EN ISO 18640-1:2018
(Main)Protective clothing for firefighters - Physiological impact - Part 1: Measurement of coupled heat and moisture transfer with the sweating torso (ISO 18640-1:2018)
Protective clothing for firefighters - Physiological impact - Part 1: Measurement of coupled heat and moisture transfer with the sweating torso (ISO 18640-1:2018)
This document provides a test method for evaluating the physiological impact of protective fabric ensembles and potentially protective clothing ensembles in a series of simulated activities (phases) under defined ambient conditions. This standard test method characterizes the essential properties of fabric assemblies of a representative garment or clothing ensemble for thermo-physiological assessment:
— dry thermal insulation;
— cooling properties during average metabolic activity and moisture management (dry and wet heat transfer);
— drying behaviour.
Default measurements are done on fabric samples representing the garment or protective clothing combination. Optionally and in addition to the standard test method, the same testing protocol can be applied to characterise more complex protective clothing ensembles including underwear, air layer and certain design features[1]. In addition, measurements on readymade garments are possible.
This test method is intended to be used to measure and describe the behaviour of fabric assemblies of a garment or clothing ensemble in response to a simulated series of activities under controlled laboratory conditions, with the results used to optimize garment combinations and material selection. Furthermore, this document together ISO 18640-2, is intended to be used to describe the thermo-physiological impact of protective clothing but not the risk for heat stress under actual fire conditions. The results of this test can be used as elements of a risk assessment with respect to thermo-physiological load.
[1] A study conducted by Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) showed good correlation between results of standard torso tests (without underwear and air layers on fabrics) to tests on fabrics with underwear, tests on fabrics with underwear and air layers and test on readymade garments (with underwear and with or without air layers) of the same material composition. Due to the added thermal insulation values of the additional layers direct comparison of results between different measurement configurations is not possible, however.
Schutzkleidung für die Feuerwehr - Physiologische Wärmebelastung - Teil 1: Messung von gekoppeltem Wärme- und Feuchtetransport mit dem schwitzenden Torso (ISO 18640-1:2018)
Dieses Dokument enthält ein Prüfverfahren zur Bewertung der physiologischen Auswirkungen von Schutzkleidungs-Stoff-Aufbauten und möglichen Schutzkleidungsensembles im Rahmen einer Reihe simulierter Aktivitäten (Phasen) unter festgelegten Umgebungsbedingungen. Dieses Standardprüfverfahren charakterisiert die wesentlichen Eigenschaften von Geweben einer repräsentativen Bekleidung oder eines Bekleidungsensembles für die thermophysiologische Bewertung:
- der trockenen thermischen Isolierung;
- der Kühleigenschaften während durchschnittlicher Stoffwechselaktivitäten und Feuchtigkeits-management (Wärmeübertragung im trockenen und nassen Zustand);
- des Trocknungsverhaltens.
Standard-Messungen werden auf Stoffproben durchgeführt, die die Kleidungsstücke oder Schutzkleidungs-kombinationen darstellen. Optional kann zusätzlich zum Standardprüfverfahren das gleiche Prüfprotokoll angewandt werden, um komplexere Schutzkleidungsensembles mit Unterwäsche, Luftschichten und bestimmten Designmerkmalen zu charakterisieren1). Darüber hinaus sind Messungen an fertigen Kleidungsstücken möglich.
Dieses Prüfverfahren dient der Messung und Beschreibung des Verhaltens von Gewebezusammenstellungen einer Bekleidung oder von Bekleidungsensembles, die auf eine Reihe simulierter Aktivitäten unter kontrollierten Laborbedingungen reagieren, wobei die Ergebnisse hieraus zur Optimierung der Kombination von Kleidungsstücken und Materialauswahl verwendet werden. Überdies dient dieses Dokument zusammen mit ISO 18640-2 der Beschreibung der thermophysiologischen Auswirkungen von Schutzkleidung, aber nicht des Risikos des Wärmestaus unter tatsächlichen Brandbedingungen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Prüfung können als Bestandteile einer Risikobewertung hinsichtlich thermischer Belastungen herangezogen werden.
