CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 7: Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnologies

The structural materials handbook, SMH, combines materials and design information on established polymer matrix composites with provisional information on the emerging groups of newer advanced materials and their composites. Design aspects are described, along with factors associated with joining and manufacturing. Where possible, these are illustrated by examples or case studies.
The Structural materials handbook contains 8 Parts.
A glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviated terms for these handbooks is contained in Part 8.
The parts are as follows:
Part 1 Overview and material properties and applications                    Clauses 1 ‐ 9
Part 2 Design calculation methods and general design aspects    Clauses 10 ‐ 22
Part 3 Load transfer and design of joints and design of structures    Clauses 23 ‐ 32
Part 4 Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing    Clauses 33 ‐ 45
Part 5 New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints    Clauses 46 ‐ 63
Part 6 Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection    Clauses 64 ‐ 81
Part 7 Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in‐orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnoligies   Clauses 82 ‐ 107
Part 8 Glossary   
NOTE: The 8 parts will be numbered TR17603-32-01 to TR 17603-32-08

Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe - Teil 7: Thermische und umweltbedingte Integrität, Herstellungsaspekte, In-Orbit- und Gesundheitsüberwachung, weiche Werkstoffe, Hybridwerkstoffe und Nanotechnologien

Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 7 : Intégrité thermique et en environnement, aspects fabrication, surveillance des matériaux, matériaux souples, matériaux hybrides et nanotechnologies

Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 7. del: Toplotna in okoljska celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije

Priročnik o strukturnih materialih, SMH, združuje informacije o materialih in oblikovanju uveljavljenih polimernih matričnih kompozitov z začasnimi informacijami o nastajajočih skupinah novejših naprednih materialov in njihovih kompozitov. Opisani so vidiki oblikovanja, skupaj z dejavniki združevanja in proizvodnje. Kjer je mogoče, so podani primeri ali študije primerov.
Priročnik o strukturnih materialih vsebuje 8 delov.
Slovar izrazov, opredelitve in okrajšave izrazov za te priročnike so v 8. delu.
Deli so:
1. del: Pregled in lastnosti materialov ter aplikacije                    Točke 1–9
2. del: Metode za izračun zasnove in splošni vidiki zasnove    Točke 10–22
3. del: Prenos obremenitve ter projektiranje spojev in konstrukcij    Točke 23–32
4. del: Nadzor integritete, smernice za preverjanje in proizvodnja    Točke 33–45
5. del: Novi napredni materiali, napredni kovinski materiali, splošni konstrukcijski vidiki ter prenos obremenitve in oblikovanje sklepov    Točke 46–63
6. del: Modeliranje zlomov in materialov, študije primerov, načrtovanje in nadzor integritete ter inšpekcijski pregled Točke 64–81
7. del: Toplotna in okoljska celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije   Točke 82–107
8. del: Slovar   
OPOMBA: Teh 8 delov je označenih s številkami od TR17603-32-01 do TR 17603-32-08.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 18-Jan-2022
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: CEN/CLC/TC 5 - Space
• Drafting Committee: CEN/CLC/TC 5/WG 6 - Upstream standards
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 19-Jan-2022
• Due Date: 29-Dec-2022
• Completion Date: 19-Jan-2022
• Mandate: M/496 - Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop standardisation regarding space industry (Phase 3 of the process)
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022 - Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 7: Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnologies

Overview

CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022 is Part 7 of the Structural Materials Handbook (SMH) for space engineering. This Technical Report addresses thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, and the behaviour and use of soft, hybrid and nano-enabled materials in space structures. Part 7 (Clauses 82–107) complements Parts 1–6 and the glossary in Part 8, combining established guidance for polymer matrix composites with provisional information on emerging advanced materials and their composites. The document is a CEN technical report adopted by SIST (2022).

