EN 13001-3-5:2016+A1:2021
(Main + Amendment)Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged and cast hooks
Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged and cast hooks
This European Standard is to be used together with EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-2 and, as such, they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent by design and theoretical verification, mechanical hazards in crane hooks.
This European Standard covers the following parts of hooks and types of hooks:
- bodies of any type of hooks made of steel forgings;
- machined shanks of hooks with a thread/nut suspension.
Principles of this European Standard can be applied to machined shanks of hooks in general. However, stress concentration factors relevant to designs not given in this standard would have to be determined and applied.
NOTE 1 Cast hooks and plate hooks, which are those, assembled of one or several parallel parts of rolled steel plates, are not covered in this European Standard.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 8 of this document are necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards:
a) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b) exceeding temperature limits of material.
The requirements of this European Standard are stated in the main body of the document and are applicable to forged hook designs in general.
The commonly used hook body and shank designs listed in Annexes A, B and F are only examples and should not be referred to as requirements of this European Standard. Annex I gives guidance for the selection of a hook size, where a hook body is in accordance with Annex A or B. The selection of hook form is not limited to those shown in Annexes A and B.
This European Standard is applicable to cranes, which are manufactured after the date of approval of this European Standard by CEN, and serves as a reference base for product standards of particular crane types.
NOTE 2 This part of EN 13001 deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1.
FprA1:
Add after 1st paragraph the following sentence:
"
It has to be used together with the other generic parts of EN 13001 series of standards, see Annex L.
".
Replace in 2nd paragraph the 1st list item with:
"
- bodies of any type of hooks made of steel forgings or steel castings, including stainless steel;".
Replace NOTE 1 with:
"
NOTE 1 Plate hooks, which are those, assembled of one or several parallel parts of rolled steel plates, are not covered in this document.".
In the 4th paragraph, replace the 1st list item with:
"
a) exceeding the limits of yield strength, ultimate strength, fatigue strength, brittle fracture;".
Replace the 5th paragraph with:
"The requirements of this document are stated in the main body of the document and are applicable to hook designs in general.".
After 4th paragraph, add the sentence:
"
The hazards covered by this document are identified by Annex M.
".
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-5: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von geschmiedeten und gegossenen Haken
Diese Europäische Norm ist zusammen mit EN 13001 1 und EN 13001 2 zu verwenden und als solche legen sie die allgemeinen Bedingungen, Anforderungen und Methoden fest, um durch Konstruktion und theoretischen Sicherheitsnachweis mechanische Gefährdungen an Kranhaken zu verhindern.
! Diese Norm ist zur Anwendung in Verbindung mit den anderen allgemeinen Teilen der Normenreihe EN 13001 vorgesehen, siehe Anhang L"
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für folgende Hakenteile und Hakenarten:
— !alle Arten von geschmiedeten oder gegossenen Hakenkörpern aus Stahl, einschließlich Edelstahl;"
— bearbeitete Hakenschäfte mit Gewinde/Mutter-Aufhängung.
Die Grundsätze der Europäischen Norm können auf bearbeitete Hakenschäfte im Allgemeinen angewendet werden. Jedoch müssten Spannungskonzentrationsfaktoren, die für Konstruktionen von Bedeutung sind, die nicht in dieser Norm angegeben sind, bestimmt und angewendet werden.
!Die Gefährdungen, die in diesem Dokument behandelt werden, sind in Anhang M aufgeführt."
ANMERKUNG 1 !Lamellenhaken, die aus einem oder mehreren parallel angeordneten Blechen aus Walzstahl zusammengesetzt sind, sind nicht Gegenstand dieses Dokuments."
