EN 13979-1:2023
(Main)Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Monobloc Wheels - Technical approval procedure - Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels
Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Monobloc Wheels - Technical approval procedure - Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels
This document specifies a design assessment procedure of a forged and rolled monobloc wheel (RST). This assessment is carried out before the wheel is commissioned. This document describes, in particular, the assessment to be performed in order to use wheels on a European network which, in addition, have quality requirements in conformity with those defined in EN 13262.
This assessment requires that the conditions of use for the wheel are defined and this standard provides a method for defining those conditions.
The assessment of the design covers four aspects:
- a geometrical aspect: to allow interchangeability of different solutions for the same application;
- a thermomechanical aspect: to manage wheel deformations and to ensure that braking will not cause wheels to fracture;
- a mechanical aspect: to ensure that no fatigue cracks occur in the wheel web and that no permanent deformation occurs under exceptional loading;
- an acoustic aspect: to ensure that the solution chosen is as good as the reference wheel.
This document does not cover assessment of the hub or of the rim.
This document has been drawn up for wheels of nonpowered treadbraked wheelsets and applies in full to this type of wheel. For wheels on which disc brakes are mounted or toothed transmission wheels or even wheels with noise reduction devices, the requirements may be amended or supplemented.
For urban railway vehicles, other standards or documents may be used.
Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle - Vollräder - Technische Zulassungsverfahren - Teil 1: Geschmiedete und gewalzte Räder
Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren zur Konstruktionsbewertung eines geschmiedeten und gewalzten Vollrades (Schienenfahrzeug) fest. Diese Bewertung wird vor der Inbetriebnahme des Rades vorgenommen. Dieses Dokument legt insbesondere die Bewertung fest, die auszuführen ist, um Räder in einem europäischen Netz nutzen zu können, deren Qualitätsanforderungen ebenfalls den in EN 13262:2020 festgelegten entsprechen.
Diese Bewertung erfordert die Festlegung der Nutzungsbedingungen des Rades und dieses Dokument bietet eine Methode zur Festlegung dieser Bedingungen.
Die technische Zulassungsbewertung umfasst vier Aspekte:
ein geometrischer Aspekt: um die Austauschbarkeit verschiedener Lösungen für den gleichen Anwendungsbereich zu ermöglichen;
ein thermomechanischer Aspekt: um die Verformungen des Rades zu beherrschen und sicherzustellen, dass Bremsungen nicht zum Radbruch führen;
ein mechanischer Aspekt: um sicherzustellen, dass kein Ermüdungsriss im Radsteg und keine dauerhafte Verformung im Falle einer außergewöhnlichen Belastung auftritt;
ein akustischer Aspekt: um sicherzustellen, dass die Lösung so gut wie ein Referenzrad ist.
Dieses Dokument behandelt nicht die Bewertung von Radnaben oder von Radkränzen.
Dieses Dokument wurde für Räder von nicht angetrieben und laufflächengebremsten Radsätzen erstellt und ist in vollen Umfang für diesen Radtyp anwendbar. Für Räder mit montierten Bremsscheiben oder Antriebszahnrädern oder Räder mit Lärmminderungsvorrichtungen dürfen die Anforderungen geändert oder vervollständigt werden.
Für Stadtbahnfahrzeuge dürfen andere Normen oder Dokumente angewendet werden.
Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Roues monobloc - Procédure d’évaluation de la conception - Partie 1 : Roues forgées et laminées
Le présent document spécifie une procédure d'évaluation de la conception pour une roue monobloc laminée forgée (RST). Cette évaluation est effectuée avant sa mise en service. Le présent document spécifie en particulier l'évaluation à effectuer afin de pouvoir utiliser, sur un réseau européen, des roues dont les exigences de qualité sont de plus conformes à celles définies par l'EN 13262:2020.
Cette évaluation nécessite de définir les conditions d'utilisation de la roue et le présent document précise comment définir ces conditions.
L'évaluation de la conception comporte quatre aspects :
— un aspect géométrique : permettre l'interchangeabilité de différentes solutions pour une même application ;
— un aspect thermomécanique : maîtriser les déformations et garantir la non-rupture sous l'effet des freinages ;
— un aspect mécanique : garantir la non-fissuration par fatigue des toiles de roue et l'absence de déformations permanentes sous charges exceptionnelles ;
— un aspect acoustique : garantir que la solution choisie est aussi bonne que la roue prise comme référence.
Le présent document ne couvre pas l'évaluation du moyeu ou de la jante.
Le présent document a été établi pour les roues d'essieux-axes porteurs freinées sur la table de roulement, et s'applique en totalité pour ce type de roue. Pour les roues sur lesquelles sont montés des disques de frein ou des roues de transmission dentées, voire des roues équipées de dispositifs de réduction du bruit, ces exigences peuvent être modifiées ou complétées.
Pour les véhicules ferroviaires urbains, d'autres normes ou documents peuvent être utilisés.