Vêtements de protection pour sapeurs-pompiers - Effet physiologique - Partie 1: Mesurage du transfert couplé de chaleur et d'humidité à l'aide du torse transpirant (ISO 18640-1:2018)
Le présent document fournit une méthode d'essai permettant d'évaluer l'effet physiologique d'ensembles d'étoffes de protection et d'ensembles vestimentaires potentiellement protecteurs au cours d'une série d'activités simulées (phases) dans des conditions ambiantes définies. Cette méthode d'essai normalisée caractérise les propriétés essentielles des assemblages d'étoffes d'un vêtement ou d'un ensemble de vêtements représentatifs pour l'évaluation thermo-physiologique:
— isolation thermique à sec;
— propriétés de refroidissement pendant une activité métabolique moyenne et de gestion de l'humidité (transfert de chaleur à sec et à l'état humide);
— comportement au séchage.
Des mesures par défaut sont réalisées sur des échantillons d'étoffe représentant le vêtement ou la combinaison de vêtements protecteurs. À titre facultatif et en plus de la méthode d'essai normalisée, le même protocole d'essai peut être appliqué pour caractériser des ensembles de vêtements de protection plus complexes, comprenant des sous-vêtements, des couches d'air et certaines caractéristiques de conception[1]. Des mesures sont en outre réalisables sur des vêtements prêts à porter.
La présente méthode d'essai est destinée à être utilisée pour mesurer et décrire le comportement des assemblages d'étoffes d'un vêtement ou d'un ensemble de vêtements en réponse à une série d'activités simulée dans des conditions maîtrisées en laboratoire, les résultats étant utilisés pour optimiser les combinaisons de vêtements et le choix des matériaux. De plus, le présent document, conjointement avec l'ISO 18640‑2, est destiné à être utilisé pour décrire l'effet thermo-physiologique des vêtements de protection, mais pas le risque de contrainte thermique dans des conditions réelles d'incendie. Les résultats de cet essai peuvent être utilisés comme éléments d'une appréciation du risque en fonction de la charge thermo-physiologique.
[1] Une étude réalisée par Empa (Laboratoires fédéraux de la Suisse pour les matériaux, la science et la technologie) a montré une bonne corrélation entre les résultats des essais menés sur un torse normalisé (sans sous-vêtements ni couches d?air sur les étoffes) et les essais d?étoffes avec sous-vêtements, les essais d?étoffes avec sous-vêtements et couches d?air et les essais de vêtements prêts à porter (avec sous-vêtements et avec ou sans couches d'air) de la même composition de matériau. En raison des valeurs ajoutées d?isolation thermique des couches supplémentaires, une comparaison directe des résultats entre les différentes configurations de mesurage est cependant impossible.
Varovalna obleka za gasilce - Fiziološki vpliv - 1. del: Merjenje skupnega prenosa toplote in mase s torzom za potenje (ISO 18640-1:2018)
Ta evropski standard določa torzo za potenje kot metodo za merjenje skupnega prenosa toplote in mase skozi varovalno obleko v specifičnih pogojih dela gasilcev. OPOMBA: torzo za potenje je bil zasnovan za izvajanje laboratorijskih preskusov z visoko stopnjo ponovljivosti za prenos toplote in mase na oblačila v nadzorovanih pogojih, ki so zelo podobni dejanskim pogojem. Torzo za potenje je valj, ki je enake velikosti kot človeški trup. Plasti merilnega valja so izdelan iz kompaktnega teflona, polietilena in aluminija. Takšna kombinacija materialov omogoča izdelavo modela za procese prehajanja. Na ta način je mogoče posnemati spremembe v temperaturi kože in bazalni temperaturi. Torzo za potenje skupaj vsebuje 54 šob za potenje z neodvisnim upravljanjem. Valj je na obeh koncih opremljen z ogrevanim varovalom, ki preprečuje aksialno izgubo toplote. Za ogrevanje valja in toplotnih varoval se uporabljajo električne grelne folije. Torzo za potenje lahko deluje s stalno temperaturo površine ali s stalnim ogrevanjem. Celoten torzo za potenje je postavljen na natančno tehtnico, s katero je mogoče oceniti količino izhlapele in kondenzirane vode.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2018
Varovalna obleka za gasilce - Fiziološki vpliv - 1. del: Merjenje skupnega prenosa
toplote in mase s torzom za potenje (ISO 18640-1:2018)
Protective clothing for firefighters - Physiological impact - Part 1: Measurement of
coupled heat and moisture transfer with the sweating torso (ISO 18640-1:2018)
Schutzkleidung für die Feuerwehr - Physiologische Wärmebelastung - Teil 1: Messung
von gekoppelter Wärme und Stoffaustausch mit dem schwitzenden Torso (ISO 18640-