Im Folgenden sind signifikante Gefährdungssituationen und Gefährdungsereignisse aufgeführt, die zu Risiken für den Menschen während des normalen Gebrauchs und bei vorhersehbarem Missbrauch führen könnten. Abschnitt 4 bis Abschnitt 8 dieses Dokuments sind notwendig, um Risiken, die mit nachfolgend genannten Gefährdungen verbunden sind, zu reduzieren oder zu beseitigen:
a) !Überschreiten der Grenzwerte von Streckgrenze, Bruchfestigkeit, Ermüdungsfestigkeit, Sprödbruch;"
b) Überschreiten der Temperaturgrenzwerte des Werkstoffs.
!Die Anforderungen dieser Europäischen Norm sind im Hauptteil des Dokuments beschrieben und gelten für geschmiedete Hakenkonstruktionen im Allgemeinen."
Die häufig verwendeten Hakenkörper- und Hakenschaft-Konstruktionen, die in Anhang A, Anhang B und Anhang F aufgelistet sind, dienen nur als Beispiel und sollten nicht als Anforderungen dieser Europäischen Norm verstanden werden. Anhang I gibt Richtlinien zur Auswahl einer Hakengröße für Hakenkörper nach Anhang A oder Anhang B. Die Auswahl der Hakenform ist nicht auf die in Anhang A und Anhang B dargestellten Formen beschränkt.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Krane, die nach dem Datum der Veröffentlichung dieser Europäischen Norm durch CEN gefertigt werden, und dient als Referenzgrundlage für Produktnormen für spezielle Kranarten.
ANMERKUNG 2 Dieser Teil der EN 13001 befasst sich nur mit der Methode der Grenzzustände nach EN 13001 1.
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-5 : États limites et vérification des crochets forgés et moulés
Il convient d’utiliser la présente Norme européenne conjointement avec l'EN 13001-1 et l'EN 13001-2. En tant que telles, elles spécifient les conditions, prescriptions et méthodes générales permettant d’éviter les phénomènes dangereux dus aux crochets par conception et vérification théorique.
Elle est destinée à être utilisée conjointement avec les autres parties générales de la série de normes EN 13001, voir l’Annexe L.
La présente Norme européenne couvre les composants de crochets et types de crochets suivants :
- corps de tout type de crochets à bec en acier forgé ou en acier moulé, incluant des aciers inoxydables ;
- tiges usinées de crochets à suspension par vis/écrou.
Les principes de la présente Norme européenne peuvent s‘appliquer aux tiges usinées des crochets en général. Cependant, des facteurs de concentration des contraintes correspondant aux conceptions qui ne sont pas données dans la présente Norme devraient être déterminés et utilisés.
Les phénomènes dangereux couverts par le présent document sont identifiés à l’Annexe M.
NOTE 1 Les crochets lamellaires constitués de l’assemblage d’une ou de plusieurs tôles en acier laminé ne sont pas couverts par le présent document.
La liste suivante spécifie les situations et les évènements dangereux significatifs susceptibles d’entraîner des risques pour les personnes lors d’une utilisation normale ou d’une mauvaise utilisation prévisible. Les Articles 4 à 8 du présent document sont nécessaires pour réduire ou éliminer les risques associés aux phénomènes dangereux suivants :
a) dépassement de la limite d’élasticité, de la résistance à la rupture, de la résistance à la fatigue, de la résistance à la rupture fragile ;
b) dépassement des limites de température du matériau.
Les prescriptions du présent document sont spécifiées dans le corps du texte du document et s’appliquent aux conceptions de crochet en général.
Les conceptions de corps et de tige de crochet fréquemment utilisées énumérées dans les Annexes A, B et F ne sont fournies qu’à titre d’exemple et il convient de ne pas les citer comme des prescriptions de la présente Norme européenne. L’Annexe I donne des lignes directrices pour la sélection d’une taille de crochet, lorsque le corps du crochet est conforme à l’Annexe A ou B. La sélection d’une forme de crochet n’est pas limitée à celles des Annexes A et B.
La présente Norme européenne s'applique aux appareils de levage à charge suspendue construits après la date d'approbation par le CEN de la présente Norme européenne, et sert de référence pour les normes produit des types particuliers d’appareils de levage à charge suspendue.
