EN 15415-3:2012

Solid recovered fuels - Determination of particle size distribution - Part 3: Method by image analysis for large dimension particles

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels using an image analysis method. It applies to both agglomerated and non-agglomerated solid, recovered, fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shredded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods. It provides the determination of the maximum projected length as well as parameters such as equivalent diameter. It also gives a characterisation of the filaments protruding from the SRF pieces.

Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Partikelgrößenverteilung - Teil 3: Bildanalysenverfahren für große Partikel

Diese Europäische Norm legt die Bestimmung der Größenverteilung von festen Sekundärbrennstoffen mit einem Bildanalysenverfahren fest. Sie gilt sowohl für Stücke von agglomerierten als auch nicht agglomerierten festen Sekundärbrennstoffen, die eine unregelmäßige Form aufweisen, wie z. B. geschredderte Altreifen und Abbruchholz. Es ist anwendbar für die Bestimmung der größten projizierten Länge sowie von Parametern, wie z. B. des Äquivalentdurchmessers. Weiterhin ist es zur Charakterisierung der Drähte, die aus den SRF-Stücken herausstehen, anwendbar.

Combustibles solides de récupération - Détermination de la distribution granulométrique - Partie 3: Méthode par analyse d'images des particules de grande dimension

La présente Norme européenne spécifie la détermination de la distribution granulométrique de combustibles
solides de récupération par l’utilisation d’une méthode par analyse d’images. Elle s’applique aux fragments de
combustibles solides de récupération agglomérés et non agglomérés de forme irrégulière, comme les
pneumatiques non réutilisables ou le bois de démolition, broyés. Elle fournit une méthode de détermination par
projection de la longueur maximale, ainsi que des paramètres comme le diamètre équivalent. Elle décrit également
la caractérisation des barbules dépassant des fragments de CSR.

Trdna alternativna goriva - Ugotavljanje porazdelitve velikosti delcev - 3. del: Metoda z analizo slike za velike delce

Ta evropski standard določa ugotavljanje porazdelitve velikosti delcev v trdnih alternativnih gorivih z metodo z analizo slike. Uporablja se za aglomerirane in neaglomerirane delce trdnih alternativnih goriv nepravilne oblike, kot so razrezane izrabljene pnevmatike in odpadni gradbeni les. Omogoča ugotavljanje največje projicirane dolžine in zagotavlja parametre, kot je ekvivalentni premer. Prav tako podaja opis lastnosti vlaken iz delcev trdnih alternativnih goriv.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 10-Apr-2012
• Withdrawal Date: 30-Oct-2012
• ICS: 75.160.10 - Solid fuels
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 343 - Solid Recovered Fuels
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 343/WG 4 - Physical/Mechanical tests
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 04-Feb-2025
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Mandate: M/325 - Mandate to CEN on Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF)
• Ref Project: SIST EN 15415-3:2012 - Solid recovered fuels - Determination of particle size distribution - Part 3: Method by image analysis for large dimension particles

Overview

EN 15415-3:2012 (CEN) specifies an image analysis method for determining the particle size distribution of large, irregular pieces of solid recovered fuels (SRF). It targets agglomerated and non‑agglomerated SRF such as shredded end‑of‑life tyres and demolition wood that cannot be reliably characterised by sieving. The standard defines measurement of the maximum projected length, complementary parameters (e.g. equivalent diameter), and a procedure to characterise filaments (filiform metallic/textile protrusions) on SRF pieces.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope: Measurement method for large‑dimension SRF pieces using optical image analysis; addresses irregular shapes and protruding filaments.
• Sampling principles: Probabilistic (preferred) or judgemental sampling when probabilistic sampling is impractical. For reference testing, a composite field sample of 3 increments taken randomly is recommended; for routine testing, 1 random increment. Increments should be taken from moving material (e.g. falling zone of a conveyor).
• Laboratory sample and counts: Test portion should include at least TNP > 100 separate elements (excluding fine pieces and loose metal wires).
• Size classes: Histogram uses NCR = 7 classes between a lower (LDF) and higher (HDF) format dimension; statistics extracted include:
  • NPL - number percentage of pieces larger than HDF (large pieces)
  • MPF - mass percentage of fine pieces passing the LDF sieve (MPF = 100 × MF/MS)
  • NPC / MPC - number/mass percentage of pieces in central classes (NCC)
• Filament characterisation: Parameters include ANPF (average number per piece of filaments longer than MLF1) and NPF (percentage of pieces with at least one filament longer than MLF2).
• Apparatus & accuracy:
  • Optical image analysis system capable of measuring projected lengths (and filament lengths) with accuracy ±5 mm up to 500 mm.
  • Balance accuracy ±0.01 kg.
  • Circular mesh sieve (ISO 565 / ISO 3310‑1) for LDF separation.
• Procedure elements: Field increment taking (scoop dimensions and handling), lab sample preparation, image capture and automated measurement, histogram construction and statistical reporting.

Applications and users

• Practical for producers, recyclers and energy‑from‑waste operators who convert bulky end‑of‑life materials (tyres, demolition wood) into SRF.
• Useful for QA/QC, contractual testing, process control and logistics planning where maximum projected length affects conveyors, feeders and combustion feeding systems.
• Engineers and procurement teams can use results to design handling equipment and set acceptance criteria for SRF deliveries.