Key topics and technical focus

The standard provides descriptive guidance (illustrated where possible by examples or case studies) rather than prescriptive limits. Major technical areas include:

• Thermal behaviour: thermal cycling, thermal shock, thermal diffusivity and conductivity, specific heat capacity, surface emissivity and catalyticity.
• Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF): phased TMF, degradation modes for superalloys, aluminium, titanium, copper and ceramic composites.
• Dimensional control: residual stresses, creep (metallic and ceramic composites), crack densities and coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) for various reinforcements.
• High‑temperature environmental stability: oxidation, aqueous and hot corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement across metals, MMCs, CMCs and carbon-based composites.
• High‑temperature test facilities: thermo‑mechanical, thermo‑acoustic, plasma and electric arc testing, and European facility references.
• Integrated manufacturing: process development, joining and verification methods relevant to structural materials fabrication.
• In-orbit and health monitoring: considerations for structural health monitoring (SHM) and in-orbit performance assessment of materials and joints.
• Soft, hybrid and nanotechnologies: emerging materials, hybrid composites and nanomaterials-coverage is provisional and intended to guide design and test planning.

Practical applications

• Design and materials selection for spacecraft primary and secondary structures (panels, mounting brackets, thermal protection interfaces).
• Developing manufacturing and joining processes that preserve thermal/environmental integrity.
• Planning test campaigns (thermal cycling, TMF, plasma arc) and selecting appropriate European test facilities.
• Implementing in‑orbit health monitoring strategies for long-duration missions, small satellites and reusable vehicles.
• Assessing use of hybrid materials and nanotechnologies in load-bearing and thermal-critical components.

Who should use this standard

• Aerospace materials engineers and structural designers
• Manufacturing and process engineers for space hardware
• Test laboratories and qualification teams
• Systems engineers planning in-orbit monitoring and life‑cycle assessment
• OEMs, suppliers and researchers developing advanced composite, hybrid and nano-enabled solutions

Related standards and parts

This report is Part 7 of an 8-part handbook (TR17603-32-01 to TR17603-32-08). Refer to:

• Part 1: Overview, material properties and applications
• Part 2–6: Design methods, joints, integrity control, new materials and fracture modelling
• Part 8: Glossary of terms and abbreviations

Keywords: space engineering, structural materials handbook, thermal integrity, environmental integrity, in-orbit health monitoring, manufacturing aspects, soft materials, hybrid materials, nanotechnologies, composites, polymer matrix composites.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2022
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 7. del: Toplotna in okoljska
celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki
materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 7: Thermal and environmental
integrity, manufacturing aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid
materials and nanotechnologies
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe - Teil 7: Thermische und
umweltbedingte Integrität, Herstellungsaspekte, In-Orbit- und Gesundheitsüberwachung,
weiche Werkstoffe, Hybridwerkstoffe und Nanotechnologien
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 7 : Intégrité thermique et
en environnement, aspects fabrication, surveillance des matériaux, matériaux souples,
matériaux hybrides et nanotechnologies
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT CEN/TR 17603-32-07

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
January 2022
ICS 49.140
English version
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
7: Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing
aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials,
hybrid materials and nanotechnologies
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe -
- Partie 7 : Intégrité thermique et en environnement, Teil 7: Thermische und umweltbedingte Integrität,
aspects fabrication, surveillance des matériaux, Herstellungsaspekte, In-Orbit- und
matériaux souples, matériaux hybrides et Gesundheitsüberwachung, weiche Werkstoffe,
nanotechnologies Hybridwerkstoffe und Nanotechnologien