NOTE 2 La présente partie de l’EN 13001 considère uniquement la méthode des états limites selon
l’EN 13001-1.
Žerjavi - Konstrukcija, splošno - 3-5. del: Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti kovanih in litih kavljev
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2021
Žerjavi - Konstrukcija, splošno - 3-5. del: Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti kovanih in
litih kavljev
Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged and
cast hooks
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-5: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweise von
geschmiedeten und gegossenen Haken
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-5 : États
limites et vérification des crochets forgés et moulés
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13001-3-5:2016+A1:2021
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
53.020.30 Pribor za dvigalno opremo Accessories for lifting
equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 13001-3-5:2016+A1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 53.020.20; 53.020.30 Supersedes EN 13001-3-5:2016
English Version
Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof
of competence of forged and cast hooks
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-5:
générale - Partie 3-5 : États limites et vérification des Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweise von
crochets forgés et moulés geschmiedeten und gegossenen Haken
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 May 2016 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 12 April 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13001-3-5:2016+A1:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Terms and definitions . 10
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 11
4 General requirements . 14
4.1 Materials . 14
4.1.1 General . 14
4.1.2 Typical standards and grades . 15
4.1.3 Classification of hook materials . 16
4.2 Workmanship . 16
4.2.1 !Forged hooks" . 16
4.2.2 !Cast hooks. 17
4.3 Manufacturing tolerances of forgings . 18
4.4 Heat treatment . 18
4.5 Cold forming by proof loading . 18
4.6 Hook body geometry . 18
4.7 Hook shank machining . 20
4.8 Nut . 21
4.9 Effect of hook suspension . 21
5 Static strength . 21
5.1 General . 21
5.2 Vertical design force . 22
5.3 Horizontal design force . 22
5.4 Bending moment of the shank . 23
5.4.1 General . 23
5.4.2 Bending moment due to horizontal force . 23
5.4.3 Bending moment due to inclination of hook suspension . 24
5.4.4 Bending moment due to eccentricity of vertical force . 25
5.4.5 Exceptional case for ramshorn hooks . 26
5.4.6 Design bending moment of the shank . 26
5.5 Hook body, design stresses . 27
5.5.1 Loadings. 27
5.5.2 Stress calculation methods . 27
5.5.3 Design stresses . 28
5.6 Hook shank, design stresses . 29
5.7 Hook, proof of static strength . 29
5.7.1 General for hook body and shank . 29
5.7.2 !The use of static limit design force for verification of the hook body . 30
6 Fatigue strength . 31
6.1 General . 31
6.2 Vertical fatigue design force. 31
6.3 Horizontal fatigue design force . 31
6.4 Fatigue design bending moment of shank . 32
6.4.1 Bending moment due to horizontal force . 32
6.4.2 Bending moment due to inclination of hook suspension . 32
6.4.3 Bending moment due to eccentricity of vertical force . 32
6.5 Proof of fatigue strength, hook body . 33
6.5.1 Design stress calculation . 33
6.5.2 Stress history in general . 33
6.5.3 Stress history based upon classified duty . 34
6.5.4 Limit fatigue design stress . 35
6.5.5 Execution of the proof . 37
6.5.6 The use of fatigue limit design force for verification of the hook body . 37
6.6 Proof of fatigue strength, hook shank . 38
6.6.1 General . 38
6.6.2 Design stress calculation . 38
6.6.3 Applied stress cycles. 39
6.6.4 Basic fatigue strength of material . 40
6.6.5 Stress concentration effects from geometry . 40
6.6.6 Fatigue strength of notched shank . 41
6.6.7 Mean stress influence . 42
6.6.8 Transformation to stresses at zero mean stress . 43
6.6.9 Stress history parameter in general . 44
6.6.10 Stress history parameter based upon classified duty . 44
6.6.11 Execution of the proof . 45
6.7 Fatigue design of hook shanks for stand alone hooks . 45
7 Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective measures . 45
7.1 General . 45
7.2 Scope of testing and sampling . 46
7.3 Testing of mechanical properties . 46
7.4 Test loading . 46
8 Information for use . 47
8.1 Maintenance and inspection . 47
8.2 Marking . 48
8.3 Safe use . 49
Annex A (informative) Sets of single hooks . 50
