masonry and masonry products - Methods for determining thermal properties
• Effective Date: 29-Jul-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.ODVWQRVWLMauerwerk und Mauerwerksprodukte - Verfahren zur Bestimmung von wärmeschutztechnischen EigenschaftenMaçonnerie et éléments de maçonnerie - Méthodes pour la détermination des propriétés thermiquesMasonry and masonry products - Methods for determining thermal properties91.120.10Toplotna izolacija stavbThermal insulation91.080.30Zidane konstrukcijeMasonryICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1745:2012SIST EN 1745:2012en,fr,de01-julij-2012SIST EN 1745:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1745:20041DGRPHãþD

EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1745
April 2012 ICS 91.080.30; 91.120.10 Supersedes EN 1745:2002English Version
Masonry and masonry products - Methods for determining thermal properties
Maçonnerie et éléments de maçonnerie - Méthodes pour la détermination des propriétés thermiques
Mauerwerk und Mauerwerksprodukte - Verfahren zur Bestimmung von wärmeschutztechnischen EigenschaftenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 March 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1745:2012: ESIST EN 1745:2012

Tabulated λλλλ10,dry,mat-values of materials used for masonry products . 24Annex B (informative)
Rdry,mas- or λλλλ10,dry,mas-values of masonry built from a range of masonry units containing formed voids . 35SIST EN 1745:2012

Example of how to use the tables in Annex B . 62Annex D (normative)
Requirements for appropriate calculation procedures . 64D.1 Capabilities of the program . 64D.2 Input data and results . 64D.3 Testing of the program accuracy . 65D.4 Reference cases . 65Annex E (informative)
Evaluation of conformity . 73Annex F (informative)
Alternative procedure for the moisture correction of units with formed voids . 75Bibliography . 76 SIST EN 1745:2012

Figure 1 — Determination of thermal properties of masonry units and masonry
EN ISO 7345:1995 apply. 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.1.1 masonry assemblage of masonry units laid in a specified pattern and joined together with masonry mortar SIST EN 1745:2012

is the same as λ10,dry, mat
and for units with formed voids and composite units the λ10,dry, unit
is the equivalent thermal conductivity. W/(mK) λdesign,mas design thermal conductivity for the masonry W/(mK) λdesign,mor design thermal conductivity for the mortar W/(mK) λdesign,unit design thermal conductivity for the unit W/(mK)
λi individual measured or calculated
thermal conductivity W/(mK) Ri individual measured thermal resistance m2K/W Rdry,mas thermal resistance of masonry m2K/W Rdesign,mas design thermal resistance of masonry m2K/W Rsi, Rse internal and external surface resistance m2K/W Rt,mas the true thermal resistance of the masonry m2K/W amor percentage area of mortar joint in the measured masonry % aunit percentage area of units in the measured masonry % d thickness of the masonry m T temperature K µ water vapour diffusion coefficient
cp specific heat capacity J/(kg·K) l length of a masonry unit mm w width of a masonry unit mm hunit height of a masonry unit mm SIST EN 1745:2012

fu moisture conversion coefficient by mass kg/kg fψ moisture conversion coefficient by volume m3/m3 u moisture content mass by mass kg/kg ψ moisture content volume by volume m3/m3 U10,dry,mas thermal transmittance of the masonry in dry state
W/(m2K) Umas thermal transmittance of the masonry W/(m2K) Umor thermal transmittance of the mortar W/(m2K) Uunit thermal transmittance of the units W/(m2K) P fractile of population % g,dry gross dry density kg/m3 n,dry net dry density kg/m3 v percentage of voids %
3.3 Subscripts 10
average test temperature of 10 °C dry
state after drying under conventional conditions as stated in the relevant standards mas
masonry mat
material mor
mortar unit
masonry unit
/net dry density relationship the following procedure shall be used: 4.2.2.2 Test specimens Test specimens shall be in accordance with the requirements of EN 12664. Care should be taken that the test specimens are representative of the masonry product itself. NOTE An appropriate way to ensure this is to cut specimens from masonry units. 4.2.2.3 Conditioning of specimens Normally masonry materials are tested in a dry condition. It is also possible to carry out tests in a moist condition (e.g. conditioned to constant mass in an environment of (23 ± 2) °C and 50 % ± 5 % relative humidity), in which case the measured value has to be converted to the dry state following one of the procedures given in Clause 6. 4.2.2.4 Test measurement The reference test method is given in EN 12664. The test shall be carried out at a mean temperature of 10 °C. Alternative test methods, which may require different test specimens and different conditioning methods, may be used, if the correlation between the reference test method and the alternative method can be given. SIST EN 1745:2012