Železniške naprave - Kolesne dvojice in podstavni vozički - Monoblok kolesa - Postopek za tehnično odobritev - 1. del: Kovana in valjana kolesa
Cilj tega dokumenta je opredeliti postopek presoje zasnove kovanega in valjanega monoblok kolesa (RST). Ocena vpliva se izvaja pred prvim zagonom kolesa. Ta dokument predvsem določa oceno, ki jo je treba izvesti za uporabo koles na evropskem omrežju, za katerega med drugim veljajo zahteve za kakovost v skladu s tistimi, opredeljenimi v standardu EN 13262.
Ta ocena zahteva, da so pogoji uporabe kolesa opredeljeni, ta standard pa določa metodo za opredelitev teh pogojev.
Ocena zasnove zajema štiri vidike:
– geometrični vidik: dovoliti zamenljivost različnih rešitev za enako vrsto uporabe;
– termomehanski vidik: obvladovati deformacije koles in zagotoviti, da zaviranje ne bo povzročilo zlom koles;
– mehanski vidik: zagotoviti, da ne pride do razpoke zaradi utrujenosti materiala v kolesnem kolutu in da ne pride do trajne deformacije pod izredno obremenitvijo;
– zvočni vidik: zagotoviti, da je izbrana rešitev tako dobra kot referenčno kolo.
Ta dokument ne zajema ocene pesta ali platišča.
Ta dokument je pripravljen za kolesa nepogonskih kolesnih dvojic z zaviranjem prek tekalnega profila in se v celoti uporablja za to vrsto kolesa. Za kolesa, na katerih so kolutne zavore nameščene ali za kolesa z zobniškim prenosom ali tudi za kolesa z napravami za zmanjšanje hrupa se zahteve lahko spremenijo ali dopolnijo.
Za mestna železniška vozila se lahko uporabljajo drugi standardi ali dokumenti.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 19-Dec-2023
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 256 - Railway applications
- Drafting Committee
- CEN/TC 256/SC 2/WG 11 - Wheels - Wheelsets
- Current Stage
- 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
- Start Date
- 20-Dec-2023
- Due Date
- 28-Dec-2022
- Completion Date
- 20-Dec-2023
Relations
- Effective Date
- 23-Sep-2020
Overview
EN 13979-1:2023 - Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Monobloc Wheels - Technical approval procedure - Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels - defines a harmonised design assessment procedure for forged and rolled monobloc wheels (RST) to be carried out before commissioning on European networks. The standard specifies how to define conditions of use and perform a documented assessment to demonstrate that a wheel design meets required geometric, thermomechanical, mechanical and acoustic performance criteria. It is intended for non-powered tread‑braked wheelsets and complements the quality requirements of EN 13262.
Key topics and technical requirements
Scope of assessment
- Pre‑commissioning design evaluation for forged and rolled monobloc wheels.
- Excludes hub or detailed rim manufacturing assessment.
- Special provisions noted for wheels with disc brakes, toothed transmissions or noise‑reduction devices; urban railways may follow other documents.
Four assessment aspects
- Geometrical - interchangeability and fit (assembly, functional and maintenance requirements).
- Thermomechanical - control of deformations and risk of braking‑induced fracture; includes bench and field braking tests and wheel fracture tests.
- Mechanical - fatigue assessment of the wheel web and checks against permanent deformation under exceptional loads; calculation methods, bench loading, and finite element options are included.
- Acoustic - ensure chosen wheel performs at least as well as the reference wheel in noise behavior.
Test and validation methods
- Multi‑stage thermomechanical testing: braking bench tests, wheel fracture bench tests, and field braking tests.
- Mechanical evaluation combining analytical calculations (including fatigue and exceptional load cases), bench tests and finite element assessments.
- Defined parameters and measurement methods for displacement, residual stresses and profile diameters.
Documentation & approval
- Specifies the technical approval process, scope and required documentation for acceptance onto the European network.
Practical applications and users
Who uses this standard:
- Wheel designers and OEMs (forged/rolled monobloc wheel development)
- Railway vehicle manufacturers and bogie/wheelset suppliers
- Railway operators and maintenance organisations (acceptance, interchangeability, safety)
- Test laboratories and certification bodies performing pre‑commissioning approval
- Procurement and regulatory authorities requiring compliance with European network rules
Why it matters:
- Ensures safe braking performance and reduced fracture/fatigue risk
- Facilitates interchangeability across fleets and networks
- Provides a repeatable approval path aligned with European railway standards
Related standards
- EN 13262 (wheel quality requirements) - the assessment presumes conformance to EN 13262.
- Other parts of EN 13979 (if applicable) and standards for disc‑braked, powered or urban rail wheels may be relevant.
Keywords: EN 13979-1:2023, monobloc wheels, forged and rolled wheels, railway wheel approval, thermomechanical assessment, geometric interchangeability, wheelset, bogie, EN 13262.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 13979-1:2023 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Monobloc Wheels - Technical approval procedure - Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels". This standard covers: This document specifies a design assessment procedure of a forged and rolled monobloc wheel (RST). This assessment is carried out before the wheel is commissioned. This document describes, in particular, the assessment to be performed in order to use wheels on a European network which, in addition, have quality requirements in conformity with those defined in EN 13262. This assessment requires that the conditions of use for the wheel are defined and this standard provides a method for defining those conditions. The assessment of the design covers four aspects: - a geometrical aspect: to allow interchangeability of different solutions for the same application; - a thermomechanical aspect: to manage wheel deformations and to ensure that braking will not cause wheels to fracture; - a mechanical aspect: to ensure that no fatigue cracks occur in the wheel web and that no permanent deformation occurs under exceptional loading; - an acoustic aspect: to ensure that the solution chosen is as good as the reference wheel. This document does not cover assessment of the hub or of the rim. This document has been drawn up for wheels of nonpowered treadbraked wheelsets and applies in full to this type of wheel. For wheels on which disc brakes are mounted or toothed transmission wheels or even wheels with noise reduction devices, the requirements may be amended or supplemented. For urban railway vehicles, other standards or documents may be used.