A.1 !A series of single hooks of type RS/RSN, dimensions of hook bodies" . 50
A.2 !A series of single hooks of type RF/RFN, dimensions of hook bodies" . 52
A.3 !A series of single hooks of type B, dimensions of hook bodies" . 54
Annex B (informative) !A series of ramshorn hooks of type RS/RSN and RF/RFN,
dimensions of hook bodies" . 56
Annex C (informative) !Dimensional tolerances of hook bodies" . 58
Annex D (normative) Static limit design forces of hook bodies . 60
D.1 Static limit design forces of hook bodies for hooks of type RS and RF . 60
D.2 Static limit design forces of hook bodies for a series of hooks of type B, with
additional materials . 62
Annex E (normative) Fatigue limit design forces of hook bodies . 63
E.1 !Fatigue limit design forces of hook bodies for forged hooks of type RS and RF" . 63
E.2 !Fatigue limit design forces of hook bodies for a series of hooks of type B, with
additional, forged materials" . 65
E.3 Fatigue limit design forces of hook bodies for cast hooks of type RS and RF . 65
E.4 Fatigue limit design forces of hook bodies for a series of hooks of type B, with
additional, cast materials . 67
Annex F (informative) Sets of hook shank and thread designs . 68
F.1 A series of hook shank and thread designs, a knuckle thread . 68
F.2 A series of hook shank and thread designs, a metric thread . 70
F.3 A series of hook shank and thread designs, a modified metric thread . 72
F.4 Hook shank and thread designs for hooks of type B . 74
Annex G (normative) Bending of curved beams . 76
G.1 Basic formulae for stresses. 76
G.2 Approximation of the reference moment of inertia . 77
Annex H (normative) Calculation of hook suspension tilting resistance, articulation by a
hinge or a rope reeving system . 79
H.1 General . 79
H.2 Articulation of hook by a hinge . 80
H.3 Articulation of a hook suspension by a balanced rope reeving. 80
Annex I (informative) Guidance for the selection of a hook body size using Annexes D and E . 83
I.1 General . 83
I.2 Case description . 83
I.3 Proof of static strength . 83
I.4 Proof of fatigue strength . 84
I.5 Final selection of hook . 84
Annex J (normative) Information to be provided by the hook manufacturer . 85
Annex K (informative) !Guidance on cold forming by proof loading of forged hooks" . 86
Annex L (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 87
Annex M (informative) !List of hazards . 89
Annex ZA (informative) !Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered . 91
Bibliography . 92
European foreword
This document (EN 13001-3-5:2016+A1:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147
“Crane — Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2021, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes !EN 13001-3-5:2016".
This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 21 April 2021.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !".
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
!The major changes in this document compared to EN 13001-3-5:2016 are in 4.1, 4.2, 6.5.4, 6.6.4 and
8.2 so as to extend the scope of the standard to “cast hooks."
This European Standard is one part of the EN 13001 series. The other parts are as follows:
— Part 1: General principles and requirements
— Part 2: Load actions
— Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures
— Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems
— Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts
— Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery - Bearings
— Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders
For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see Annex L.
Currently at Enquiry stage.
Currently at Enquiry stage.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared to provide a means for the mechanical design and
theoretical verification of cranes to conform to essential health and safety requirements. This European
Standard also establishes interfaces between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between
the designer and the component manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and
components.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are
covered are indicated in the scope of this standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines.
1 Scope
This European Standard is to be used together with EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-2 and, as such, they
specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent by design and theoretical verification,
mechanical hazards in crane hooks.
!It is intended to be used together with the other generic parts of EN 13001 series of standards, see
Annex L."
