EN 16179:2012
(Main)Sludge, treated biowaste and soil - Guidance for sample pretreatment
Sludge, treated biowaste and soil - Guidance for sample pretreatment
This European Standard specifies the pretreatment required for sludge, treated biowaste and soil (including soil-like materials), that are subject to the analysis of organic as well as inorganic chemical and physico-chemical parameters.
The pretreatment of samples aims at preparing a (small) test sample which is representative for the original sample.
This European Standard describes the pretreatment which could be performed under field conditions if necessary (see Clause 8) and the sample pretreatment under laboratory conditions (Clause 10).
For determining inorganic chemical and physico-chemical parameters this European Standard describes procedures (see 10.2) to prepare:
- test samples for tests under field moist conditions;
- test samples for testing after drying, crushing, grinding, sieving etc.;
- test samples of liquid sludge.
For determination of organic compounds three pretreatment methods are specified:
- a pretreatment method if volatile organic compounds are to be measured (see 10.3.2);
- a pretreatment method if moderately volatile to non-volatile organic compounds are to be measured and the result of the following analysis will be accurate and reproducible (see 10.3.3);
- a pretreatment method if moderately volatile to non-volatile organic compounds are to be measured and the extraction procedure prescribes a field moist sample or if only indicative results are required (see 10.3.4).
The choice of the method depends above all on the volatility of the analyte. It also depends on the particle size distribution of the material (see Clause 5 and 8.3), the heterogeneity of the sample and the following analytical procedure.
Schlamm, behandelter Bioabfall und Boden - Anleitung zur Probenvorbehandlung
Diese Europäische Norm legt Vorbehandlungsverfahren fest, die erforderlich sind, um für Schlamm, behandelten Bioabfall und Boden (einschließlich bodenähnlicher Materialien) sowohl organische als auch anorganische und physikalisch chemische Parameter zu bestimmen.
Die Vorbehandlung der Proben dient dem Zweck, eine (kleine) Prüfprobe herzustellen, die für die Ausgangsprobe repräsentativ ist.
In der vorliegenden Europäischen Norm wird die Vorbehandlung beschrieben, die bei Bedarf unter Freilandbedingungen durchgeführt werden kann (siehe Abschnitt 8) sowie die Vorbehandlung unter Laborbedingungen (Abschnitt 10).
Zur Bestimmung anorganischer und physikalisch chemischer Parameter beschreibt diese Europäische Norm Verfahren (siehe 10.2), um:
- Teilproben für Analysen unter feldfeuchten Bedingungen;
- Teilproben für Analysen nach dem Trocknen, Brechen, Mahlen, Sieben usw.;
- und flüssige Schlamm Teilproben vorzubereiten.
Zur Bestimmung organischer Verbindungen werden drei Vorbehandlungsverfahren festgelegt:
- ein Vorbehandlungsverfahren zur Analyse flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (siehe 10.3.2);
- ein Vorbehandlungsverfahren zur Analyse mäßig flüchtiger bis nicht flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen, wenn die nachfolgende Analyse exakte und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse liefern soll (siehe 10.3.3);
- ein Vorbehandlungsverfahren zur Analyse mäßig flüchtiger bis nicht flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen, wenn das Extraktionsverfahren eine feldfeuchte Probe vorschreibt oder wenn Ergebnisse gefordert werden, die keine Allgemeingültigkeit beanspruchen (siehe 10.3.4).
Die Wahl des Verfahrens hängt vor allem von der Flüchtigkeit der zu analysierenden organischen Verbindungen ab. Weitere Einflüsse sind die Korngrößenverteilung des Materials (siehe 5 und 8.3), die Heterogenität der Probe und das anschließende Analysenverfahren.
Boues, bio-déchets traités et sols - Lignes directrices pour le prétraitement des échantillons
La présente Norme européenne spécifie le prétraitement requis pour les boues, les bio-déchets traités et les sols (y compris les matériaux similaires aux sols), qui font l'objet de l'analyse de paramètres chimiques et physico-chimiques de substances organiques et inorganiques.
Le but du prétraitement est de préparer un (petit) échantillon pour essai qui soit représentatif de l'échantillon d'origine.