This document specifies a design assessment procedure of a forged and rolled monobloc wheel (RST). This assessment is carried out before the wheel is commissioned. This document describes, in particular, the assessment to be performed in order to use wheels on a European network which, in addition, have quality requirements in conformity with those defined in EN 13262. This assessment requires that the conditions of use for the wheel are defined and this standard provides a method for defining those conditions. The assessment of the design covers four aspects: - a geometrical aspect: to allow interchangeability of different solutions for the same application; - a thermomechanical aspect: to manage wheel deformations and to ensure that braking will not cause wheels to fracture; - a mechanical aspect: to ensure that no fatigue cracks occur in the wheel web and that no permanent deformation occurs under exceptional loading; - an acoustic aspect: to ensure that the solution chosen is as good as the reference wheel. This document does not cover assessment of the hub or of the rim. This document has been drawn up for wheels of nonpowered treadbraked wheelsets and applies in full to this type of wheel. For wheels on which disc brakes are mounted or toothed transmission wheels or even wheels with noise reduction devices, the requirements may be amended or supplemented. For urban railway vehicles, other standards or documents may be used.
EN 13979-1:2023 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 45.040 - Materials and components for railway engineering. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 13979-1:2023 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 13979-1:2020. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 13979-1:2023 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2016/797/EU; Standardization Mandates: M/483, M/591. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase EN 13979-1:2023 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2024
Železniške naprave - Kolesne dvojice in podstavni vozički - Monoblok kolesa -
Postopek za tehnično odobritev - 1. del: Kovana in valjana kolesa
Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Monobloc Wheels - Technical approval
procedure - Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels
Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle - Vollräder - Technische
Zulassungsverfahren - Teil 1: Geschmiedete und gewalzte Räder
Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Roues monobloc - Procédure
d’évaluation de la conception - Partie 1 : Roues forgées et laminées
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13979-1:2023
ICS:
45.040 Materiali in deli za železniško Materials and components
tehniko for railway engineering
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 13979-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 45.040 Supersedes EN 13979-1:2020
English Version
Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Monobloc
Wheels - Technical approval procedure - Part 1: Forged
and rolled wheels
Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle -
Roues monobloc - Procédure d'évaluation de la Vollräder - Technische Zulassungsverfahren - Teil 1:
conception - Partie 1 : Roues forgées et laminées Geschmiedete und gewalzte Räder
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 November 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13979-1:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 7
Introduction . 8
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Parameters for the definition of the application covered . 10
4.1 General . 10
4.2 Geometric parameters for interchangeability . 10
4.2.1 General . 10
4.2.2 Functional requirements. 10
4.2.3 Assembly requirements . 10
4.2.4 Maintenance requirements . 11
4.3 Parameters for thermomechanical assessment of tread-braked wheels . 11
4.3.1 Geometrical requirements for tread-braked wheels . 11
4.3.2 Drag braking or consecutive stop braking . 12
4.3.3 Accidental drag braking incident . 13
4.4 Mechanical assessment parameters . 13
4.5 Acoustic assessment parameters . 14
5 Description of the wheel, the design of which shall be assessed . 14
6 Assessment of geometric interchangeability . 14
7 Assessment of thermomechanical behaviour . 14
7.1 General procedure . 14
7.2 First stage – Braking bench test . 15
7.2.1 Test procedure . 15
7.2.2 Decision criteria . 15
7.3 Second stage – Wheel fracture bench test . 16
7.3.1 General . 16
7.3.2 Test procedure . 16
7.3.3 Decision criterion . 16
7.4 Third stage – Field braking test . 16
7.4.1 General . 16
7.4.2 Test procedure . 16
7.4.3 Decision criteria . 16
8 Assessment of mechanical behaviour . 17
8.1 General procedure . 17
8.2 First stage – Calculation . 17
8.2.1 Applied forces . 17
8.2.2 Calculation procedure . 20
8.2.3 Decision criteria . 20
8.3 Second stage – Bench test . 21
8.3.1 General . 21
8.3.2 Definition of bench loading and the test procedure . 21
8.3.3 Decision criteria . 21
