EN ISO 4007:2018
(Main)Personal protective equipment - Eye and face protection - Vocabulary (ISO 4007:2018)
Personal protective equipment - Eye and face protection - Vocabulary (ISO 4007:2018)
This document defines and explains the principal terms used in the field of personal eye and face protection.
Persönliche Schutzausrüstung - Augen- und Gesichtsschutz - Begriffe (ISO 4007:2018)
Dieses Dokument definiert und erläutert die grundlegenden Begriffe, die im Bereich des persönlichen Augen und Gesichtsschutzes verwendet werden.
Équipement de protection individuelle - Protection des yeux et du visage - Vocabulaire (ISO 4007:2018)
Le présent document définit et clarifie les principaux termes utilisés dans le domaine de la protection individuelle des yeux et du visage.
Osebna varovalna oprema - Varovanje oči in obraza - Slovar (ISO 4007:2018)
Ta dokument opredeljuje in pojasnjuje osnovne izraze, ki se uporabljajo na področju osebnega varovanja oči in obraza.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2019
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 4007:2012
2VHEQDYDURYDOQDRSUHPD9DURYDQMHRþLLQREUD]D6ORYDU ,62
Personal protective equipment - Eye and face protection - Vocabulary (ISO 4007:2018)
Persönliche Schutzausrüstung - Augen- und Gesichtsschutz - Wörterbuch (ISO
4007:2018)
Équipement de protection individuelle - Protection des yeux et du visage - Vocabulaire
(ISO 4007:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4007:2018
ICS:
01.040.13 Okolje. Varovanje zdravja. Environment. Health
Varnost (Slovarji) protection. Safety
(Vocabularies)
13.340.20 Varovalna oprema za glavo Head protective equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 4007
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.13; 13.340.20 Supersedes EN ISO 4007:2012
English Version
Personal protective equipment - Eye and face protection -
Vocabulary (ISO 4007:2018)
Équipement de protection individuelle - Protection des Persönliche Schutzausrüstung - Augen- und
yeux et du visage - Vocabulaire (ISO 4007:2018) Gesichtsschutz - Wörterbuch (ISO 4007:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 31 August 2018.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 4007:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 4007:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 94 "Personal
safety -- Personal protective equipment" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 85 “Eye
protective equipment” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2019, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 4007:2012.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 4007:2018 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 4007:2018 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4007
Third edition
2018-10
Personal protective equipment — Eye
and face protection — Vocabulary
Équipement de protection individuelle — Protection des yeux et du
visage — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 4007:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
ISO 4007:2018(E)
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 4007:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Risks and hazards . 1
3.2 Optical radiation . 2
3.3 Sources of non-ionizing radiation . 4
3.4 Radiometry and photometry . 7
3.5 General terms .13
3.5.1 Types and components of eye and face protectors .13
3.5.2 Geometrical properties of eye and face protection .17
3.5.3 Terms relating to the non-lens part of protectors .19
3.5.4 Welding protectors .20
3.5.5 Secondary lenses for welding protectors .21
3.5.6 Mesh protectors .21
3.5.7 Protection from short circuit electric arc .22
3.6 Optical materials .23
3.7 Optical properties of components and lenses .24
3.8 Optical properties of lenses, excluding transmittance .27
3.9 Wearer characteristics.31
3.10 Filters, absorption, transmission and reflection .32
3.10.1 General terms .32
3.10.2 Polarized radiation and polarizing filters .48
3.10.3 Welding filters .50
3.11 Test equipment .53
4 Glossary of abbreviations and symbols .55
Annex A (informative) Spectral weighting functions and spectral distributions .57
Bibliography .67
Index .69
ISO 4007:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 94, Personal safety — Protective clothing
and equipment, Subcommittee SC 6, Eye and face protection.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4007:2012), which has been technically
revised. This third edition builds on the second edition, which was partly based on EN 165.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows.
— The word “ocular” has been changed to “lens” to describe the transparent material through which
the wearer looked.