This European Standard covers the following parts of hooks and types of hooks:
— !bodies of any type of hooks made of steel forgings or steel castings, including stainless steel;"
— machined shanks of hooks with a thread/nut suspension.
Principles of this European Standard can be applied to machined shanks of hooks in general. However,
stress concentration factors relevant to designs not given in this standard would have to be determined
and applied.
!The hazards covered by this document are identified by Annex M."
NOTE 1 !Plate hooks, which are those, assembled of one or several parallel parts of rolled steel plates, are
not covered in this document."
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks
to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 8 of this document are necessary to
reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards:
a) !exceeding the limits of yield strength, ultimate strength, fatigue strength, brittle fracture;"
b) exceeding temperature limits of material.
!The requirements of this document are stated in the main body of the document and are applicable
to hook designs in general."
The commonly used hook body and shank designs listed in Annexes A, B and F are only examples and
should not be referred to as requirements of this European Standard. Annex I gives guidance for the
selection of a hook size, where a hook body is in accordance with Annex A or B. The selection of hook
form is not limited to those shown in Annexes A and B.
This European Standard is applicable to cranes, which are manufactured after the date of approval of
this European Standard by CEN, and serves as a reference base for product standards of particular
crane types.
NOTE 2 This part of EN 13001 deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN 13001–1.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
!EN 1369:2012, Founding — Magnetic particle testing
EN 1370:2011, Founding — Examination of surface condition
EN 1371-1:2011, Founding — Liquid penetrant testing — Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure die
castings
EN 1559-1:2011, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 1: General
EN 10025-3:2019, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for
normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
EN 10204:2004, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
EN 10213:2017, Steel castings for pressure purposes
EN 10222-4:2017, Steel forgings for pressure purposes — Part 4: Weldable fine grain steels with high
proof strength
EN 10228-1:2016, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings — Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection
EN 10228-2:2016, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings — Part 2: Penetrant testing
EN 10228-3:2016, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings — Part 3: Ultrasonic testing of ferritic or
martensitic steel forgings
EN 10250-1:1999, Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes — Part 1: General
requirements
EN 10250-2:1999, Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes — Part 2: Non-alloy quality
and special steels
EN 10250-3:1999, Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes — Part 3: Alloy special steels
EN 10254:1999, Steel closed die forgings — General technical delivery conditions
EN 10340:2007, Steel castings for structural uses
EN 12680-1:2003, Founding — Ultrasonic examination — Part 1: Steel castings for general purposes
EN 13001-1:2015, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2:2014, Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions
EN 13001-3-2:2014, Cranes — General design — Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire
ropes in reeving systems
EN ISO 148-1:2016, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method (ISO 148-
1:2016)
EN ISO 642:2016, Steel — Hardenability test by end quenching (Jominy test) (ISO 642:1999)
EN ISO 643:2012, Steels — Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size (ISO 643:2012)
EN ISO 683-2:2018, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 2: Alloy steels for
quenching and tempering (ISO 683-2:2016)
EN ISO 898-2:2012, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 2:
Nuts with specified property classes — Coarse thread and fine pitch thread (ISO 898-2:2012)
EN ISO 4287:1998, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 4287:1997)
EN ISO 6892-1:2016, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
(ISO 6892-1:2016)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
CEN ISO/TR 15608:2017, Welding — Guidelines for a metallic materials grouping system
(ISO/TR 15608:2017)
ISO 965-1:2013, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Tolerances — Part 1: Principles and basic
data
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
EN ISO 6506-1:2014, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1:2014)
EN ISO 15614-1:2017, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Welding procedure test — Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
"
(ISO 15614-1:2017, Corrected version 2017-10-01)
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 and
ISO 4306-1:2007 and the following apply.