/net dry density-correlation for the given material (see Annex A); 2) the product net dry density range, which can be derived either from the production history or from the net dry density tolerances which are given in the relevant product standards; 3) at least three individual test measurements of the net dry density and λi , on material which is representative for the current material produced. The measurements of net dry density and λ shall be carried out on the same specimens. The three tests have to be carried out on specimens from different production batches to represent the manufactured product net dry density range. These three measurements are used to determine the distance of the individual λ10,dry,mat /net dry density-curve, for a defined production, from the tabulated λ10,dry,mat /net dry density curve. Determine the measured λi-value as prescribed in 4.2.2.1 to 4.2.2.3 and calculate the arithmetic mean value of the 3 λi -results. Measure the net dry density of each of the three samples following the procedure prescribed in EN 772-4 or EN 772-13 or EN 1015-10 and calculate the arithmetic mean value of the 3 results. Then use the following procedure. Through the point A representing mean thermal conductivity and mean net dry density draw a λ/net dry density-curve parallel to the general λ10,dry,mat /net dry density-curve obtained from plotting the tabulated λ- and net dry density-values for the product (material) given in Annex A. Derive the mean λ-value of the product from the average net dry density. Derive the upper and lower limit values as the values that represent 90 % and 10 % of the manufactured product under consideration density range with a confidence level of 90 % according to EN ISO 10456. Use the product related λ10,dry, mat /net dry density-curve to determine the λ10,dry,mat-value related to the mean net dry density the manufacturer is confident to achieve. Express the λ10,dry,unit-values for solid masonry units or the λ10,dry mor-values for mortars as the mean λ10,dry mat-value together with the difference between the limit and the mean value. Figure 2 shows this process in the form of a graph. SIST EN 1745:2012

Key 1 λ,10,dry,mat (W/mK) 2 upper limit λ value 3 mean λ value 4 lower limit λ value 5 curve resulting from tabulated values (Annex A) 6 parallel curve drawn through point A (mean of the single values a, b, c) 7 10 % of production of the product under consideration 8 mean net dry density 9 90 % of production of the product under consideration 10 product density range 11 net dry density (kg/m3) Figure 2 — Derivation of the material λλλλ10,dry,mat-value NOTE For factory production control purposes thermal conductivity may be controlled from the net dry density of the material, see Annex E. 4.2.3 Model S3. Procedures to determine λλλλ10,dry,unit-values from determining the thermal transmittance (Umas) of masonry built from solid masonry units and mortar To determine a λ10,dry unit-values from test measurements of the thermal transmittance of masonry built from masonry units and mortars, the procedure in 5.3.3 shall be used. SIST EN 1745:2012

3 3
3 × 6 3
5 Procedures to determine equivalent λλλλ10,dry,unit-values for masonry units with formed voids and composite masonry units 5.1 General The thermal properties of masonry units with formed voids cannot fully be determined by the
λ10,dry,mat-value of the material, there is also a high influence from the shape and the geometry of the voids in the unit. The thermal conductivity of the materials can be derived from tables or measurements. The λ10,dry,unit-values of masonry units with formed voids can be determined:  from tables;  from calculations;  from test measurements carried out on masonry samples. The λ10,dry,unit-values of composite masonry units can be determined:  from calculations;  from measurements carried out on masonry samples. SIST EN 1745:2012