1:2018)
Vêtements de protection pour sapeurs-pompiers - Impact physiologique - Partie 1:
Mesurage du transfert de masse et de la chaleur couplé de chaleur et d'humidité à l'aide
du torse transpirant (ISO 18640-1:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 18640-1:2018
ICS:
13.220.10 Gašenje požara Fire-fighting
13.340.10 Varovalna obleka Protective clothing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 18640-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.340.10
English Version
Protective clothing for firefighters - Physiological impact -
Part 1: Measurement of coupled heat and moisture
transfer with the sweating torso (ISO 18640-1:2018)
Vêtements de protection pour sapeurs-pompiers - Schutzkleidung für die Feuerwehr - Physiologische
Impact physiologique - Partie 1: Mesurage du transfert Wärmebelastung - Teil 1: Messung von gekoppelter
de masse et de la chaleur couplé de chaleur et Wärme und Stoffaustausch mit dem schwitzenden
d'humidité à l'aide du torse transpirant (ISO 18640- Torso (ISO 18640-1:2018)
1:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 2 January 2018.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 18640-1:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 18640-1:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 94
"Personal safety - Personal protective equipment" in collaboration with Technical Committee
CEN/TC 162 “Protective clothing including hand and arm protection and lifejackets” the secretariat of
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2018, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 18640-1:2018 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 18640-1:2018 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18640-1
First edition
2018-05
Protective clothing for firefighters —
Physiological impact —
Part 1:
Measurement of coupled heat and
moisture transfer with the sweating
torso
Vêtements de protection pour sapeurs-pompiers — Impact
physiologique —
Partie 1: Mesurage du transfert de masse et de la chaleur couplé de
chaleur et d'humidité à l'aide du torse transpirant
Reference number
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 4
5 Apparatus . 4
5.1 Sweating torso . 5
5.1.1 General. 5
5.1.2 Heated cylinder . 6
5.1.3 Thermal guard sections . 6
5.1.4 Heating and temperature control . 6
5.1.5 Temperature measurement . 6
5.1.6 Simulation of perspiration . 6
5.1.7 Wicking layer . 6
5.1.8 Balance torso weight . 7
5.2 Computer, control system and data acquisition . 7
5.2.1 General. 7
5.2.2 Computer and measurement software . 7
5.2.3 Control system . 7
5.2.4 Data acquisition . 7
5.2.5 Measurement control options . 7
5.3 Climatic chamber . 8
5.3.1 General. 8
5.3.2 Climatic chamber sensors . 8
5.4 Fan system . 8
5.5 Sweat water supply . 8
5.5.1 Gravimetric sweat water control system . 9
5.6 Simulation of air layers .10
6 Sampling and test specimens .11
6.1 General .11
6.1.1 Size of samples.11
6.1.2 Type of test specimen .11
6.1.3 Garment/ensemble specification .11
6.2 Number of test specimens .11
7 Specimen preparation .11
7.1 Pre-treatment .12
7.2 Conditioning .12
8 Measurement procedure .12
8.1 Test preparation .12
8.1.1 Preparation of climatic chamber .12
8.1.2 Wind speed .12
8.2 Specimen testing .13
8.2.1 General.13
8.2.2 Dressing the torso .14
8.2.3 Recording specimen identification and test observations .14
8.2.4 Starting the test .14
8.2.5 Calculated values .15
9 Test report .18
9.1 General .18
9.2 Specimen identification .18
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
9.3 Experiment conditions .18
9.4 Calculated results.18
10 Maintenance and calibration .19
10.1 Maintenance .19
10.1.1 Sweat water tank .19
10.1.2 Valve checks .19
10.2 Calibration .19
10.2.1 General.19
10.2.2 Correction value for thermal resistance, R .
ct0 (torso) 19
10.2.3 Wicking layer .19
10.2.4 torso temperature sensors .20
10.2.5 torso heating power .20
10.2.6 torso sweat rate .20
10.2.7 Environmental conditions .20
10.3 Experiments with a standard fabric (optional) .20
Annex A (informative) torso size and materials definition .21
Annex B (informative) Calibration .25
Annex C (informative) Example of data evaluation .27
Annex D (informative) Sample check list .31
Annex E (informative) Validation of the measurement device .32
Annex F (informative) Example Matlab code .33
Bibliography .37
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 94, Personal safety, Subcommittee SC 14,
Firefighters PPE.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18640 series can be found on the ISO website.