3.1.1
hook shank
!upper part of the hook, from which the hook is suspended to the hoist medium of the crane"
3.1.2
hook body
lower, curved part of the hook below the shank
3.1.3
hook seat
bottom part of the hook body, where the load lifting attachment is resting
3.1.4
hook articulation
feature of the hook suspension, allowing the hook to tilt along the inclined load line
3.1.5
stand alone hook
hook which is designed, manufactured and released to the market as a component or as part of a hook
block, without connection to a specific crane or application
3.1.6
total deformation ratio
ratio of the area of the cast cross section to the forged cross section
NOTE The following terms might also be used in technical literature for the same: reduction rate, reduction
ratio, forging reduction.
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
!A Cross section area of the unmachined shank"
d1
A Cross section area of the critical section of hook shank
d4
A Minimum impact toughness of material
v
a Acceleration
a Seat circle diameter
a Throat opening
a Height of the hook point
b Maximum width in the critical hook body section
max
b Reference width
ref
C Total number of working cycles during the design life of crane
C Relative tilting resistance of the hook suspension
t
c Coefficient for load eccentricity
e
D Cumulative damage in fatigue (Palmgren-Miner hypothesis)
!d Diameter of the unmachined shank"
d3 Principal diameter of thread
d Diameter of the undercut section of the shank
d Thread core diameter
e Distance of the vertical load line from the centre line of the shank
R
F Vertical force
F Vertical force on hook due to occasional or exceptional loads
H
!F Basic limit design forces, static"
Rd,s,0
F , F Limit design forces, static/fatigue
Rd,s Rd,f
F Vertical design force for the proof of static strength
Sd,s
F Vertical design force for the proof of fatigue strength
Sd,f
!f , f , f Factors of material type influence (forged/cast)"
M MB MS
f , f , f Factors of further influences
1 2 3
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
f Limit design stress
Rd
f Yield stress
y
f Ultimate strength
u
g Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9,81 m/s
H Horizontal design force of hook
Sd,s
H Horizontal design force for the proof of fatigue strength
Sd,f
h , h Section heights of the hook body
1 2
Vertical distance from the seat bottom of the hook body to the centre of the
h
articulation
Vertical distance from the seat bottom of the hook body to critical section of hook
hs
shank
i Index for a lifting cycle or a stress cycle
I Reference moment of inertia for curved beam
!I Moment of inertia of the unmachined shank"
d1
I Moment of inertia of the critical section of hook shank
d4
k Conversion factor for stress spectrum and classified duty
C
k , k Stress spectrum factors
h s
kQ Load spectrum factor, in accordance with EN 13001–1
k * Specific spectrum ratio factor with m = 5
lg Log to the base of 10
M , M , M , M Bending moments of hook shank
1 2 3 4
M , M , M Bending moments of hook shank for the proof of fatigue strength, lifting cycle i
1,f,i 2,f,i 3,f,i
M Static design bending moment
Sd,s
m Slope parameter of the characteristic fatigue design curve
m Mass of rated hoist load
RC
m Mass of the hook load in a lifting cycle i
i
N Total number of stress cycles/lifting cycles
N Reference number of stress cycles, N = 2 × 10
D D
p Pitch of thread
p Average number of accelerations related to one lifting cycle
a
R Radius of hook body curvature
R Average depth of surface profile in accordance with EN ISO 4287:1998
a
R Maximum depth of surface profile in accordance with EN ISO 4287:1998
z
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
r Relief radius of the undercut
r Thread bottom radius
th
s Length of undercut
s , s Stress history parameters
h s
s Load history parameter
Q
t Depth of thread
T Operation temperature
uS, uT Depths of notches
α Angle
α , α Stress concentration factors
S T
β Angle or direction of hook inclination
β , β , β Notch effect factors
n nS nT
ϕ Dynamic factor for hoisting an unrestrained grounded load
ϕ Dynamic factor for changes of acceleration of a movement
γ Risk coefficient
n
γ Partial safety factor
p
γ General resistance coefficient
m
γ Specific resistance coefficient
sm
γ , γ Fatigue strength specific resistance factors
Hf Sf
η Edge distance of a hook body section
ν Factor for load component
ν , ν Relative numbers of stress cycles
h s
μ Factor for mean stress influence
σ Shank stress due to axial force
a
σ Shank stress due to bending moment
b
σ Mean stress in a stress cycle
m
σ Stress amplitude in a stress cycle
A
σ Design stress
Sd
σ Basic fatigue strength amplitude, un-notched piece
M
σ Total stress range in a pulsating stress cycle
p
σ Fatigue strength amplitude, notched piece
W
σ , σ , σ Transformed stress amplitudes
Tmax T1 T2
Δσ Characteristic fatigue strength
c
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
Δσ Limit fatigue design stress
Rd
Δσ Stress range in a lifting cycle i
Sd,i
Δσ Maximum stress range
Sd,max
4 General requirements
4.1 Materials
4.1.1 General
!The hook material shall fulfill the requirements of this clause independent of the material standard
applied (see 4.1.2) and independent whether classification of the material is applied or not (see 4.1.3).