is the thermal transmittance of the masonry in dry state, in W/m2K; Rsi, Rse are the internal and external surface resistance in m2K/W according to EN ISO 6946; d
is the thickness of the masonry in m; λ10,dry,mas
is the thermal conductivity of the masonry in dry state in W/(m·K).  Calculate the λ10,dry unit-value using the equation: unitmordrymormasdryunitdryaxax,,10,,10,,10100λλλ−= where amor
is the percentage area of mortar joint in the measured masonry; aunit
is the percentage area of units in the measured masonry; λ10,dry,mor
is the thermal conductivity of the actual mortar joint; λ10,dry,unit
is the thermal conductivity of the units. The thermal conductivity of the mortar joints shall take into account mortar pockets and strip bedding and the use of insulating material between the strips. If the units are intended to be used with unfilled vertical mortar joints the masonry tested shall also be with unfilled joints and the λ10,dry,unit-values for the units will take into account the effect of the unfilled joints calculated according to EN 6946. Take the 3 individual calculated λ10,dry,unit-values and calculate the arithmetic mean value. Measure the gross dry density of each of the three samples taken from each batch of masonry units and mortar following the procedure prescribed in EN 772-4 or EN 772-13 or EN 1015-10 and calculate the arithmetic mean value of the 3 results. To the given λ10,dry,mat–values in the relevant table in Annex B find the corresponding net dry densities values in Annex A. From the corresponding net dry density values calculate the related gross dry density values using the following equation: dryndrygv,,100100ρρ−= where
g,dry is the gross dry density in kg/m3; SIST EN 1745:2012

is the percentage of voids taken from the relevant table in Annex B. Through the point A representing mean thermal conductivity and mean density draw a λ /gross dry density-curve parallel to the general λ10,dry,unit /gross dry density-curve obtained from plotting the tabulated λ10,dry,unit–values in Annex B and the corresponding calculated gross dry density-values for the product. Use the product related λ10,dry,unit /gross dry density-curve to determine the λ10,dry,unit-value related to the mean gross dry density the manufacturer is confident to achieve. Figure 3 shows this process in the form of a graph.
Key 1 λ,10,dry,unit (W/mK) 2 upper limit λ value 3 mean λ value 4 lower limit λ value 5 curve resulting from tabulated values (combination of Annexes A and B) 6 parallel curve drawn through point A (mean of the single values a, b, c) 7 10 % of production of the product under consideration 8 mean gross dry density 9 90 % of production of the product under consideration 10 product density range 11 gross dry density (kg/m3) Figure 3 — Derivation of the λλλλ10,dry,unit-value SIST EN 1745:2012

6 3
3 3
3×6 3
6 Moisture conversion Design thermal conductivity values/resistance values for masonry units or mortars may be determined using one of the following 3 procedures: From the λ10,dry-value calculate the corresponding λdesign-value using the moisture conversion coefficient given in Annex A for each material and the design moisture content from the tables in
EN ISO 10456 or the nationally given design moisture content for a specific material and application. Alternatively, moisture conversion coefficients and moisture conversion factors can be derived from tests, carried out at several practical moisture contents. Procedure 1 (for materials, mortar and solid masonry units): SIST EN 1745:2012

= λ10,dry
x Fm
or alternatively
designR = mdryFR,10 with designuufemF×=
or alternatively
designfemF×= where Fm
is the moisture conversion factor
[1]; fu
is the moisture coefficient by mass
kg/kg; udesign is the design moisture content mass by mass
kg/kg; fψ
is the moisture coefficient by volume
m³/m³ ; ψdesign is the design moisture content volume by volume
m³/m³. Procedure 2 (for masonry units with formed voids and composite masonry units): Moisture conversion has to be carried out for the thermal conductivity of each constituent material according to procedure 1, followed by a calculation of the thermal conductivity of the unit according to 5.2. For composite masonry units and partially filled units with formed voids the moisture conversion factors of each material have to be taken into account. Procedure 3 (for masonry units with formed voids): As an alternative to procedure 2 an approximate method taking into account the percentage of voids can be used. Details of this procedure can be found in informative Annex F. 7 Procedures to determine design thermal values (Rdesign,mas or λλλλdesign, mas) for masonry built from masonry units and mortar 7.1 General Design thermal resistance or design thermal conductivity for masonry may be determined using one of following procedures. The Rdesign,mas-values or λdesign,mas-values of masonry built from masonry units can be determined from calculations, from tables or from tests. 7.2 Rdesign,mas- or λλλλdesign,mas-values based on calculation 7.2.1 Rdesign,mas- or λλλλdesign,mas-values based on λλλλdesign-values for the masonry units and the mortar Determine the Rdesign,mas- or λdesign,mas–values according to the following procedure: Calculate the λdesign, mas-values using the equation: unitdesignunitmordesignmormasdesignaa,,,λλλ+= SIST EN 1745:2012