9 Assessment of acoustic behaviour . 21
10 Technical approval . 21
10.1 Technical approval scope and process . 21
10.2 Technical approval documents . 23
Annex A (informative) Drag braking values . 24
A.1 Freight wagons . 24
A.2 Other types of rolling stock and specific freight wagons . 24
Annexe B Annex B (normative) Assessment of thermomechanical behaviour . 25
B.1 Assessment flow chart . 25
B.2 Braking bench test procedure. 26
B.2.1 Test principle . 26
B.2.2 Definition of drag braking . 26
B.2.3 Method for measuring decision criteria . 26
B.2.3.1 Measuring displacement . 26
B.2.3.2 Measuring residual stresses . 27
B.2.4 Tests and measurements . 27
B.2.4.1 Pre-test measurements . 27
B.2.4.2 Braking tests . 27
B.2.4.3 Measurements at the end of braking cycles . 28
B.2.5 Anomalies . 28
B.3 Wheel fracture bench testing procedure . 28
B.3.1 Test principle . 28
B.3.2 Creation of residual stresses in the rim of the wheel . 28
B.3.3 Pre-cracked rim . 28
B.3.4 Definition of drag braking test . 30
B.3.5 Parameters for the wheel fracture bench test . 30
B.3.6 Tests and measurements . 31
B.3.6.1 General . 31
B.3.6.2 Pre-cracked rim . 31
B.3.6.3 Wheel fracture . 31
B.3.7 Anomalies . 32
B.4 Field braking test procedure . 32
B.4.1 Test principle . 32
B.4.2 Definition of braking . 32
B.4.3 Method for measuring decision criteria . 33
B.4.3.1 Measuring displacement . 33
B.4.3.2 Measuring residual stresses . 33
B.4.4 Route type for testing . 33
B.4.4.1 Parameters linked to the vehicle of intended application . 33
B.4.4.2 Other parameters . 34
B.4.4.3 Meteorological conditions . 34
B.4.4.4 Parameters associated with the track . 34
B.4.5 Tests and measurements . 34
B.4.5.1 Pre-test measurements . 34
B.4.5.2 Braking tests . 34
B.4.5.3 Measurements at the end of the braking cycles . 35
B.4.6 Anomalies . 35
Annex C (normative) Wheel profile diameter definition . 36
C.1 General . 36
C.2 Diameter after last reprofiling . 36
C.3 Worn diameter . 37
Annex D (normative) Assessment of mechanical behaviour . 38
D.1 Assessment flow chart . 38
D.2 Calculation procedure in the case of exceptional load . 39
D.2.1 Principle . 39
D.2.2 Load . 39
D.3 Calculation procedure for cases of fatigue load . 39
D.3.1 Principle . 39
D.3.2 Load . 39
D.3.3 Method of calculation . 39
Annex E (informative) Fatigue loading for narrow gauge tracks (close to a metre) . 41
Annex F (informative) Fatigue loading for tilting trains . 42
Annex G (normative) Mechanical behaviour – Finite element calculation assessment . 43
Annex H (informative) Mechanical behaviour – Bench loading and test procedure . 44
H.1 Principle of bench loading and test procedure . 44
H.2 Definition of loads . 44
H.2.1 General . 44
H.2.2 Measurement of stresses during field tests . 44
H.3 Fatigue bench test . 45
H.3.1 Method 1 – Random fatigue test . 45
H.3.1.1 Load matrix . 45
H.3.1.2 Monitoring the bench test . 45
H.3.1.3 Random fatigue test . 46
H.3.1.4 End of test criteria . 46
H.3.2 Method 2 – Single-stage fatigue test . 46
H.3.2.1 Matrix and load spectrum. 46
H.3.2.2 Equivalent stress . 46
H.3.2.3 Single-stage fatigue test . 46
H.3.2.4 Acceptance criterion. 47
H.3.2.5 Examples of benches . 47
Annex I (informative) Assessment of acoustic behaviour . 48
I.1 General procedure . 48
I.2 Assessment procedure . 48
I.3 Assessment criteria. 49
I.4 Decision criterion . 49
I.5 Assessment flow chart . 50
I.6 Calculation procedure . 51
I.6.1 General . 51
I.6.2 Calculating the wheel modal basis . 51
I.6.3 Defining the reference speeds . 51
I.6.4 Defining the reference combined wheel-rail roughness . 51
I.6.5 Defining the reference track model . 53
I.6.6 Defining the calculation parameters . 54
I.6.7 Calculating sound power . 54
I.6.8 Factoring the weighted spectrum into sound power . 55
I.6.9 Calculating the acceptance criterion . 56
I.6.10 Optional calculations . 56
I.7 Field measurement procedure . 56
I.7.1 General . 56
I.7.2 Environmental conditions . 56
I.7.3 Conditions for the track . 56
I.7.4 Conditions for the train . 57
I.7.4.1 Conditions for the tread . 57
I.7.4.2 Composition of train . 57
I.7.5 Positioning the measurement points . 58
I.7.6 Measurement quantities . 58
I.7.7 Test procedure . 58
I.7.7.1 Measuring roughness . 58
I.7.7.2 Measurements trackside . 59
I.7.8 Data processing . 59
I.7.8.1 General . 59
I.7.8.2 Calculating combined roughness . 59
I.7.8.3 Calculating a representative quantity of sound power . 59
I.7.8.4 Correcting standardized sound levels vis-à-vis a reference combined roughness . 60
I.7.8.5 Calculating the acceptance criterion . 60
Annex J (informative) Ultrasonic method for determining residual stresses in the rim
(non-destructive method) . 61
J.1 Procedure. 61
J.2 Measurement uncertainty . 62
J.3 Calibrations . 62
J.4 Verifying measurement parameters . 62
Bibliography . 63
European foreword
This document (EN 13979-1:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway
applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2024, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 13979-1:2020.