The hook material in the finished product shall have sufficient ductility to permanently deform before
losing the ability to carry the load, at the temperatures specified for the use of the hook. Particularly the
hook material shall fulfill the following conditions:
— the ratio of ultimate strength (f ) to yield stress (f ) f /f ≥ 1,1. For the materials, which do not
u y u y
fulfill this condition, the design value of f shall be limited to f /1,1;
y u
— the percentage elongation at fracture A ≥ 10 % on a gauge length LS5,65× (where S is the
0 0
original cross-sectional area).
The hook material, after heat treatment, shall have minimum Charpy-V impact energy in accordance
with Table 2.
Table 2 — Impact test requirement for hook material
Impact test temperature
Minimum impact
Operation
Forged Cast
energy KV
temperature
Cast d ≤ 100 mm d > 100 mm
1 1
T ≥ 0 °C +20 °C −0 °C 27 J
T ≥ −20 °C −0 °C −20 °C 27 J
T ≥ −30 °C −20 °C −30 °C 27 J
T ≥ −40 °C −30 °C −40 °C 35 J
T ≥ −50 °C −40 °C −50 °C 35 J
d is the diameter of the unmachined shank.
To satisfy the requirements of the operating temperature, the manufacturer shall select the steel, which
after suitable heat treatment, shall be consistent with achieving the chosen mechanical property grade
for the selected hook form, taking into account its individual ruling thickness.
=
The steel shall be fully killed, stabilized against strain age embrittlement, ensured by having suitable
mass content of aluminium (in general between 0,02 % and 0,05 %). The steel shall contain no more
sulphur and phosphorus than the limits given in Table 3.
Table 3 — Sulphur and phosphorus content
Maximum mass content as determined by
Element
Cast analysis Check analysis
Sulphur (S) 0,020 [%] 0,025 [%]
Phosphorus (P) 0,020 [%] 0,025 [%]
Sum of S + P 0,035 [%] 0,045 [%]
Where quenched and tempered steel is used, the hardenability of the steel shall fulfil the requirement of
the Jominy-ratio given in Table 4. The Jominy-ratio J30/J1,5 is the ratio between J30 and J1,5, where J30
and J1,5 mean the hardness at depths 30 mm and 1,5 mm correspondingly, determined by Jominy face-
quenching test in accordance with EN ISO 642:2016. The tests shall be carried out per melt and the
values be given in the technical hook information, see Annex J. For more information on hardening
properties and hardness profiles, see EN ISO 683-2:2018.
Where the mechanical properties of cast hooks are tested for each single hook, the hardenability may be
verified by HB-testing in accordance with EN ISO 6506-1:2014 in the section of the test specimen at
1,5 mm and 30 mm depth from the surface. The hardness ratio shall fulfil the minimum requirement
(Jominy-ratio) given in Table 4.