is the percentage area of mortar joint; aunit
is the percentage area of units; design,mor
is the design equivalent thermal conductivity of the mortar joint; design,unit
is the design thermal conductivity of the units. Calculate the design thermal resistance Rdesign,mas using the equation:
masdesignmasdesigndR,,λ= where d is the thickness of the masonry in m. 7.2.2 Rdesign,mas- or λλλλdesign,mas-values using a numerical calculation method based on the design thermal conductivity of the materials used There are several numerical methods in use (e.g. Finite Difference, Finite Element) for the calculation of the thermal properties of masonry units. The thermal conductivities of the materials as necessary input parameters for such calculations shall be the design-value for the masonry product used. The requirements for appropriate calculation programs (accuracy, boundary conditions, etc.) are given in Annex D. The method described in EN ISO 6946 may also be used. 7.3 Rdesign,mas- or λλλλdesign,mas-values of masonry built from masonry units with formed voids or composite masonry units and mortar based on tabulated values 7.3.1 Tabulated values Equivalent λ10,dry,mas-values for masonry built with units having different void patterns are given in Annex B. No tabulated values for composite masonry units are given in Annex B. NOTE The types of units shown and the pattern of voids are intended as examples of units typically found on the market.
They are not intended to cover every size and type of unit or void pattern produced. 7.3.2 Application of Annex B Examples for material λ10,dry,mat-values for the determination of Rdry,mas- or λ10,dry,mas-values of masonry built from masonry units with formed voids are given in Annex B, differentiated by:  material;  geometry of the units and geometry of formed voids;  λ10,dry,mat-value of the material of the masonry units;  λ10,dry,mor-value of the mortar. SIST EN 1745:2012

U -
h
U = Uunitmormormasunit×× SIST EN 1745:2012

U + h
U = U,,,×× SIST EN 1745:2012
Tabulated λλλλ10,dry,mat-values of materials used for masonry products The water vapour diffusion coefficient µ is defined as the factor, which describes how many times higher the diffusion resistance of a material layer is, than the resistance of an air layer with the same thickness under the same conditions. To compare the diffusion resistance of two building elements, it is necessary to multiply the µ-factor by the thickness of the respective layer, which leads to a figure with the dimension m. The diffusion behaviour is different, whether it is diffusion into a building component (lower values) or out of the building component (drying period, higher value). Table A.1 — Clay units (fired clay) Density of the material (net dry density) λλλλ10,dry,mat Water vapour diffusion coefficient Specific heat capacity cp [W/(m·K)] [kg/m3] P = 50 % aP = 90 % µ [J/(kg·K)] 1 000 0,20 0,27 5/10 1 000 1 100 0,23 0,30 5/10 1 000 1 200 0,26 0,33 5/10 1 000 1 300 0,30 0,36 5/10 1 000 1 400 0,34 0,40 5/10 1 000 1 500 0,37 0,43 5/10 1 000 1 600 0,41 0,47 5/10 1 000 1 700 0,45 0,51 5/10 1 000 1 800 0,49 0,55 5/10 b 1 000 1 900 0,53 0,60 5/10 b 1 000 2 000 0,58 0,64 5/10 b 1 000 2 100 0,62 0,69 5/10 b 1 000 2 200 0,67 0,74 5
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