La présente Norme européenne décrit le prétraitement susceptible d'être appliqué dans des conditions de terrain, si nécessaire (voir Article 8) et le prétraitement d'un échantillon dans des conditions de laboratoires (Article 10).
Pour la détermination des paramètres inorganiques, chimiques et physico-chimiques, la présente Norme européenne décrit des modes opératoires (voir 10.2) pour préparer :
- des échantillons pour essai à tester dans des conditions humides in situ ;
- des échantillons pour essai à tester après séchage, écrasement, concassage, tamisage, etc. ;
- des échantillons pour essai de boues liquides.
En ce qui concerne la détermination des composés organiques, trois méthodes de prétraitement sont spécifiées :
- une méthode de prétraitement si l'analyse porte sur des composés organiques volatils (voir 10.3.2) ;
- une méthode de prétraitement si l'analyse porte sur des composés organiques allant de modérément volatils à non volatils et si le résultat de l'analyse doit être précis et reproductible (voir 10.3.3) ;
- une méthode de prétraitement si l'analyse porte sur des composés organiques allant de modérément volatils à non volatils et si le mode opératoire d'extraction prescrit un échantillon de sol humide ou si des résultats uniquement indicatifs sont requis (voir 10.3.4).
Le choix de la méthode dépend avant tout de la volatilité du composant à analyser. Il dépend également de la distribution granulométrique du matériau (voir Article 5 et paragraphe 8.3), de l'hétérogénéité de l'échantillon et du mode opératoire d'analyse suivant.
Blato, obdelani biološki odpadki in tla - Navodilo za pripravo vzorcev
Ta evropski standard določa pripravo blata, obdelanih bioloških odpadkov in tal (vključno z materiali, ki so podobni tlom), ki so obravnavani v analizi organskih in anorganskih kemijskih in fizikalno-kemijskih parametrov. Priprava vzorcev je namenjena pripravi (majhnega) preskusnega vzorca, ki je reprezentativen za izvorni vzorec. V tem evropskem standardu sta opisani priprava, ki se lahko po potrebi izvede na prostem, in priprava vzorca v laboratorijskih pogojih. V tem evropskem standardu so za določitev anorganskih kemijskih in fizikalno-kemijskih parametrov opisani postopki za pripravo: – preskusnih vzorcev za preskuse v vlažnih razmerah na prostem; – preskusnih vzorcev za preskušanje po sušenju, drobljenju, mletju, sejanju itd.; – preskusnih vzorcev tekočega blata. Za določanje organskih spojin so opredeljene tri metode priprave: – metoda priprave v primeru merjenja hlapnih organskih spojin; – metoda priprave, če se merijo slabo hlapne do nehlapne organske spojine, pri čemer bo rezultat naslednje analize natančen in ponovljiv; – metoda priprave, če se merijo slabo hlapne do nehlapne organske spojine in je za postopek ekstrakcije potreben vzorec vlage na prostem ali če so potrebni samo nakazalni rezultati. Izbira metode je odvisna predvsem od hlapnosti analita. Odvisna je tudi od razporeditve delcev po velikosti materiala, raznovrstnosti vzorca in naslednjega analiznega postopka.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Blato, obdelani biološki odpadki in tla - Navodilo za pripravo vzorcevSchlamm, behandelter Bioabfall und Boden - Anleitung zur ProbenvorbehandlungBoue, biodéchet traité et sol - Usure par prétraitement des échantillonsSludge, treated biowaste and soil - Guidance for sample pretreatment13.080.05Preiskava tal na splošnoExamination of soils in general13.030.20Liquid wastes. SludgeICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16179:2012SIST EN 16179:2013en,fr,de01-februar-2013SIST EN 16179:2013SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16179
August 2012 ICS 13.080.05; 13.030.01 English Version
Sludge, treated biowaste and soil - Guidance for sample pretreatment
Boues, bio-déchets traités et sols - Lignes directrices pour le prétraitement des échantillons
Schlamm, behandelter Bioabfall und Boden - Anleitung zur Probenvorbehandlung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 June 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16179:2012: ESIST EN 16179:2013
Subsampling methods . 37A.1 Long pile and alternate shovel method . 37A.2 Coning and quartering . 38A.3 Riffling . 39A.4 Application of Tyler divider . 40A.5 Application of mechanised turntable (rotating divider) . 40Annex B (informative)
Information concerning vapour pressure, boiling and melting points of volatile organic compounds . 42Bibliography . 45 SIST EN 16179:2013
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 16179:2013