In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made:
— A new link to the pre-designing state of the art methods defined by UIC (thermo-mechanical
calculation);
— Some recommendations for the rim geometrical design in order to ensure sufficient material to
withstand thermal loading;
— A clearer definition of the wheel homologation scope and a new definition of the process to
homologate a wheel design derived from a previously homologated one (Clause 3);
— Correction of the recommended reference combined roughness spectrum representative of the
different types of braking system for the acoustical assessment (Table I.1).
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU
Directive(s) / Regulation(s).
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
An assessment of the two following aspects is carried out before a wheel is commissioned:
— assessment of the design as described in this standard;
— assessment of the quality of the product (EN 13262:2020).
1 Scope
This document specifies a design assessment procedure for a forged and rolled monobloc wheel (RST).
This assessment is carried out before the wheel is commissioned. This document specifies, in particular,
the assessment to be performed in order to use wheels on a European network which, in addition, have
quality requirements in conformity with those specified in EN 13262:2020.
This assessment requires that the conditions of use for the wheel are defined and this document provides
a method for defining those conditions.
The assessment of the design covers four aspects:
— a geometrical aspect: to allow interchangeability of different solutions for the same application;
— a thermomechanical aspect: to manage wheel deformations and to ensure that braking will not cause
wheels to fracture;
— a mechanical aspect: to ensure that no fatigue cracks occur in the wheel web and that no permanent
deformation occurs under exceptional loading;
— an acoustic aspect: to ensure that the solution chosen is as good as the reference wheel.
This document does not cover assessment of the hub or the rim.
This document has been drawn up for wheels of non-powered tread-braked wheelsets and applies in full
to this type of wheel. For wheels on which mounted brake discs are mounted or toothed transmission
wheels or even wheels with noise reduction devices, the requirements may be amended or supplemented.
For urban railway vehicles, other standards or documents may be used.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 13103-1:2017+A1:2022, Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Partie 1: Méthode de
conception des essieux-axes avec fusées extérieures
EN 13262:2020, Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Roues - Prescriptions pour le produit
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
technical specification
document describing specific parameters and/or design assessment procedure requirements as an
addition to the requirements of this document
3.2
diameter after last reprofiling
nominal value defined by a 5 × 5 mm nominal chamfer and the slope of the new tread profile
Note 1 to entry: Modified values can be defined, for example, in the maintenance plan or in the technical
specification. See Figure C.1.
3.3
worn diameter
theoretical minimum diameter in service, and cylindrical profile from the outer side of the rim to D0
(wheel tread reference point) and then original new profile to the inner side of the rim
4 Parameters for the definition of the application covered
4.1 General
The application for which a wheel is to be assessed shall be defined by the parameters set out below.
If the application parameters are changed for an assessed wheel, the assessment shall be reviewed.
Clause 10.1 and Table 2 give information and/or recommendations for this assessment.
4.2 Geometric parameters for interchangeability
4.2.1 General
The application shall be defined by geometric parameters for interchangeability, which can be split into
three categories according to whether they are related to functional requirements, assembly
requirements or maintenance requirements.
NOTE For rolling stock wheels that have to conform to the Directive 2016/797, some of the geometrical
parameters are given in the TSIs concerned (see Annex ZA).
4.2.2 Functional requirements
— the nominal tread diameter that influences the buffer height and the loading gauge;
— the maximum rim width linked to the switches and crossings and the track brakes;
— the tread profile outside the conical part of the tread;
— the position of the inner side of the rim relative to the corresponding side of the hub;
— the conicity of the hub bore;
— the space required for disc brakes mounted on the wheel;
— the space required on the bogie frame, braking equipment and suspension equipment.
4.2.3 Assembly requirements
— the bore diameter;
— the wheel hub length shall ensure it overhangs the wheelseat.
4.2.4 Maintenance requirements
— the wear limit diameter or the last reprofiling diameter;
— the wear groove shape, if necessary;
— the geometry of the area for wheel clamping on reprofiling machines;
— the position and shape of the hole and groove for displacement under oil pressure;
— the general rim shape to allow ultrasonic measurement of residual stresses in tread-braked wheels.
4.3 Parameters for thermomechanical assessment of tread-braked wheels
4.3.1 Geometrical requirements for tread-braked wheels
A suitable inner diameter on the inner and outer side of the rim shall be applied in order to enable suitable
conditions for residual stress measurement. This means that, in order to enable this measurement, the
residual rim thickness, on both sides, should be larger that the ultrasonic probes used for the
measurements during maintenance and approval.
Freight wagon wheels with a nominal diameter of 920 mm that are fully tread braked shall be designed
in order that the surface of the rim section when the wheel is fully worn has a residual area A equal or
rim
larger than 0,23 dm .
NOTE For tread-braked wheels other than 920 mm nominal diameter, this requirement may be updated, based
on service experience, following a similar technical approach.