This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 29 November 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
Ref. No. CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
Table of contents
European Foreword . 30
Introduction . 31
82 Thermal behaviour . 32
82.1 Introduction .32
82.1.1 General .32
82.1.2 Physical response .32
82.1.3 Physical properties .32
82.2 MMC: Thermal cycling .33
82.2.1 General .33
82.2.2 Magnesium-carbon fibre composites .33
82.2.3 Aluminium-carbon fibre composites .34
82.2.4 Aluminium-boron filament composites .34
82.2.5 Titanium-silicon carbide filament composites .35
82.2.6 Superalloy (FeCrAlY) composites .35
82.3 CMC: Thermal cycling .35
82.4 MMC: Thermal shock .36
82.4.1 General .36
82.4.2 Metal alloys .36
82.4.3 MMC .36
82.4.4 Intermetallics .36
82.5 CMC: Thermal shock .36
82.5.1 General .36
82.5.2 SiC-SiC composites .37
82.6 MMC: Thermal conductivity .38
82.6.1 General .38
82.6.2 Thermal diffusivity measurement .38
82.6.3 Effect of material composition .38
82.6.4 Modelling .39
82.7 CMC: Thermal conductivity .40
82.7.1 General .40
82.7.2 Glass-ceramic matrix composites .40
82.7.3 SiC-SiC and C-SiC composites.41
82.8 Specific heat capacity .48
82.9 Surface emissivity .48
82.10 Surface catalyticity .49
82.11 References .49
82.11.1 General .49
83 Thermo-mechanical fatigue . 52
83.1 Introduction .52
83.2 Phased TMF .52
83.3 Superalloys .53
83.4 Aluminium composites .53
83.4.1 Particulate reinforced composites .53
83.4.2 Continuous fibre reinforced composites .54
83.5 Titanium composites .54
83.6 Copper composites .57
83.7 Ceramic composites .58
83.8 Carbon-carbon composites .58
83.9 Predictive methods .58
83.10 References .59
83.10.1 General .59
84 Dimensional control . 62
84.1 Introduction .62
84.2 Residual stresses .62
84.3 Creep: Metallic materials .62
84.3.1 General .62
84.3.2 Particulate reinforced aluminium composites .63
84.3.3 Discontinuous fibre reinforced aluminium .63
84.4 Creep: Ceramic composites .63
84.4.1 General .63
84.4.2 Creep mismatch ratio (CMR) .63
84.5 Crack densities .66
84.6 CTE: Metallic materials .66
84.6.1 General .66
84.6.2 Continuous reinforcement .66
84.6.3 Particulate reinforcement .67
84.7 CTE: Ceramic composites .67
84.7.1 SiC matrix composites .67
84.7.2 Glass matrix composites .70
84.7.3 Environmental factors .70
84.8 References .70
84.8.1 General .70
85 High-temperature environmental stability . 72
85.1 Introduction .72
85.2 Aqueous corrosion: Metals .72
85.2.1 General .72
85.2.2 Aluminium-based composites .72
85.3 Hot corrosion: Metals .73
85.3.1 Applications .73
85.3.2 Causes .73
85.3.3 Protection systems .74
85.4 Hot corrosion: CMC .74
85.4.1 Causes .74
85.5 Oxidation: Metals .74
85.6 Oxidation: Ceramics .74
85.6.1 Carbon-containing materials .74
85.6.2 SiC-SiC composites .75
85.6.3 Chemical reactions .76
85.6.4 Effect of conditions .76
85.6.5 Effect of manufacturing route .76
85.6.6 Modelling .77
85.7 Hydrogen embrittlement.77
85.7.1 General .77
85.7.2 Metal-based materials .77
85.7.3 Ceramic-based materials .78
85.7.4 Precautions .78
85.8 Hydrogen: Titanium materials .79
85.8.1 General .79
85.8.2 Alloys .79
85.8.3 MMC .80
85.9 Hydrogen: Intermetallic materials .80
85.9.1 Titanium aluminides .80
85.10 Hydrogen: Carbon composites.82
85.11 References .82
85.11.1 General .82
86 High-temperature test facilities . 85
86.1 Introduction .85
86.2 Thermo-mechanical loading .86
86.2.1 General .86
86.2.2 Spaceplane verification .86
86.2.3 Test facilities .86
86.3 Thermo-acoustic testing.87
86.3.1 General .87
86.3.2 Test facilities .87
86.4 Plasma arc jet tests .87
86.4.1 General .87
86.4.2 Test facilities .87
86.5 Electric arc jet tests .87