Related standards

• EN 15415 Part 1: Screen method for small particles
• EN 15415 Part 2: Manual maximum projected length for large particles
• EN 15357:2011 (SRF terminology)
• ISO 565 / ISO 3310‑1 (test sieves)
• ISO 13320 (reference for particle size analysis methods)

Keywords: EN 15415-3:2012, solid recovered fuels, SRF, particle size distribution, image analysis, maximum projected length, filaments, large dimension particles, CEN.

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Trdna alternativna goriva - Ugotavljanje porazdelitve velikosti delcev - 3. del: Metoda z analizo slike za velike delceFeste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Partikelgrößenverteilung - Teil 3: Bildanalysenverfahren für große PartikelCombustibles solides de récupération - Détermination de la distribution granulométrique - Partie 3: Méthode par analyse d'images pour des particules de grande dimensionSolid recovered fuels - Determination of particle size distribution - Part 3: Method by image analysis for large dimension particles75.160.10Trda gorivaSolid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15415-3:2012SIST EN 15415-3:2012en,fr,de01-junij-2012SIST EN 15415-3:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 15415:20071DGRPHãþD

EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15415-3
April 2012 ICS 75.160.10 English Version
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of particle size distribution - Part 3: Method by image analysis for large dimension particles Combustibles solides de récupération - Détermination de la distribution granulométrique - Partie 3: Méthode par analyse d'images des particules de grande dimension
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Partikelgrößenverteilung - Teil 3: Bildanalysenverfahren für große Partikel This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 March 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15415-3:2012: ESIST EN 15415-3:2012

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. EN 15415, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of particle size distribution, consists of the following parts:  Part 1: Screen method for small dimension particles  Part 2: Maximum projected length method (manual) for large dimension particles  Part 3: Method by image analysis for large dimension particles According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
When such products reach the end-of-life stage, they continue to exhibit the very strong mechanical properties for which they were designed and fabricated. For instance, tyres are designed and fabricated to withstand cutting. Therefore, it is wise to minimise shredding when producing SRF from these end-of-life products. This results in a general in production of SRF pieces exhibiting an irregular shape and large size.
These SRF cannot be characterised using the sieving method specified in EN 15415-1 which utilises well-known distribution curves and a series of test sieves. Consequently, the method specified in this document is an optical method based on the determination of the maximum projected length and accompanied by an appropriate statistical evaluation. This maximum projected length approach is needed for sake of testing; but it is mainly needed to facilitate the use of these solid recovered fuels. Safe transportation (e.g. with conveyer) and introduction into the combustion zone are dependent on the design and operations adapted to such maximum length. In this document, the maximum projected length determination is complemented with a characterisation of the filaments protruding from the SRF pieces (see 3.1). This document is based on CEN/TS 14243, AFNOR XP T47-753, AFNOR XP T47-756, AFNOR XP T47-757, AFNOR NF X11-696:1989 and ISO 13320.
1 Scope This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels using an image analysis method. It applies to both agglomerated and non-agglomerated solid, recovered, fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shredded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods. It provides the determination of the maximum projected length as well as parameters such as equivalent diameter. It also gives a characterisation of the filaments protruding from the SRF pieces. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions ISO 565, Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes of openings ISO 3310-1 Test sieves — Technical requirements and testing — Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth SIST EN 15415-3:2012

Higher dimension of the format (mm) L Maximum projected length MS
Mass of the laboratory sample (kg) MF
Mass of the fine pieces (kg) MLM Mass of the loose metal wires NCC Number of central classes NCR Number of classes in the range from LDF to HDF TNP Total number of pieces in the sample not including the fine pieces MPF Mass percentage of the fine pieces MPM Mass percentage of the loose metal wires NPL Number percentage of large pieces MPL Mass percentage of large pieces (optional) NPC Number percentage of NCC MPC Mass percentage of NCC (optional) SRF Solid recovered fuel MLF Minimum length of a filament (mm) MLF1 Minimum length of a filament (mm) for the criterion average number of filaments per piece MLF2 Minimum length of a filament (mm) for the criterion number percentage of pieces having at least one filament ANPF Average number per piece of filaments longer than MLF1 NPF Number percentage of pieces having at least one filament longer than MLF2
NOTE In this document "mass percentage" is used for "mass fraction expressed as percent" to maintain continuity with other symbols and their abbreviations that do not designate mass fractions. 5 Principle
5.1 Principle of sampling The main principle of sampling is to obtain a representative sample or representative samples from a whole lot (of defined material) from which a characteristic is to be determined. If the lot is to be represented by a sample, then it is necessary that every particle in the lot have an equal probability of being included in the sample (i.e. probabilistic sampling). Whenever this principle cannot be applied in practice, the sampler shall define a procedure as close as possible to probabilistic sampling in their judgement (i.e. judgemental sampling) and note the limitations in the sampling plan and sampling report. In general, it is difficult to take samples in a way that satisfies the principle of correct sampling when a material is stationary (for example in a stockpile, big bag or silo). With regard to large pieces of irregular shape (e.g. pieces that include protruding filaments), it is necessary to take samples if the material is in movement. SIST EN 15415-3:2012
...