— Some terms have been moved and renumbered to more suitable positions, e.g. some of the terms
that were in the “properties of materials” subclause are now in the “transmittance” subclause.
— 52 new terms have been added, over 100 terms or definitions have been modified and sources have
been updated. Greater information about the source of definitions is given where these have been
copied from other standards.
— The following terms have been deleted: giant-pulsed laser, haze, He-Ne laser, optical class, protective
ocular, radiation power, untinted ocular, very-high-pressure (intensity) mercury vapour lamp.
— A term relating to the transmittance between 380 nm and 400 nm has been added. Although the
definition for UV-A continues to take the wavelength limits of 315 nm to 380 nm, many of the terms
and definitions relating to UV-A allow the upper limit to be either 380 nm or 400 nm, depending
upon the application.
— Terms relating to “mesh protectors” and “additional lenses” have been added for use in the appropriate
standards.
— hyphens have been removed from many terms relative to the second edition, e.g. in “eye-protector”
and “dark-state”, but have been kept in “as-worn”, “blue-light” and “gradient-tinted”, and in those
cases where they would generally be used in English.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 4007:2018(E)
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4007:2018(E)
Personal protective equipment — Eye and face protection
— Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines and explains the principal terms used in the field of personal eye and face
protection.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
NOTE See also the CIE International lighting vocabulary: Available at: http: //eilv .cie .co .at/.
3.1 Risks and hazards
3.1.1
safety, noun
freedom from risk (3.1.4) that is not tolerable
Note 1 to entry: The term “safe” is often understood by the general public as the state of being protected from
all hazards (3.1.3). However, this is a misunderstanding: “safe” is rather the state of being protected from
recognized hazards that are likely to cause harm (3.1.2). Some level of risk is inherent in products or systems.
The use of the terms “safety” and “safe” as descriptive adjectives should be avoided when they convey no useful
extra information. In addition, they are likely to be misinterpreted as an assurance of freedom from risk. The
recommended approach is to replace, wherever possible, the terms “safety” and “safe” with an indication of
the objective. For example, use “protective helmet” instead of “safety helmet”. See also ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014,
Clause 4.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.14, modified — the term has been identified as a noun, and “which”
in the definition has been changed to “that”.]
3.1.2
harm
injury or damage to the health of people, or damage to property or the environment
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.1]
3.1.3
hazard
potential source of harm (3.1.2)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.2]
ISO 4007:2018(E)
3.1.4
risk
combination of the probability of occurrence of harm (3.1.2) and the severity of that harm
Note 1 to entry: The probability of occurrence includes the exposure to a hazardous situation, the occurrence of a
hazardous event and the possibility to avoid or limit the harm.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.9]
3.1.5
intended use
use in accordance with information provided with a product or system, or, in the absence of such
information, by generally understood patterns of usage
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.6]
3.1.6
reasonably foreseeable misuse
use of a product or system in a way not intended by the supplier, but which can result from readily
predictable human behaviour
Note 1 to entry: Readily predictable human behaviour includes the behaviour of all types of users, e.g. the elderly,
[5]
children and persons with disabilities. For more information, see ISO 10377 .
Note 2 to entry: In the context of consumer safety (3.1.1), the term “reasonably foreseeable use” is increasingly
used as a synonym for both intended use (3.1.5) and reasonably foreseeable misuse.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.7]
3.1.7
blue-light hazard
potential for a photochemically induced retinal injury resulting from optical radiation (3.2.1) exposure
in the wavelength range 300 nm to 700 nm
3.1.8
infrared lens hazard
potential for a thermal injury to the crystalline lens (and cornea) of the eye resulting from exposure to
optical radiation (3.2.1) in the wavelength range 780 nm to 3 000 nm
3.1.9
retinal thermal hazard
potential for a thermal retinal injury resulting from exposure to optical radiation (3.2.1) in the
wavelength range 380 nm to 1 400 nm
3.1.10
ultraviolet hazard
potential for acute and chronic adverse effects to the skin and eye resulting from exposure to optical
radiation (3.2.1) in the wavelength range 250 nm to 400 nm
3.2 Optical radiation
3.2.1
optical radiation
electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths between the region of transition to X-rays (λ ≈ 1 nm) and the
region of transition to radio waves (λ ≈ 1 mm)
Note 1 to entry: Optical radiation is usually subdivided into the following spectral ranges, with a possible overlap
at the longer wavelength limit of the UV spectrum:
— ultraviolet radiation (3.2.3);
— visible radiation (3.2.2);
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 4007:2018(E)
— infrared radiation (3.2.4).