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
Introduction
The main functions of protective clothing are protection against hazards and maintenance of health and
comfort for the wearer. Furthermore, protective clothing against heat and flame prevents the wearer
from health risks or even life threatening heat stress in extreme environmental conditions. Today’s
standards provide requirements for the protective properties of protective clothing against heat and
flame. However, the higher the protective properties of such clothing, the less the heat originating
from the human body is dissipated. Firefighters reach metabolic rates above 500 W/m during their
[5][6] [7]
work . Thereof 75-85 % is released as heat , which has to be dissipated from the human body
by thermo-regulative processes to avoid an increase in body core temperature. If heat dissipation is
not restricted, the human body is able to maintain its temperature in the range of 36,5 °C to 37,5 °C
[8]
(normothermia) . However, in harsh environmental conditions and/or in situations of restricted heat
dissipation due to protective clothing the human body is not able to maintain body core temperature
within normothermia and suffers from heat stress. The working performance is gradually reduced and
[16]
any further increases in body core temperature can become life threatening . To reduce the risk of
heat stress during high intensity physical activities, protective clothing should additionally be assessed
with regard to its impact on human thermoregulation and heat stress.
Different approaches exist for the assessment of thermo-physiological impact. On the one hand,
established standard parameters such as water vapour resistance, R , and thermal insulation, R , of
et ct
fabric samples are considered with regard to thermo-regulative impact. However, these parameters do
not fully reflect the real impact of protective clothing; for example, moisture management properties
and the combined effect of heat and moisture transfer are not considered. On the other hand, human
subject trials reveal real thermo-physiological responses for a specific environmental condition
and protective clothing ensemble. However, the outcome of this methodology does not only refer to
the intrinsic properties of material samples but are influenced also by the design of the clothing and
trapped air layers within the clothing. Furthermore, human subject trials are very time consuming and
expensive, constricted by ethical guidelines and provide findings related to the collective of participants
included. Thus, reproducibility between laboratories might be limited. The use of thermal manikins
overcomes the limitations for human subject trials. As for human subject trials, full body manikins
provide findings on ready-made protective garments including design and fit. Hence, the attribution to
intrinsic material properties remains difficult.
A methodology referring to intrinsic clothing properties and taking into account combined heat and
[9][10]
moisture transfer is the Sweating torso . Sweating torso device is an upright standing heated
[11]
cylinder, representing the surface of a human trunk, with the ability for perspiration . The clothing
sample is investigated by wrapping specimens around the sweating torso. Three phases are run to
measure dry thermal insulation, dry and wet heat transfer and drying properties. Findings from the
Sweating torso have been validated with standard methodologies, such as sweating guarded hotplate,
[11]
and were shown to be highly reproducible . Furthermore, validation studies have been conducted
to relate human thermos-physiological measurements to Sweating torso findings under realistic
environmental conditions and activities for firefighters. Based on this knowledge, guidelines are
provided for intrinsic textile properties based on thermo-physiological responses. In addition to the
standard procedure described above, the impact of more complex protective clothing systems including
underwear, air gaps and/or design features is investigated optionally applying the same experimental
protocol described in this document.
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
Protective clothing for firefighters — Physiological
impact —
Part 1:
Measurement of coupled heat and moisture transfer with
the sweating torso
1 Scope
This document provides a test method for evaluating the physiological impact of protective fabric
ensembles and potentially protective clothing ensembles in a series of simulated activities (phases)
under defined ambient conditions. This standard test method characterizes the essential properties
of fabric assemblies of a representative garment or clothing ensemble for thermo-physiological
assessment:
— dry thermal insulation;
— cooling properties during average metabolic activity and moisture management (dry and wet heat
transfer);
— drying behaviour.