Table 4 — Hardenability of quenched and tempered materials, Jominy-ratio
Ultimate strength f
u Minimum required
2 Jominy-ratio J30/J1,5
N/mm
540 ≤ f < 800 65 %
u
800 ≤ f
93 %
u
Hooks in the final condition shall have a grain size of 8 or finer, with grain size determined in
accordance with EN ISO 643:2012."
4.1.2 Typical standards and grades
European Standards specify materials and their properties. A selection of suitable material grades and
qualities for !deleted text" hooks is given in Table 5. For more detailed information, see the specific
European Standard.
!
Table 5 — Suitable materials for hooks
Material standard Selected qualities
EN 10025-3:2019 S355N S420N
EN 10222-4:2017 P355NH P420NH
P355QH P420QH
Forged hooks EN 10250-2:1999 S355J2N
EN ISO 683-2:2018 25CrMo4+QT 34CrNiMo6+QT
EN 10250-3:1999 34CrMo4+QT 30CrNiMo8+QT
36CrNiMo4+QT
EN 10213:2017 G20Mn5 + N G20Mn5 + QT
Cast hooks
EN 10340:2007 G18NiMoCr3–6 + QT GX4CrNi13–4 + QT
"
Grades and qualities other than those mentioned in the above standards and in Table 5 may be used, if
the requirements of 4.1.1 are fulfilled and the mechanical properties and the chemical composition are
specified in a manner corresponding to relevant European Standards.
4.1.3 Classification of hook materials
For practical purposes, a classification of materials for !deleted text" hooks is presented in Table 6.
In cases where the hook material is specified through the class reference, the values of mechanical
properties given in Table 6 shall be used as design values and shall be specified as minimum values by
the hook manufacturer.
Table 6 — Mechanical properties for classified materials
Mechanical properties
Material class Yield stress Ultimate strength
reference
fy fu
2 2
N/mm N/mm
P 315 490
S 390 540
T 490 700
V 620 800
W 770 970
Classification of material is not mandatory. Acceptable strength properties of hook material are not
limited to those shown in Table 6.
4.2 Workmanship
4.2.1 !Forged hooks"
The manufacturing process, factory tests and delivery conditions shall meet the requirements of
EN 10254 or EN 10250-1 as relevant.
Each hook body shall be forged hot in one piece. The macroscopic flow lines of the forging shall follow
the body outline of the hook in the areas of the highest tensile stresses. Excess metal from the forging
operation shall be removed cleanly leaving the surface free from sharp edges. The total deformation
ratio shall be in accordance with the Table 7.
Table 7 — Requirement for the deformation ratio
Shank diameter Minimum, total
d [mm] deformation ratio
d ≤ 50 mm 8 : 1
50 mm < d ≤ 80 mm 6 : 1
80 mm < d ≤ 120 mm 4 : 1
120 mm < d 3 : 1
Profile cutting from a rolled plate is not permissible for forged hooks.
Hook forging shall be inspected for surface defects using appropriate NDT-methods in conformance to
EN 10228-1 or EN 10228-2 and requirement of quality class 3 shall be met. Grinding may be used to
reach the required surface quality. Any grinding marks shall be in circumferential direction in respect to
the seat circle.
Hook forging shall be inspected for volumetric defects using appropriate NDT-methods in conformance
to EN 10228-3 and requirements of quality class 3 of EN 10228-3 shall be met.
After heat treatment, furnace scale shall be removed and the hook shall be free from harmful defects,
including cracks.
No welding shall be carried out at any stage of manufacture.
4.2.2 !Cast hooks
The manufacturing process, in factory tests and delivery conditions shall meet the requirements of
EN 1559-1:2011 in general and the relevant material standard for the specific requirements.
The castings shall be heat-treated to meet the mechanical properties of the applicable grade. During
material selection, due consideration shall be given to the material properties varying by the depth,
especially in cases of large hooks.
Casting test pieces (see Clause 7) should have representative solidification heat, mass transfer rate and
microstructure distribution of the hook and the mechanical test should demonstrate that the casting
has the expected property across the secti
...
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