The residual area is calculated as follows:
— when the inner diameter of the rim is the same both on the inner and outer side, the area to be
considered is the rectangle between the outer diameter of the wear limit groove (w in
EN 13262:2020) and the inner diameter of the rim (b and b in EN 13262:2020),
1 2
— when the inner diameter of the rim is different on the inner and outer side, the area defined above
shall be completed with the triangle resulting from this difference (see Figure 1 – in this example b
is smaller than b ).
This calculation is carried out referring to the nominal values of the quoted parameters.
Figure 1 — Definition of the residual area (example)
4.3.2 Drag braking or consecutive stop braking
4.3.2.1 General
The application shall be defined based on the maximum braking energy (P nominal braking power, t
a a
application time (duration of the test) and V average speed of the vehicle) generated by the friction of
a
the brake shoes on the tread, as well as the type of brake shoes applied to the wheel (the type – cast iron
brake shoe or composite brake shoe – dimensions and number).
If the tests are carried out with composite brake shoes, they do not need to be repeated with cast iron
brake shoes. The braking test with two opposing brake shoes covers the braking test with a single brake
shoe. The braking test is independent of the manufacturing origin of the brake shoes.
Non approved composite brake shoes can be used for these tests providing that they are able to withstand
the test conditions.
NOTE The non-approved brake shoe Becorit 929-1 is widely used to perform these kind of tests
4.3.2.2 Freight wagons
When monobloc wheels fitted to a wagon are 100 % tread braked, the parameters in Table A.1 of Annex A
shall apply, unless the technical specification defines them differently.
NOTE This table is the same as the table in the freight wagons TSI.
When a wheel is not fully tread-braked then the nominal power, P , shall be adapted as defined in the
b
technical specification.
For specific wagons or traffic, the power and/or application time and/or running speed values can be
modified to check the thermomechanical behaviour of these wheels in the context of the requirements of
the technical specification and in accordance with Table A.2.
4.3.2.3 Other types of rolling stock
Thermomechanical behaviour shall be verified for the worst braking case. This shall be done using drag
braking in conformity with the parameters in Table A.2 and/or the worst consecutive stop braking for
this application.
This choice can be made taking into account the level of displacement and residual stresses calculated
using numerical simulation for each of the braking scenarios considered.
The average slope and/or application time and/or average speed of consecutive stop braking and/or
energy values shall be defined in the technical specification. Table A.2 provides examples of values.
NOTE The values of the Loc and Pas TSI Clause 4.2.4.5.4 are valid for the assessment of the braking system, not
for the wheel.
4.3.3 Accidental drag braking incident
4.3.3.1 General
The thermomechanical behaviour shall be defined based on the maximum braking energy (P braking
a
power, t application time (duration of the test) and V average speed of the vehicle) generated by the
a a
friction of the brake shoes on the tread that the wheel to be assessed shall be able to dispel when there is
an accidental drag braking incident.
4.3.3.2 Fully tread-braked wheels
For freight wagons, the parameters for the accidental drag braking incident are identical to those defined
for drag braking (see Table A.1).
For other types of rolling stock, the parameters for the accidental drag braking incident are identical to
those of drag braking (see Table A.2) for 100 % tread braking.
4.3.3.3 Partially tread-braked wheels
For all types of rolling stock, the parameters for the drag braking incident shall be:
a) Parameters for the accidental drag braking incident test for a 100 % tread-braked wheel (see
4.3.3.2);
b) Or the parameters for the wheel fracture bench test (see 7.3)
4.4 Mechanical assessment parameters
The application shall be defined by:
— the maximum vertical static force per wheelset (according to EN 13103-1:2017+A1:2022);
— the type of route to be provided by the vehicles that will be fitted with the wheels to be assessed:
1. description of the lines: geometric quality of the tracks, curve parameters, maximum speeds,
etc. ;
2. running times on these lines;
— the estimated service life of the wheel, in kilometres.
In the case of a mechanical assessment solely by means of calculation, the parameters of 8.2 shall be taken
into consideration.
4.5 Acoustic assessment parameters
The application shall be defined by all the parameters influencing the noise emitted by the wheel and not
directly involved in the design of the wheel to be assessed, such as:
1) the reference track on which the wheel shall run;
2) the reference wheel to which the design shall be compared;
3) the reference rolling stock and one or more reference speeds;
4) a surface roughness spectrum, representative of the operational tread condition (cast iron or
composite tread braked or not tread braked) of the wheel under test, to be used on both the reference
wheel and the new wheel.
5 Description of the wheel, the design of which shall be assessed
The assessment documentation of the design of the wheel shall include:
1. the description of the manufacturing process (forging, rolling, heat treatment, etc.);
2. the definition of the wheel geometry (drawing);
3. the following manufacturing parameters, if they differ from those defined in EN 13262:2020:
— geometric tolerances;
— surface finishes;
— steel grade;
4. the parameters for defining the application for which the design assessment is required.
6 Assessment of geometric interchangeability
The wheel design shall conform to the requirements of 4.2.
7 Assessment of thermomechanical behaviour
7.1 General procedure
This assessment consists of three stages. The transition from one stage to the next depends on the results
obtained.
The flowchart for this assessment is shown in Annex B (normative).