Default measurements are done on fabric samples representing the garment or protective clothing
combination. Optionally and in addition to the standard test method, the same testing protocol can be
applied to characterise more complex protective clothing ensembles including underwear, air layer and
1)
certain design features . In addition, measurements on readymade garments are possible.
This test method is intended to be used to measure and describe the behaviour of fabric assemblies of a
garment or clothing ensemble in response to a simulated series of activities under controlled laboratory
conditions, with the results used to optimize garment combinations and material selection. Furthermore,
this document together ISO 18640-2, is intended to be used to describe the thermo-physiological impact
of protective clothing but not the risk for heat stress under actual fire conditions. The results of this test
can be used as elements of a risk assessment with respect to thermo-physiological load.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
1) A study conducted by Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland)
showed good correlation between results of standard torso tests (without underwear and air layers on fabrics) to
tests on fabrics with underwear, tests on fabrics with underwear and air layers and test on readymade garments (with
underwear and with or without air layers) of the same material composition. Due to the added thermal insulation
values of the additional layers direct comparison of results between different measurement configurations is not
possible, however.
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
cooling delay
CD
time delay until the effect of evaporation cooling will be detected in an experimental phase with
simulated activity and sweating
Note 1 to entry: The cooling delay is given in minutes.
3.2
evaporated sweat water
fraction of supplied sweat water which is evaporated in active phase with sweating
3.3
experimental phase
part of an experiment with a defined sweat rate and surface temperature or heating power; an
experiment can consist of multiple phases
Note 1 to entry: Each phase simulates a specific situation with defined temperature or heating power and sweat
rate settings. A standard experiment consists of three phases.
3.4
initial cooling
IC
rate at which temperature changes after cooling delay CD in an experimental phase simulating activity
with sweating
Note 1 to entry: The initial cooling is given in degrees (°C) per hour.
3.5
moisture uptake
amount of moisture stored in clothing system determined by torso weight
Note 1 to entry: The moisture uptake is given in grams.
3.6
post cooling
PC
end of cooling period in an experimental phase without sweating and heating power corresponding to a
human being at rest following a simulated activity
Note 1 to entry: The evaporation of stored moisture will extract energy from the sweating torso which can be
detected in a decrease of the surface temperature.
Note 2 to entry: The post cooling is given in minutes.
3.7
phase profile
series of experimental phases which define the experiment
3.8
sustained cooling
SC
rate at which temperature changes towards the end of an experimental phase simulating activity with
sweating (steady state of cooling)
Note 1 to entry: The sustained cooling is given in degrees (°C) per hour.
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
3.9
spacer
air layer
frame or setup to add a defined air layer between torso surface and protective garment to be tested
Note 1 to entry: Simulation of air layers which are typically observed in real use. An air layer influences overall
thermal resistance and moisture transport. A spacer may be used to simulate a defined air layer.
3.10
sweat water
supply of water used to simulate sweating
3.10.1
gravimetric system to deliver sweat water
control of sweat water delivery using a tank on a balance with a defined height difference to the sweat
nozzles to deliver the set amount of water by opening and closing valves in a calibrated interval
Note 1 to entry: Other ways of sweat water deliver may be used as long as the requirements of this document are
fulfilled.
3.11
thermal resistance
R
ct (torso)
calculated at steady state from the difference between torso surface temperature and ambient
temperature, the surface area of the device and the heating power needed to maintain the temperature
difference
Note 1 to entry: The thermal insulation is given in m ∙K/W.
3.11.1
correction value for R
ct (torso)
R
ct0 (torso)
thermal resistance measurement without a sample on the sweating torso to determine a system specific
correction value for the thermal resistance R
ct (torso)
Note 1 to entry: Thermal resistance as defined above depends on the geometry of the apparatus, convective
conditions (wind or still air) and ambient conditions. R is a cumulative measure of this and might differ
ct0 (torso)
slightly from device to device and installation to installation. By taking it into account differences in results from
different installations can be reduced.
3.12
torso balance
device used to measure torso weight
3.13
torso surface temperature
average temperature on the surface of the measurement area of the torso
3.14
torso weight
overall weight of the sweating torso and test object during a test
3.15
total sweat water
amount of water supplied to torso surface during an active phase with sweating
3.16
wicking layer
thin hydrophilic textile layer with defined moisture transport and thermal properties used for
homogeneous sweat water distribution
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
3.17
wind speed
ambient velocity of air flow around the torso during an experiment
Note 1 to entry: To avoid undefined boundary air layers due to random air exchange in the chamber and the
temperature difference between torso surface and climatic chamber a fan system is used. The fan system
consists of ventilators to achieve a set homogeneous wind speed at the torso surface of 1 m/s (turbulence level of
up to 25 % measured with a hot-wire anemometer).