Historically this has been the case for analysing organic compounds after pretreatment according to e.g. ISO 14507. Standards describing pretreatment for chemical and physico-chemical parameters, e.g. ISO 11464, historically have divided the samples into fractions < 2 mm and > 2 mm where the fraction < 2 mm was taken for testing. By this the concentrations reported for organic compounds could be related to another part of the sample than those of the chemical and physico-chemical parameters. This European Standard stems on the assumption that the same part of the original sample is used for all parameters to be analysed. For environmental investigation it is assumed that generally the whole sample is of interest and will be pre-treated. Only extraneous materials may need to be removed under specific circumstances (and usually then will be reported accordingly). Depending on legislative or other demands only specific fractions of the sample may be analysed (e.g. the fraction < 2 mm). In that case, the sample will be sieved prior to the pretreatment and the laboratory will report that only the fraction < 2 mm was analysed. The pretreatment procedures described in this European Standard are not applicable if they affect the results of the determinations to be made. For example, the properties of the parameters to be analysed may differ greatly depending on chemical species: they can range from non-volatile to very volatile compounds (low to high vapour pressure); they may be labile or reactive at ambient or elevated temperatures; they may be biodegradable or UV-degradable; they may have considerable different solubilities in water. Some properties of chemical species require different analytical procedures. Because of these differences, it is not possible to specify one general pretreatment procedure to fit all materials and goals of investigation. The aim of a pretreatment procedure is to prepare a test sample of which the content of a substance or a characteristic is equal to the original material, provided that the applied pretreatment procedure does not considerably alter the characteristic or the chemical nature of the substance to be analysed. It should be noted that every type of pretreatment will have an influence on several material properties. Important for both sampling and pretreatment are the particle size distribution and form and the degree of chemical heterogeneity of the sample in relation to the minimum required mass of the sample. In general it can be stated that the smaller the particle size and form, and the less the chemical heterogeneity of the original material, the less sample mass is required for a reliable test or – the other way around – the coarser the particle size or the greater the range of particle size and forms, and the greater the chemical heterogeneity might be, the bigger the (sub)sample mass needs to be in order to perform a reliable test. Clause 5 and 8.3 deal with this subject.
3.3 field sample quantity (mass or volume) of material obtained through sampling without any subsampling
[SOURCE: EN 14899:2005, 3.3] 3.4
increment sampling unit collected by a single operation of a sampling device and being used in a composite sample Note 1 to entry: When an individual portion of material is collected in a single operation of a sampling device and this portion is analysed as an individual unit, it is by definition a sample. [SOURCE: ISO 11074:2005, 4.1.8] 3.5
laboratory sample sample intended for laboratory inspection or testing
Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the performance of the test or analysis.
3.14 test portion
analytical portion quantity of material, of proper size, for measurement of the concentration or other property of interest, removed from the test sample Note 1 to entry: The test portion may be taken from the field sample or from the laboratory sample directly if no preparation of the sample is required (e.g. with liquids), but usually it is taken from the prepared test sample. Note 2 to entry:
A unit or increment of proper homogeneity, size, and fineness, needing no further preparation, may be a test portion.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2005, 4.3.13] 4 Safety remarks Special precautions should usually be taken for samples from contaminated material. It is important to avoid any contact with the skin and special measures should be taken when drying such samples (ventilation, air removal, etc.). Samples may be hazardous because of the presence of chemical contaminants, fungal spores, or pathogens such as leptospirosis.
Appropriate national safety precautions shall be followed.
5 Principle 5.1 General Pretreatment in this European Standard is the process of preparing the test portion from the field sample. The operations and treatment steps are divided into pretreatment procedures suitable in the field (Clause 8) and pretreatment procedures that are restricted to be performed in the laboratory (Clause 10).
