EN 14780:2011
(Main)Solid biofuels - Sample preparation
Solid biofuels - Sample preparation
This European Standard describes methods for reducing combined samples (or increments) to laboratory samples and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples and is applicable to solid biofuels.
The methods described in this European Standard may be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for calorific value, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting behaviour, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenherstellung
Diese Europäische Norm legt Verfahren zur Reduktion von Gesamtproben (oder Einzelproben) auf Laboratoriumsproben und von Laboratoriumsproben auf Teilproben und allgemeine Analysenproben fest und gilt für feste Biobrennstoffe. Die in dieser Europäische Norm festgelegten Verfahren dürfen bei der Probenvorbereitung angewendet werden, zum Beispiel, wenn Proben im Hinblick auf Energiegehalt, Wasser- und Aschegehalt, Schüttdichte, mechanische Festigkeit, Partikelgrößenverteilung, Ascheschmelzverhalten, chemische Zusammensetzung und Verunreinigungen zu prüfen sind. Die Verfahren sind nicht dafür vorgesehen, auf sehr große Proben angewendet zu werden, die zur Prüfung der Neigung zur Brückenbildung erforderlich sind.
Biocombustibles solides - Préparation des échantillons
La présente Norme européenne décrit les méthodes permettant de réduire les échantillons composites (ou les prélèvements élémentaires) en échantillons pour laboratoire et les échantillons pour laboratoire en sous échantillons et en échantillons pour analyse générale. Elle s’applique aux biocombustibles solides.
Les méthodes décrites dans la présente Norme européenne peuvent être utilisées pour la préparation d’échantillons devant, par exemple, être soumis à des essais portant sur le pouvoir calorique, le taux d’humidité, la teneur en cendres, la masse volumique apparente, la durabilité, la distribution granulométrique des particules, la fusibilité de cendre, la composition chimique et les impuretés. Ces méthodes ne visent pas à s’appliquer aux très grands échantillons utilisés pour évaluer les propriétés de pontage.
Trdna biogoriva - Priprava vzorcev
Ta standard določa metode za zmanjševanje združenih vzorcev v laboratorijske vzorce in laboratorijskih vzorcev v podvzorce ter splošne preskusne vzorce ter velja za trdna biogoriva, ki so lahko:
- drobni delci pravilnih oblik z velikostjo do približno 10 mm, ki se lahko vzorčijo z zajemalko ali cevjo, na primer: žagovina, olivne koščice in lesni peleti;
- grobi delci ali delci nepravilnih oblik z velikostjo do približno 200 mm, ki se lahko vzorčijo z vilami ali lopato, na primer: lesni sekanci in lupine oreškov, sekanci gozdnih ostankov in nevezana slama;
- veliki delci z nazivno največjo velikostjo nad 200 mm;
Metode, opisane v tem standardu, se lahko uporabljajo za pripravo vzorcev, na primer pri preskusu vzorcev za volumensko gostoto, trajnost, porazdelitev velikosti delcev, vsebnost vlage, vsebnost pepela, karakterizacijo tališča pepela, kalorično vrednost, kemično sestavo in nečistoče. Metode niso primerne za uporabo pri zelo velikih vzorcih, potrebnih za preskušanje premostitvenih lastnosti.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Trdna biogoriva - Priprava vzorcevFeste Biobrennstoffe - ProbenherstellungBiocombustibles solides - Préparation des échantillonsSolid biofuels - Sample preparation75.160.10Trda gorivaSolid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14780:2011SIST EN 14780:2011en,fr,de01-september-2011SIST EN 14780:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 14780:20051DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14780
June 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 14780:2005English Version
Solid biofuels - Sample preparation
Biocombustibles solides - Préparation des échantillons
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenherstellung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14780:2011: ESIST EN 14780:2011
Foreword .3Introduction .41Scope .52Normative references .53Terms and definitions .54Symbols and abbreviations .65Principles of correct sample reduction .66Apparatus .77Sample reduction – general principles . 108Methods for sample division . 129Method for reducing laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples . 1510Storage and labelling . 1711Performance characteristics . 17Annex A (informative)
Precision in relation to division method . 18Bibliography . 24 SIST EN 14780:2011
Biofuels are a major source of renewable energy. European Standards are needed for production, trade and use of solid biofuels. For sampling and sample preparation of biofuels the following European Standards can be used: EN 14778, Solid biofuels – Sampling EN 14780, Solid biofuels – Sample preparation This European Standard can be used in regard to production, controlling and analysis of solid biofuels in general.