4 Symbols and abbreviations
CD Cooling delay, in minutes
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
IC Initial cooling in °C/h
PC Post cooling, in minutes
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
R Thermal resistance in m ∙K/W
ct (torso)
R Correction value for R
ct0 (torso) ct (torso)
RH Relative humidity
SC Sustained cooling, in °C/h
THS Thermal Human Simulator
5 Apparatus
The sweating torso is an upright standing cylindrical test apparatus, simulating the human trunk with
thermal guards on the upper and lower end (see Figure 1). The apparatus is equipped with heating foils,
sweating nozzles, a multi-layer shell (simulation of the skin layers) and electronics to control the valves
and sensors.
The whole measurement system (see Figure 1) consists of the sweating torso (key element 1) on a
balance (key element 2) positioned in a climatic chamber. A fan system (key element 3) is used to set
the wind speed. The control system (key element 4) power supplies, controllers, and computer with
data acquisition) can be placed either inside or outside the chamber. A sweat water tank positioned
outside the climatic chamber placed on a balance (key element 5) provides the water to the sweating
nozzles. The water supply is controlled by valves.
NOTE The design and control system of the sweating torso has been validated in numerous research
projects with respect to different types of clothing systems for the assessment of coupled heat and mass transfer
(see Annex E).
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
Key
1 torso 6 climatic chamber
2 torso balance 7 environmental sensors
3 fan system 8 frame to minimize influence of wind
4 control system 9 wall of climatic chamber with opening for cables
5 sweat water balance 10 computer, monitor and printer
Figure 1 — Example of torso system
5.1 Sweating torso
5.1.1 General
The sweating torso was designed to simulate the human trunk. The cylinder shall consist of an
2)
aluminium tube a layer each of HDPE- and PTFE which has an outer diameter of (30,0 ± 0,25) cm
(circumference of ~94,25 cm) and a length of (46,0 ± 0,25) cm .Heating foils are situated inside the
aluminium tube. On the lower and upper end of the upright standing cylinder there are thermal guards
with individually controlled heating. There are temperature sensors in the aluminium part (Pt-100
sensors or equivalent) as well as on the surface of the measurement cylinder (Ni wires or equivalent).
The electronic components to control the valves for the 54 sweating nozzles can be situated in the lower
guard (see Figure A.1) or in an electronic box outside the torso. Transducers converting the resistance
values of the temperature sensors may also be located here. Also data acquisition and temperature
controlling electronics or parts of these may be placed in the cavity of the guards. Care has to be taken
that the heating power of these components shall not disturb temperature control of lower guards and,
hence, affect measures obtained from main cylinder.
2) HDPE: High density Polyethylene. E.g. PAS-PE3, thermal conductivity: (0,41 ± 0,02) W/(m·K); thermal
capacity: (2,0 ± 0,3) kJ/(kg∙K).
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
The compartment between cylinder and guards shall be separated by thermally insulating discs
(thermal conductivity less than 0,35 [W/m·K]) to limit heat exchange between the measurement
cylinder and the guards. A more detailed technical description is given in Annex A.
The mass of cylinder, thermal guards and equipment shall be designed to have a mass of ~(82,5 ± 2,5) kg.
5.1.2 Heated cylinder
The central part of the torso is the area where the measurement takes place (surface area: ~0,433 5 m ).
The internal aluminium tube is covered by layers of synthetic material with similar thermal properties
as the human skin (6 mm HDPE and PTFE foil, see Annex A).
5.1.3 Thermal guard sections
There is a thermal guard on each end of the measurement cylinder made of aluminium of the same
diameter as the measurement cylinder. These two segments are controlled and heated separately to
ensure that there is no parasitic heat flow from or to the measurement cylinder which is supported
by the insulating discs between the sections. In addition, the space in the lower guard can be used to
incorporate the electronics to register temperatures and to control the valves.