86.5.1 General .87
86.5.2 Test facilities .88
86.6 Oxygen-hydrogen combustors .88
86.7 European facilities .88
86.7.1 General .88
86.7.2 France .88
86.7.3 Germany .89
86.7.4 Switzerland .89
86.7.5 Austria .89
86.7.6 UK .90
86.7.7 The Netherlands .90
86.7.8 Belgium .90
86.7.9 Russia .90
86.8 References .90
86.8.1 General .90
87 Integrated manufacturing . 93
87.1 Introduction .93
87.2 Process development .93
87.2.1 Techniques .93
87.2.2 Status .93
87.2.3 Expertise .93
87.3 Stages in manufacture .94
87.3.1 Process techniques .94
87.3.2 Finishing .95
87.3.3 Surface protection and coatings .95
88 Manufacturing techniques . 96
88.1 Introduction .96
88.2 Composite manufacture .96
88.2.1 Matrix phase .96
88.2.2 Reinforcement .98
88.2.3 Processing .98
88.3 Powder processing .98
88.3.1 Metals .98
88.3.2 MMC .99
88.4 Sintering . 101
88.5 Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) . 101
88.6 Foil and fibre consolidation . 101
88.6.1 General . 101
88.6.2 Metal foils . 102
88.6.3 Powder cloth . 102
88.7 Superplastic forming (SPF) . 103
88.7.1 Metal characteristics . 103
88.7.2 Techniques . 103
88.8 Diffusion bonding (DB) . 105
88.9 Hot pressing . 106
88.9.1 MMC . 106
88.9.2 Glass and ceramic-based composites . 106
88.10 Diffusion coatings . 106
88.10.1 General . 106
88.10.2 Pack cementation . 106
88.10.3 Chromising . 107
88.10.4 Aluminising . 108
88.10.5 Selective oxidation . 109
88.10.6 Modified native oxides . 109
88.11 Reaction bonding . 109
88.12 Polymer or pitch infiltration and pyrolysis . 110
88.13 Melt infiltration . 111
88.13.1 General . 111
88.13.2 Metal matrix . 111
88.13.3 Glass matrix . 113
88.13.4 Ceramic matrix . 114
88.14 In-situ siliconising. 114
88.14.1 Molten . 114
88.14.2 Particulate . 114
88.15 In-situ oxidation . 114
88.15.1 MMC to ceramic oxide matrix . 114
88.15.2 Oxide coatings on metals . 115
88.15.3 Oxide coatings on ceramics . 115
88.16 Sol-gel . 115
88.17 Slurry infiltration . 118
88.18 Investment casting . 120
88.19 Spray techniques . 122
88.19.1 Atomisation . 122
88.19.2 Plasma spraying . 122
88.20 Physical vapour deposition (PVD) . 125
88.20.1 Coatings . 125
88.21 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) . 127
88.22 Chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) . 128
88.23 References . 131
88.23.1 General . 131
89 European sources of expertise . 134
89.1 Introduction . 134
89.2 Company specialisation . 135
89.2.1 General . 135
89.2.2 Aerospatiale . 135
89.2.3 Societe Européene de Propulsion (SEP) . 136
89.2.4 ONERA : L'Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiale . 136
89.2.5 Le Carbone . 136
89.2.6 SNECMA . 136
89.2.7 Dassault Aviation . 136
89.2.8 Dornier Luftfahrt GmbH . 136
89.2.9 Dornier Deutche Aerospace . 136
89.2.10 MAN Technologie AG . 137
89.2.11 SIGRI . 137
89.2.12 MBB (DASA) . 137
89.2.13 MTU Motoren und Turbinen Union GmbH . 137
89.2.14 Sintec Keramik . 137
89.2.15 Deutche Forschunganstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) . 137
89.2.16 British Aerospace (BAe) . 137
89.2.17 Rolls Royce . 137
89.2.18 Dunlop Aviation . 137
89.2.19 BP Metal Composites Ltd . 137
89.2.20 British Alcan . 138
89.2.21 AEA Technology (Harwell) . 138
89.2.22 Magnesium Elektron Ltd . 138
89.2.23 Defence Research Agency (DRA) . 138
89.2.24 Stork Product Engineering BV . 138
89.2.25 Volvo Flygmotor AB . 138
89.2.26 Raufoss A/S . 138
89.2.27 Battelle . 138
89.2.28 Saab Ericsson Space . 138
90 Smart technologies . 139
90.1 Introduction . 139
90.1.1 Smart materials, technologies and systems . 139
90.1.2 European space structures . 139
90.1.3 Condition and health monitoring . 141
90.2 Smart terminology. 141
90.2.1 General . 141