It is important to note that the methods and instruments described are meant as examples for suitable routine procedures. A laboratory may decide to use other procedures and/or instruments as long as the requirements of the analytical task are met (see Clause 10). Another important item concerns the part of the sample delivered to the laboratory which shall be taken for the determinations and the part of the sample which is removed before starting the tests. Depending on legislative or other demands only specific fractions of the sample may be analysed (e.g. the fraction < 2 mm). Extraneous materials shall be separated and recorded. In case parameters are analysed in the fraction < 2 mm usually the results of the tests refer to the fraction < 2 mm. Using the mass fraction > 2 mm and the extraneous material removed from the sample the results also can be calculated referring to the mass of the whole sample. The report shall clearly state to which fraction the results refer. SIST EN 16179:2013
Grinding of the sample depends on the mass of the subsample being taken. Table 1 gives the requirements for a wide group of parameters.
For some parameters the requirements stated in 8.3 need not to be followed exactly as the homogeneity of the samples is enough to obtain adequate results for those parameters.
EXAMPLES dry matter, total organic compounds (TOC), pH, EC.
> 15 g No D95 requirements, sample as received, no heating and no freeze drying allowed Fig. 1, Route A Sludge
No D95 requirements, direct measurement in the liquid phase Fig. 3 Anions (−Cl, −F ,−Br , −34PO, −24SO) Solid
> 15 g No D95 requirements, sample as receive Fig. 1, Route A Sludge
No D95 requirements, direct measurement in the liquid phase Fig. 3 Adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) All 5 mg to 100 mg ≤ 250 µm Fig. 3 Cyanide Solid
10 g to 40 g No D95 requirements, sample as received, no heating allowed Fig. 1, Route A Sludge
No D95 requirements, direct measurement in the liquid phase Fig. 3 Dry matter fraction Solid
30 g to 50 g No D95 requirements Fig. 1, Route A Solid, air dried 10 g to 15 g No D95 requirements Sludge > 0,5 g No D95 requirements Fig. 3 Electrical conductivity Solid 20 g No D95 requirements, drying (optional) Fig. 1, Route C Sludge
No grinding, direct measurement in liquid phase
Loss on ignition (LOI) at 550 °C All < 0,2 g ≤ 250 µm Fig. 1, Route A 0,2 g to 2 g ≤ 500 µm
> 2 g No D95 requirements, dried sample for determining dry matter is taken
Metals: see trace elements
Organic matter: see LOI
Particle size distribution
No pretreatment allowed
pH
Solid 5 ml No D95 requirements, drying (optional) Fig. 1, Route A Sludge
No D95 requirements, direct measurement in liquid phase Fig. 3 SIST EN 16179:2013
Total organic carbon (TOC) All < 0,2 g
≤ 250 µm Fig. 1, Route C 0,2 g to 2 g ≤ 500 µm > 2 g ≤ 2 mm Total Kjeldahl nitrogen Solid < 0,2 g
≤ 250 µm Fig. 1, Route C 0,2 g to 2 g ≤ 500 µm > 2 g ≤ 2 mm Sludge 0,1 g to 1 g No grinding, sample as received Fig. 3 Total nitrogen (Dumas),
All < 0,2 g
≤ 250 µm Fig. 1, Route C 0,2 g to 2 g ≤ 500 µm > 2 g ≤ 2 mm Trace elements
Extraction with aqua regia or nitric acid Solid < 0,2 g ≤ 250 µm Fig. 1, Route C 0,2 g to 2 g ≤ 500 µm > 2 g ≤ 2 mm Sludge
No D95 requirements, homogenisation with high speed mixer or sonification, then direct digestion Fig. 3 Organic compounds, volatile (e. g. volatile aromatic and halogenated compounds) All See analytical standard No D95 requirements and no homogenisation allowed Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Organic compounds, moderately volatile
Solid < 2 g ≤ 500 µm Fig. 2
2 g to 10 g ≤ 1 mm > 10 g excluding drying agents ≤ 2 mm Sludge See analytical standard No D95 requirements, sample as received Fig. 3 a Matrix: “Solid” = solid sludge, treated biowaste, soil. "Sludge" = liquid sludge b Procedure: figure number and option in that figure SIST EN 16179:2013
if the amount of material sampled is larger than the amount of material necessary for the test or analysis. When subsampling is necessary, the relation between the minimum mass of the subsamples and the maximum size of the particles (D95) in the original field sample shall be taken into account (see 8.3).
Samples are divided into subsamples either mechanically or manually. Subsampling methods are described in 8.4.2. In some cases the soil is strongly aggregated. Such macro aggregates can be reduced by hand (see 8.4.1) otherwise they should be seen as individual "particles".