The upper guard has a conical end and is smaller compared to the lower guard to allow donning of
readymade garments to the device.
5.1.4 Heating and temperature control
Heating elements shall be provided for each segment of the torso. Power supplies and means to regulate
the temperature and heating power of each segment are needed. The power supplies shall be able to
provide an output power of at least 500 W for the measurement cylinder and 240 W for each of the guards.
5.1.5 Temperature measurement
Temperature sensors (Pt100 or equivalent) in the aluminium part of the torso and nickel wires (or
equivalent) for integral assessment of the surface temperature are used to control and monitor the
temperature in the individual segments of the torso device. Optionally additional sensors placed
close to the outer layers can be used for Thermal Human Simulator (THS) measurements according to
ISO 18640-2. Temperature sensors shall have an accuracy of at least 0,1 °C in the range from 15 °C to
50 °C. See A.7 for more details.
5.1.6 Simulation of perspiration
Hardware to control sweat water supply is needed. This can be a gravimetric sweat water control
system (see 5.5.1) or any other system capable to fulfil the requirements of 5.5. Temperature of the
water coming out of the nozzles shall be within 0,5 °C of the temperature of the measurement cylinder.
NOTE The inner diameter and length of the tubes from the water storage to the nozzles will influence the
amount of water delivered.
5.1.7 Wicking layer
A thin hydrophilic textile layer with defined moisture transport and thermal properties shall be used
for homogeneous moisture distribution on the torso surface. The wicking layer shall be applied for all
measurements and fulfil the requirements according to Table 1. This shall provide a sufficiently even
[16]
sweat water distribution also when testing combinations with hydrophobic inner surfaces .
2 [14]
NOTE 1 The human skin has 50 to 250 sweat glands per cm varying for body areas while torso contains
0,01 sweating nozzles per cm only. The use of a wicking layer with good, symmetrical wicking properties and
insignificant added thermal insulation will ensure even spread of the moisture.
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
Table 1 — Requirements for wicking layer
Property Standard Value/range unit
Thickness ISO 5084 0,8 ± 0,15 mm
Weight (gsm) ISO 3801 200 ± 10 g/m
Wetting time (MMT top/bottom) <3,5 (class fast) s
AATCC 195
Max. wetted radius (MMT top/bot-
>20 (class large) mm
tom)
Thermal insulation Rct ISO 11092 0,01 ± 0,005 m ·K/W
NOTE 2 Textiles are subjected to aging and will potentially change
5.1.8 Balance torso weight
A scale with computer interface and a range of at least 100 kg with a minimum precision of 1 g is used
to monitor the weight course of the torso and specimen during experiments.
5.2 Computer, control system and data acquisition
5.2.1 General
A control system consisting of the electronics to control temperature, power supplies, computer and
data acquisition is used to control an experiment.
5.2.2 Computer and measurement software
To control the measurement a computer with appropriate software is used. Temperature and heating
power control can be achieved by dedicated controllers or software control of the power supplies.
The balances used to assess the torso weight and potentially register sweat water output are attached
over a software compatible interface to the computer.
A data acquisition system attached to the computer shall be used to measure and register all sensor
data and control sweat rate.
5.2.3 Control system
Power supplies and electronics are needed to control the temperature and heating power of the three
sections of the torso system and the sweat rate of the measurement section.
5.2.4 Data acquisition
Data acquisition shall provide enough channels to register all temperature signals, heating powers, and
mass readings (as a means to control the sweat rate).
5.2.5 Measurement control options
The torso can be controlled with the following mechanisms:
— Defined surface temperature: The surface temperature of the three segments of the torso will be
set to a defined value. This allows, for example, the calculation of thermal insulation in steady state
condition of phase 1 of a standard measurement.
— Defined heating power: The heating power of the measurement cylinder is set to a defined value.
The surface temperature of the guards is set corresponding to the temperature of the measurement
cylinder (guard function). This setting is used to simulate different activity levels in phases 2 and 3
of standard measurement.
ISO 18640-1:2018(E)
— Defined sweat rate: Torso sweating is controlled by releasing a defined amount of purified water (see
5.5) per time unit Sweating is usually combined with constant heating power for a static simulation
of an activity (e.g. phase 2 of a standard measurement).
NOTE Torso parameters can also be controlled by THS (Thermal H
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...