[SOURCE: CIE S 07:2011, 17-848, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.2.2
visible radiation
light
any optical radiation (3.2.1) capable of causing a visual sensation directly
Note 1 to entry: There are no precise limits for the spectral range of visible radiation since they depend upon
the amount of radiant power (3.4.7) reaching the retina and the responsivity of the observer. The lower limit is
generally taken between 360 nm and 400 nm and the upper limit between 760 nm and 830 nm.
Note 2 to entry: For the purposes of standards on eye protection, the limits of the visible spectrum are usually
taken to be 380 nm to 780 nm. These limits coincide with those in ISO 20473 which specifies the spectral
ranges for optics and photonics standards and avoids the overlap at either end of the visible spectrum in the CIE
definition.
Note 3 to entry: For lasers, the visible wavelength band is defined as 400 nm to 700 nm. This is because eye
protection against low-power visible lasers often relies on the eye’s aversion response, which includes the blink
reflex (3.5.1.17). For this to happen, the laser beam (3.3.14) should appear very bright, hence the need to cut off
the extremes of the visible band where the spectral luminous efficiency (3.4.11) of the eye is quite low.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-1402, modified — Notes to entry 2 and 3 have been added.]
3.2.3
ultraviolet radiation
UV radiation
UVR
optical radiation (3.2.1) for which the wavelengths are shorter than those for visible radiation (3.2.2)
Note 1 to entry: For standards for protection against solar radiation including, for example, sunglasses for
general use, the upper limit of UV-A is sometimes taken as 380 nm. For standards on requirements for protection
against radiation from artificial sources, the upper limit of UV-A is usually taken as 400 nm, which is consistent
with the CIE definition. The 400 nm upper limit is also used by, amongst others, ICNIRP, ACGIH, the World Health
Organization and in the European Artificial Optical Radiation Directive.
Note 2 to entry: The limit of 380 nm coincides with ISO 20473 which specifies the spectral range of ultraviolet
radiation for standards in optics and photonics and subdivides the UV range into
— UV-A: 315 nm to 380 nm;
— UV-B: 280 nm to 315 nm;
— UV-C: 100 nm to 280 nm.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-1367, modified — the word “optical” has been added to the definition and
the CIE Notes 1, 2 and 3 have been deleted and replaced by Notes 1 and 2 to entry.]
3.2.4
infrared radiation
IR radiation
optical radiation (3.2.1) for which the wavelengths are longer than those for visible radiation (3.2.2),
from 780 nm to 1 mm
Note 1 to entry: For infrared radiation, the range between 780 nm and 1 mm is typically subdivided into:
— IR-A 780 nm to 1 400 nm, or 0,78 µm to 1,4 µm;
— IR-B 1,4 µm to 3,0 µm;
— IR-C 3 µm to 1 mm.
Note 2 to entry: A precise border between “visible” and “infrared” cannot be defined because visual sensation at
wavelengths greater than 780 nm is noted for very bright sources at longer wavelengths.
ISO 4007:2018(E)
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-580, modified — the word “commonly” has been replaced by “typically” in
the first CIE note to entry, and the third CIE note has been deleted.]
3.2.5
monochromatic radiation
monochromatic light
optical radiation (3.2.1) characterized by a single frequency
Note 1 to entry: In practice, radiation of a very small range of frequencies which can be described by stating a
single frequency.