3.12 sub-lot
part of a lot for which a test result is required 3.13 sub-sample portion of a sample 3.14 test portion sub-sample either of a laboratory sample or a test sample 3.15 test-sample laboratory sample after an appropriate preparation made by the laboratory 4 Symbols and abbreviations Mp
is the moisture loss, in percentage msample,1 is the initial mass of the sample, g msample,2 is the mass of the sample after pre-drying, g W
is the width and is at least 2,5 times the nominal top size of the material 5 Principles of correct sample reduction The main purpose of sample preparation is that a sample is reduced to one or more test portions that are in general smaller than the original sample. The main principle for sample reduction is that the composition of the sample as taken on site shall not be changed during each stage of the sample preparation. Each sub sample shall be representative of the original sample. To reach this goal every particle in the sample before sample division shall have an equal probability of being included in the sub-sample following sample division. Two basic methods are used during the sample preparation. These methods are: sample division; particle size-reduction of the sample. SIST EN 14780:2011
6 Apparatus 6.1 Apparatus for sample division 6.1.1 General Sample division is the process of reducing the mass of the sample without reducing the size of the particles. This subclause gives some suitable apparatus for this purpose. To determine the correct use of each apparatus for different purposes refer to Clause 8. 6.1.2 Riffle boxes A riffle box shall have an equal number of slots and at least 6 at each side (preferably more if possible), with adjacent slots directing material into different sub-samples, and the width of the slots shall be at least 2,5 times the nominal top size of the material to be riffled (see Figure 1).
Key 1 W - slot width is at least 2,5 times the nominal top size of the material Figure 1 — Example of a riffle box 6.1.3 Rotary sample dividers The inner dimensions of the equipment where the sample is fed shall be at least 2,5 times as wide as the nominal top size of the material to be processed. The rotary sample divider shall have a feeder device adjusted, so that the number of compartments multiplied by the number of rotations shall not be less than 120 while the sample is being divided. See Figure 2 for an example of a rotating divider.
Key 1 feeder 2 funnel 3 rotating receivers 4 divided sample Figure 2 — Example of a rotary sample divider 6.1.4 Shovels and scoops A shovel or scoop are tools used for manual sample division. They shall have a flat bottom, with edges raised high enough to prevent particles rolling off, and be at least 2,5 times as wide as the nominal top size of the material to be processed. See Figures 3 and 4 for examples of a scoop and a shovel respectively.
Key 1 W
width of the scoop Figure 3 — Example of a scoop SIST EN 14780:2011
Figure 4 — Example of a shovel
NOTE For very large sample sizes, it is more practical to use a push dozer or bulldozer or any other heavy machinery that has a large "scoop" with raised edges. 6.2 Apparatus for particle size-reduction CAUTION — When analysing metals, take care that there is no contamination from the sample preparation or reduction equipment. 6.2.1 Coarse cutting mill or wood crusher Coarse cutting mills are used for cutting materials into lengths of about 10 mm to 30 mm (depending on the biofuel and the analyses to be performed). Drying of the material during coarse cutting should be avoided, by limiting heat production and air flow through the material. The equipment shall be designed so that it does not lose dust or contaminate the material with pieces of metal, and shall be easy to clean.
NOTE To prevent losses of moisture during particle size reduction a grinder with as low a grinding speed as possible is preferred.
6.2.2 Cutting mill Cutting mills are used for reducing the nominal top size of materials used as biofuels from about 10 mm to
30 mm down to about 1 mm or less (depending on the biofuel and the analyses to be performed). The mill shall be provided with screens of various aperture sizes covering this range, including an appropriate sieve to control the nominal top size of the material produced. Other apparatus may be used provided that they are designed so that they do not get blocked with the material that is being processed. Avoid the use of cutting mills whose cutting faces contain significant quantities of an element that is to be determined in the analysis.
NOTE Cross beater mills can be used without any excessive dusting, when fitted with dust filters (like a filter sock) between the mill and the receiving container. They are suitable for final grinding of hard, wood type materials after the pre-grinding with cutting type mills.
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