For each of the three stages, the tests shall be carried out on a new rim (nominal diameter) and at a
diameter after last reprofiling (see Annex C).
NOTE 1 The wheel at the diameter after last reprofiling is a new wheel turned down at this diameter.
Additional preliminary design, by calculation, of the wheel is recommended.
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Die Norm EN 13979-1:2023 bietet einen umfassenden Standard für die Genehmigungsverfahren von monobloc Rädern, die für Eisenbahnanwendungen bestimmt sind. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Norm liegt auf einem strukturierten Entwurfsbewertungsverfahren für geschmiedete und gewalzte Monobloc-Räder (RST), das zwingend vor der Inbetriebnahme der Räder durchgeführt werden muss. Besonders hervorzuheben ist, dass die Norm spezifische Anforderungen definiert, die für die Nutzung der Räder auf einem europäischen Schienennetz sowohl hinsichtlich der Qualität als auch der Sicherheit unerlässlich sind. Zu den Stärken dieser Norm zählt die detaillierte Betrachtung verschiedener Aspekte der Radbewertung. Die geometrischen Vorgaben ermöglichen eine Austauschbarkeit unterschiedlicher Lösungen für gleiche Anwendungen, was die Flexibilität im Designprozess erhöht. Der thermomechanische Aspekt ist ebenfalls von zentraler Bedeutung, da er sicherstellt, dass Radverformungen, insbesondere bei Bremsvorgängen, effektiv gemanagt werden, um Brüche zu verhindern. Der mechanische Aspekt der Norm befasst sich mit der Vermeidung von Ermüdungsrissen in der Radnabe sowie der Gewährleistung, dass unter außergewöhnlicher Belastung keine dauerhaften Verformungen auftreten. Ein weiterer Vorteil der Norm ist die Berücksichtigung akustischer Eigenschaften. Dies ist besonders relevant, um sicherzustellen, dass die getroffene Lösung in Bezug auf Geräuschentwicklung mit Referenzrädern konkurrieren kann, was für die Akzeptanz im urbanen Raum von Bedeutung ist. Die Relevanz der Norm EN 13979-1:2023 erstreckt sich über den Bereich der nicht elektrisch angetriebenen Rad- und Bremsvorrichtungen hinaus. Während die Norm für nicht angetriebene, im Tretbetrieb gebremste Radsätze vollständig anwendbar ist, bietet sie auch die Flexibilität, für Radsätze mit Scheibenbremsen oder spezielle Geräuschreduzierungsvorrichtungen Anpassungen oder Ergänzungen der Anforderungen vorzunehmen. Insgesamt stellt die Norm EN 13979-1:2023 einen wertvollen Leitfaden für die Zertifizierung von monobloc Rädern dar und ist von größter Bedeutung, um die Sicherheit und die Leistungsfähigkeit der Räder in der Eisenbahnindustrie zu gewährleisten. Sie fördert nicht nur die Einhaltung der europäischen Standards, sondern trägt auch zur Steigerung der Effizienz und der Betriebsfähigkeit von Schienenfahrzeugen bei.
표준 EN 13979-1:2023은 철도 응용 분야에서 단일 블록 휠에 대한 설계 평가 절차를 구체화하는 문서로, 특히 단조 및 롤링 공정을 통해 제작된 휠에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 이 표준은 휠이 실제로 사용되기 전에 수행해야 하는 평가 절차를 명시하며, 유럽 네트워크에서 사용하기 위한 품질 요구 사항이 EN 13262에 부합하도록 보장합니다. 이 표준의 강점은 설계 평가에 있어 다음 네 가지 핵심적인 측면을 다룬다는 것입니다. 첫째, 기하학적 측면에서는 동일 적용에 대한 다양한 솔루션의 상호 교환성을 허용합니다. 둘째, 열역학적 측면에서는 휠 변형을 관리하고, 제동 시 휠이 파손되지 않도록 보장합니다. 셋째, 기계적 측면에서는 휠 웹에서 피로 균열이 발생하지 않도록 하고, 특별한 하중 조건에서도 영구 변형이 일어나지 않도록 합니다. 마지막으로, 음향적 측면에서는 선택한 솔루션이 기준 휠과 동등한 성능을 갖도록 보장합니다. 뿐만 아니라, 이 표준은 동력 없는 트레드 브레이크 휠세트에 대한 요구 사항을 철저히 반영하며, 해당 유형의 휠에 전적으로 적용됩니다. 디스크 브레이크가 장착된 휠이나 톱니 전송 휠, 소음 저감 장치가 있는 휠은 요구 사항이 변경되거나 보완될 수 있음을 명확히 하고 있습니다. 도시 철도 차량의 경우, 다른 표준이나 문서가 사용될 수 있다는 점도 이 문서의 적용 범위를 확대하는 요소입니다. 따라서 EN 13979-1:2023 표준은 휠의 설계 및 품질 보증에 있어 필수적인 지침을 제공하며, 철도 응용 분야에서 안전하고 신뢰할 수 있는 휠세트를 위해 매우 중요한 역할을 합니다.