Note 2 to entry: The wavelength in air or in vacuum is also used to characterize a monochromatic radiation. The
medium shall be stated.
Note 3 to entry: The wavelength in standard air is normally used in photometry and radiometry.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-788, modified — the word “optical” has been added in front of “radiation”
in the definition.]
3.2.6
illuminant
optical radiation (3.2.1) with a relative spectral power distribution defined over the wavelength range
that influences object colour perception
Note 1 to entry: In everyday English, this term is not restricted to this sense but is also used for any kind of light
falling on a body or scene.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-554, modified — the word “optical” has been added in front of “radiation”
in the definition.]
3.2.7
CIE standard illuminants
illuminants (3.2.6) A and D65, defined by the CIE in terms of relative spectral power distributions
Note 1 to entry: These illuminants (3.2.6) are intended to represent:
— A: Planckian radiation with a temperature of 2 856 K;
— D65: The relative spectral power distribution representing a phase of daylight with a correlated colour
temperature of approximately 6 500 K (called also “nominal correlated colour temperature of the daylight
illuminant”).
Note 2 to entry: Illuminants B, C and other D illuminants, previously denoted as standard illuminants, should
now be termed CIE illuminants.
[8] [22]
Note 3 to entry: See also ISO 11664-2:2007 and CIE 015 .
Note 4 to entry: Tables defining the CIE standard illuminants A and D65 at 5 nm intervals can be viewed in the
downloads section at http: //www .cie .co .at/.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-168, modified — the references to other standards in CIE Note 1 to entry
have been moved into a new Note 3 to entry, and a new Note 4 to entry has also been added.]
3.3 Sources of non-ionizing radiation
3.3.1
electric arc
self-maintained gas conduction for which most of the charge carriers are electrons supplied by primary-
electron emission
Note 1 to entry: During live working, the electric arc is generated by gas ionization arising from an unintentional
electrical conducting connection or breakdown between live parts or a live part and the earth path of an electrical
installation or an electrical device. During testing, the electric arc is initiated by the blowing of a fuse wire.
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 4007:2018(E)
[SOURCE: IEC 61482-1-1:2009, 3.1.17]
3.3.2
air-arc cutting
arc gouging
thermal gouging or cutting method for metallic materials that uses an electric arc (3.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: This method uses a carbon electrode that forms a groove by melting or burning, while an air jet
attached to the electrode removes the molten material. This groove can be deepened using the same thermal
method to form a cut.
3.3.3
arc welding
electric welding method that uses an arc that is generated between the rod-shaped metal electrode and
the workpiece
Note 1 to entry: The electrode melting in the hot arc is used as the filler metal for the welded joint.
3.3.4
short-circuit electric arc
intensive arc that can occur through switching or a short-circuit in electricity distribution installations
3.3.5
gas cutting
flame cutting
thermal method of cutting metallic material using gas and oxygen
Note 1 to entry: This method does not use an electric arc (3.3.1).
3.3.6
plasma arc cutting
thermal cutting method for metallic materials that uses a constricted electric arc (3.3.1) and a high-
velocity jet of gas issuing from a constricting orifice to give a high-temperature plasma flame that melts
and removes the metallic material
3.3.7
blacklight lamp
ultraviolet radiation source
UV-A radiation source, generally a mercury vapour discharge lamp, with the bulb (high-pressure
radiation source) or tube (low-pressure radiation source) made from light-absorbing, but UV-A
transmitting, filter glass (3.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: The filter glass appears almost black in colour.
3.3.8
metal halide lamp
high intensity discharge lamp in which the major portion of the light (3.2.2) is produced from a mixture
of a metallic vapour and the products of the dissociation of metal halides
Note 1 to entry: Metal halide lamps can be clear or phosphor-coated.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-765, modified — "the term covers" has been replaced by "metal halide
lamps can be".]
3.3.9
low pressure mercury (vapour) lamp
discharge lamp of the mercury vapour type, with or without a coating of phosphors, in which during
operation, the partial pressure of the vapour does not exceed 100 Pa
Note 1 to entry: In mercury discharge lamps with a fluorescent layer, the layer is excited by the ultraviolet
radiation (3.2.3) of the discharge to generate visible radiation (3.2.2).