Figure 1 — Flow chart for the pretreatment of solid sludge, treated biowaste and soil for the determination of inorganic and physico-chemical parameters (1 of 2) SIST EN 16179:2013
Figure 1 — Flow chart for the pretreatment of solid sludge, treated biowaste and soil for the determination of inorganic and physico-chemical parameters (2 of 2) SIST EN 16179:2013
Figure 2 — Flow chart for the pretreatment of solid sludge, treated biowaste and soil for the determination of organic parameters (1 of 2) SIST EN 16179:2013
Figure 2 — Flow chart for the pretreatment of solid sludge, treated biowaste and soil for the determination of organic parameters (2 of 2)
Figure 3 — Flowchart for the pretreatment of liquid sludge samples for the determination of inorganic, organic and physico-chemical parameters Sample division in the field shall be carried out only if a sheltered area is available (see 8.2). Soon after sampling, and up until pretreatment in the laboratory, the samples should be stored in such a way that the characteristics of the samples are preserved (e.g. cool and light protected, see Clause 9).
After removal of extraneous materials some of the parameters are analysed directly in the field-moist sample (Route A in Figure 1).
For other parameters (e.g. trace elements) the laboratory samples are dried in the air, or in an oven at temperatures not exceeding 40 °C, or freeze-dried (Route C in Figure 1; see 10.2.3). If necessary, the soil sample is crushed while still damp and friable and again after drying (see 10.2.4). Depending on the required amount of test portion, grinding part of the laboratory sample is required. For liquid sludge see 10.2.7. When replicate analyses are required, it shall be clarified in the overall investigation plan at which stage of subsampling replicates shall be separated. The most representative stage would be a very early one, e.g. the laboratory sample. NOTE 1 A drying temperature of 40 °C in an oven is preferable to air drying at room temperature because the increased speed of the drying limits variability caused by to microbial activity. NOTE 2 Storing samples, including samples that are as received, air dried, refrigerated or stored in the absence of light, for a long time may have an influence on a number of parameters, especially solubility of both inorganic and organic fractions.
NOTE 3 Keeping an archive sample (see Figure 1) is optional and should be clearly stated in the overall description of the investigation programme.
5.5 Pretreatment in the laboratory for determination of organic volatile compounds
The method of pretreatment depends on the volatility of the compound(s) or group(s) of compounds to be determined. NOTE The selection of the categories for volatile and moderately volatile compounds can be related in principle to the vapour pressure. However, as the vapour pressure of only a small number of compounds is known, and considering the relationship of vapour pressure and boiling point, the boiling point has been chosen as the criterion for distinction. See Annex B. For determination of volatile organic compounds, test portions are taken from the field sample and extracted according to the specific analytical procedure. If composite samples are required extracts of individual samples are mixed. It is not possible to obtain composite samples without severe losses of volatiles. The procedure is described in 10.3.2. 5.6 Pretreatment in the laboratory for determination of moderately volatile organic compounds Samples are either chemically dried and ground at a low temperature, e.g. with liquid nitrogen or dry ice (6.4), or freeze dried. The dried samples are cooled and cryogenically ground. Direct cryogenical grinding of the sample is also possible, see 10.3.3. Grinding results in suitable test portions. Composite samples are prepared by mixing the ground samples. This procedure is described in 10.3.3. If the extraction procedure requires a field moist sample, drying and grinding is not possible. If the original samples only contain a small fraction of particles greater than 2 mm, and the distribution of contaminants is likely to be homogeneous, grinding may be omitted. In these two cases, suitable test portions are directly taken after mixing of the sample. This procedure is described in 10.3.4. If hand mixing is used this shall be stated clearly in the report; a remark shall be made that the results are indicative. NOTE 1 If a laboratory wants to claim the results to be more than indicative, it should support this in the report by clear reasoning that the sample itself was already homogeneous. SIST EN 16179:2013
WARNING — When handling liquid nitrogen for the cooling of samples, temperatures of –196 °C can be reached. Suitable gloves and face protection shall always be used in this case as sincere “burning” can occur. Polyethene containers are fragile at very low temperatures. 7 Apparatus 7.1 General It is essential that the apparatus and tools used for pretreatment do not add or remove any of the substances under investigation. Refer to the related standards for the individual tests for particular requirements.