90.2.2 Smart system levels . 141
90.2.3 Application . 142
90.3 Space requirements for smart systems . 142
90.3.1 General . 142
90.3.2 Damage detection and self-diagnostics . 142
90.3.3 Vibration damping . 144
90.3.4 Active compensation and alignment . 144
90.4 Elements of a smart system . 144
90.4.1 General . 144
90.4.2 Sensors . 145
90.4.3 Actuators . 146
90.4.4 Control mechanism . 146
90.4.5 Immediacy . 146
90.4.6 Structural materials . 146
90.4.7 Structures . 146
90.5 Key issues for success . 147
90.6 References . 147
90.6.1 General . 147
91 Smart system constituents . 149
91.1 Overview . 149
91.1.1 Introduction . 149
91.1.2 Application classes for sensors and actuators . 149
91.1.3 Types of smart materials . 150
91.2 Sensors . 153
91.2.1 General . 153
91.2.2 Strain gauges . 154
91.2.3 Thermocouples . 154
91.2.4 Accelerometers . 155
91.2.5 Microsensors . 155
91.3 Piezoelectric sensors . 156
91.3.1 Features . 156
91.3.2 Materials . 156
91.3.3 Terminology . 156
91.3.4 Manufacture . 157
91.3.5 Properties . 157
91.4 Fibre optic sensors (FOS) . 160
91.4.1 Features . 160
91.4.2 Types of fibre optic sensors (FOS) . 161
91.4.3 Technical background . 164
91.4.4 Interferometers . 167
91.4.5 Bragg grating . 169
91.4.6 Backscattering . 169
91.4.7 Optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) . 170
91.4.8 Uses for fibre optics . 171
91.5 Actuators . 174
91.5.1 Introduction . 174
91.5.2 Shape memory alloys (SMA) . 174
91.5.3 SMA materials . 177
91.5.4 Piezoelectric ceramics . 182
91.5.5 Piezoceramic actuators . 182
91.5.6 Electrostrictive . 185
91.5.7 Magnetostrictive . 186
91.5.8 ER electrorheological fluids . 186
91.6 System complexity . 190
91.6.1 General . 190
91.6.2 Passive sensory smart materials and structures (Level 1) . 190
91.6.3 Smart skins (Level 1) . 191
91.6.4 Reactive actuator-based smart structures (Level 2) . 192
91.6.5 Active sensing and reactive smart structures (Level 3) . 193
91.6.6 Active compensation (Level 3) . 193
91.7 Data manipulation, simulation and control systems. 194
91.7.1 General . 194
91.7.2 Complexity levels . 194
91.7.3 System development and integration . 194
91.7.4 Simulation . 195
91.7.5 Emerging technologies . 197
91.8 Integrated systems . 198
91.8.1 Overview . 198
91.8.2 Health monitoring . 198
91.9 EAP electroactive polymers . 200
91.9.1 Introduction . 200
91.9.2 Ionic EAPs . 201
91.9.3 Electronic EAPs . 203
91.9.4 Others. 204
91.10 References . 204
91.10.1 General . 204
92 Potential space applications . 210
92.1 Introduction . 210
92.2 Perceptions of aerospace requirements . 210
92.2.1 Aircraft smart skin configurations . 210
92.2.2 Helicopter rotor blades . 211
92.2.3 Detection of ice build-up (Location detector) . 211
92.2.4 Composite cure monitoring . 212
92.2.5 Composite structure embedded communications networks . 212
92.3 Level 1: Condition and health monitoring . 213
92.3.1 General . 213
92.3.2 Objectives . 214
92.3.3 Approach . 214
92.3.4 Applications . 216
92.3.5 Techniques . 216
92.3.6 Cryogenic tanks . 218
92.3.7 Thermal protection systems (TPS) . 220
92.3.8 Structural components . 221
92.3.9 Long-term deployed structures . 222
92.4 Level 2: Deployment . 222
92.4.1 Requirements . 222
92.4.2 Shape memory alloys . 222
92.5 Level 3: Vibration damping . 228
92.5.1 Requirements . 228
92.5.2 Active damping with piezoceramic actuators. 229
92.5.3 SMA wires embedded in composites . 230
92.5.4 Application of PVDF layers to structures . 232
92.5.5 Actuator material coated fibre optic sensors . 235
92.6 Level 3: Active compensation and alignment . 235
92.6.1 Objectives . 235
92.7 Application examples . 237
92.7.1 General . 237
92.7.2 Sunshields .
...