標準 EN 13979-1:2023 に関するレビュー EN 13979-1:2023 は、鉄道アプリケーションにおけるモノブロックホイールの技術承認手続きに関する文書であり、その目的は、鍛造および圧延ホイールの設計評価手順を明確にすることです。この標準は、ホイールが使用される前に実施される評価を規定しており、特にヨーロッパのネットワークで使用されるホイールについて、EN 13262で定義された品質要件を満たすことを求めています。 この標準の強みは、設計評価に関する包括的なガイドラインを提供している点にあります。評価は、幾何学的、熱力学的、機械的、音響的な4つの側面に分けられ、適切な互換性、変形管理、疲労亀裂の防止、音響性能の確保を目指しています。特に、ホイールの使用条件を明確に定義するための方法を提供することにより、安全性と信頼性を高めています。 この文書は、非駆動型の踏面制動ホイールセットのホイールに完全に適用され、他のブレーキシステムや騒音低減装置を持つホイールについても柔軟に要求を修正または補足できる点が特長です。このため、標準は様々なホイール設計ニーズに対応可能で、特に都市鉄道車両においても他の標準との併用が認められています。 全体として、EN 13979-1:2023 は、その包括的な評価基準と柔軟性により、鉄道運営者および設計者にとって非常に有益な標準であり、ホイールの安全性とパフォーマンスの向上に寄与する重要な資料となっています。
The EN 13979-1:2023 standard provides a comprehensive framework for the technical approval procedure of forged and rolled monobloc wheels in railway applications. Its scope specifically addresses the design assessment of these wheelsets, ensuring they meet stringent requirements before being commissioned for use on European networks. One of the notable strengths of this standard is its multi-faceted assessment approach. By encompassing geometrical, thermomechanical, mechanical, and acoustic aspects, the standard guarantees that the wheels not only fulfill interchangeability requirements but also manage thermal deformations effectively, thereby preventing potential fractures during braking. This rigorous evaluation of the design enhances the overall safety and reliability of railway operations. Furthermore, the emphasis on defined conditions of use within the assessment is particularly relevant in today’s context where operational parameters can vary widely. This aspect ensures that each wheel's design aligns with the specific needs of its intended application, thereby increasing the standard’s efficacy in real-world scenarios. Another strength lies in its alignment with existing standards, notably EN 13262, which ensures that any wheels used adhere to recognized quality benchmarks. This connection not only reinforces the quality assurance aspects but also streamlines the approval process for manufacturers and operators within the railway sector. However, it should be noted that while the standard robustly covers various aspects of wheel assessment, it explicitly states its limitations regarding the hub and rim assessments. This focused approach allows for depth in certain areas while leaving room for other standards to compensate for unaddressed aspects, such as those related to disc brakes or urban railway vehicles. Overall, the EN 13979-1:2023 standard is crucial for ensuring that monobloc wheels are thoroughly evaluated for safety, functionality, and quality. Its systematic approach and relevance to current railway applications make it a pivotal document for manufacturers and operators looking to maintain high standards in railway safety and performance.
Le document SIST EN 13979-1:2024, intitulé "Applications ferroviaires - Essieux et bogies - Roues monobloc - Procédure d'approbation technique - Partie 1 : Roues forgées et roulées", établit une procédure d'évaluation de conception pour les roues monobloc forgées et roulées (RST). Cette norme se distingue par la clarté de son champ d'application, centré sur l'évaluation technique des roues avant leur mise en service sur un réseau européen. Les points forts de la norme résident dans ses quatre aspects d'évaluation. Tout d'abord, l'aspect géométrique garantit l'interchangeabilité des différentes solutions pour la même application, ce qui est essentiel pour la flexibilité et la standardisation dans l'industrie ferroviaire. Ensuite, la dimension thermomécanique est cruciale, car elle vise à gérer les déformations des roues et à prévenir les fractures pendant le freinage. Cet aspect souligne l'importance de la sécurité dans les applications ferroviaires. De plus, l'aspect mécanique de la norme veille à ce qu'aucune fissure de fatigue ne se forme dans l'âme de la roue et qu'aucune déformation permanente ne survienne lors de chargements exceptionnels. Cela ajoute une couche importante de robustesse et de fiabilité aux roues conçues selon cette norme. Enfin, l'aspect acoustique s'assure que la solution choisie égalise les performances de la roue de référence, contribuant ainsi à réduire les nuisances sonores, un facteur de plus en plus pris en compte dans le développement des transports urbains. Il est également pertinent de noter que la norme ne traite pas de l'évaluation du moyeu ou de la jante, ce qui limite son champ d'application à l'essentiel des roues non motorisées avec freinage sur tiges. Cela signifie que pour d'autres configurations de roues, comme celles équipées de freins à disque ou de systèmes de réduction de bruit, des exigences supplémentaires ou modifiées peuvent s'appliquer, renforçant ainsi l'adaptabilité de la norme. Dans l'ensemble, la SIST EN 13979-1:2024 fournit une méthode solide pour définir les conditions d'utilisation des roues monobloc dans un contexte ferroviaire, aligné avec les spécifications énoncées dans la norme EN 13262. Son approche rigoureuse à travers différents aspects d'évaluation fait de cette norme un outil essentiel pour garantir la sécurité et la performance des roues utilisées dans le transport ferroviaire.
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