Due to particle size reduction, contamination of the sample can occur to an extent that affects the leaching of some of the compounds of interest e.g. cobalt and tungsten (from tungsten carbide equipment) or chromium, SIST EN 16179:2013
NOTE The apparatus to be used is not specified in detail. Most comparable European and National Standards contain detailed equipment specifications which could be used, provided they meet the basic performance requirements indicated in this document. 7.2 Balance, readable and accurate to 1 g. 7.3 Precision Balance, readable and accurate to 0,1 g. 7.4 Analytical balance, readable and accurate to 0,000 1 g. 7.5 Centrifuge, optional. 7.6 Crusher 7.7 Shredder, cutting device 7.8 Drying oven (optional), thermostatically controlled, with forced ventilation and capable of maintaining a temperature not exceeding 40 °C. 7.9 Drying oven (optional), thermostatically controlled and capable of maintaining a temperature of (105 ± 5) °C. 7.10 Freeze-drier, optional. 7.11 Grinding mill, capable of grinding dried materials to a required particle size without contaminating the samples with compounds to be determined. 7.12 Cross beater mill or mill with comparable qualities with a sieve of mesh size 1 mm and accessories. A cross beater mill as used in most soil laboratories is suitable for milling of soil samples cooled with liquid nitrogen. The cross beater mill shall be placed in a well-ventilated area. At all times, a dust mask shall be used in the case of the release of dust and inhalable quartz. Also, contaminated matter can escape in the form of dust; the personal protection should be designed for this.
If other equipment is used it should be proven that D95 is < 1 mm of the ground material. Disc mills have also proven to be suitable for reaching a particle size of < 1 mm or < 500 µm. 7.13 Large heavy-duty plastic sheeting, optional.
7.14 Mechanical mixer(s), optional. 7.15 Mechanical shovel, optional. 7.16 Mechanical sieve shaker, optional. 7.17 Mechanised turntable/rotating dividers, optional. 7.18 Test sieves, complying with ISO 565, with apertures of 0,25 mm, 0,5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, and 5 mm to 8 mm for freshly collected samples. Test sieves shall be free of contaminants. 7.19 Pestle and mortar, made of porcelain or sintered corundum. 7.20 Porcelain dish, minimum diameter 30 cm, or bigger. 7.21 Riffle box, optional. SIST EN 16179:2013
7.23 Hammer, optional. 7.24 Spade, optional.
7.25 Spoon, metal and porcelain, optional. 7.26 Tyler divider, optional. 7.27 Wooden or other soft-faced hammer, optional.
7.28 Glass containers, volume 750 ml to 1 000 ml; wide neck and screw cap with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) inlay. 7.29 Polyethene containers, volume 750 ml to 1 000 ml; wide neck and screw cap.
Do not use larger containers to prevent the formation of significant headspace. 7.30 Refrigerator, capable to maintain a temperature of 1 °C to 5 °C. 7.31 Dewar vessel(s), capable of holding at least one polyethene container of about 750 ml.
7.32 Gloves, suitable for working at low temperatures.
7.33 Oven, suitable for heating to about 550 °C.
7.34 Core cutter or similar instrument, for example an apple corer. When taking a subsample, the quantity of soil should be removed from the container in such a way that this quantity is a subsample over the full depth of the sample, and can be taken quickly. Depending on the type of soil (sand, clay), different instruments can be used. 8 Sampling and pretreatment procedures in the field (from field sample to laboratory sample)
8.1 General Sample pretreatment (in the field or laboratory) is the process of subsampling, necessary to obtain a representative subsample for further measures which shall be carried out under laboratory conditions. A selection of pretreatment techniques suitable for sample division in the field as well as in the laboratory is given in 8.4. Regarding sample pretreatment in the field the following remarks can be made: The requirements for sample pretreatment in the field are the same as for sample pretreatment in the laboratory. In general, the sample pretreatment shall not affect subsequent examinations, i.e. contamination of the sample and/or involuntary loss of material or components shall be avoided.
The type of sample pretreatment that is allowed in the field is limited to sample division, as the circumstances are in most situations not at all comparable to laboratory conditions. Particle size SIST EN 16179:2013
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