ISO 4007:2018(E)
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-701, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.3.10
medium pressure mercury (vapour) lamp
non-coherent radiation source containing mercury vapour at pressures ranging from 50 kPa to several
1)
hundred kPa
Note 1 to entry: This type of lamp emits mostly from 200 nm to 1 000 nm with the most intense lines
approximately at 218 nm, 248 nm, 254 nm, 266 nm, 280 nm, 289 nm, 297 nm, 303 nm, 313 nm, 334 nm, 366 nm,
406 nm, 408 nm, 436 nm, 546 nm and 578 nm.
[SOURCE: IUPAC, modified — the term name has been altered by the deletion of the hyphen in "medium-
pressure" and the the addition of (vapour) to align with the CIE definitions of low pressure mercury
(vapour) lamp and high pressure mercury (vapour) lamp.]
3.3.11
high pressure mercury (vapour) lamp
high intensity discharge lamp in which the major portion of the light (3.2.2) is produced, directly or
indirectly, by radiation from mercury operating at a partial pressure in excess of 100 kPa
Note 1 to entry: High-pressure mercury (vapour) lamps can be clear, phosphor coated (mercury fluorescent) and
blended lamps. In fluorescent mercury discharge lamps, the light is produced partly by the mercury vapour and
partly by a layer of phosphors excited by the ultraviolet radiation (3.2.3) of the discharge.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-535]
3.3.12
pulse duration
full duration at half maximum
FDHM
time interval between the half peak power points at the leading and trailing edges of a pulse
[SOURCE: ISO 11145:2016, 3.50]
3.3.13
pulse separation
time between the end of one pulse and the onset of the following pulse, measured at the 50 % trailing
and leading edges
[SOURCE: ISO 12609-2:2013, 2.6]
3.3.14
laser beam
optical radiation (3.2.1) from lasers that is generally collimated, directed, monochromatic and coherent
Note 1 to entry: The radiation is correlated in space and time.
3.3.15
laser radiation
coherent electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths up to 1 mm, generated by a laser
[SOURCE: ISO 11145:2016, 3.32]
3.3.16
continuous wave laser
cw laser
laser continuously emitting radiation over periods of time greater than or equal to 0,25 s
[SOURCE: ISO 11145:2016, 3.26]
1) 1 atm = 101,325 kPa.
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 4007:2018(E)
3.3.17
pulsed laser
laser that emits energy in the form of a single pulse or a train of pulses where the duration of a pulse is
less than 0,25 s
[SOURCE: ISO 11145:2016, 3.27, modified — “which” has been changed to “that”.]
3.3.18
mode-locked laser
mode-coupled laser
laser that utilizes a mechanism or phenomenon within the laser resonator to produce a train of very
short (typically shorter than a nanosecond, e.g. picosecond or femtosecond) pulses
Note 1 to entry: While this can be a deliberate feature of the laser, it can also occur spontaneously as “self-mode-
locking”. The resulting peak powers can be significantly greater than the mean power.
3.3.19
intense pulsed light source
IPL
compact xenon arc lamp, operated in a pulsed mode, usually filtered to emit visible radiation (3.2.2) and
near-infrared radiation (3.2.4)
Note 1 to entry: Although lasers can provide an intense pulsed source of light, when used in the medical or
paramedical field, the term is restricted to xenon arc lamps. These have a broad spectral emission. The radiation
emitted can be filtered to restrict the emission to the UV, visible or near-IR regions of the electromagnetic
radiation spectrum.
3.4 Radiometry and photometry
3.4.1
illuminance
E E
v,
quotient of the luminous flux (3.4.4), dΦ , incident on an element of the surface
v
containing the point, by the area, dA, of that element
Note 1 to entry: Equivalent definition: integral, taken over the hemisphere visible from the given point, of the
expression L cosθ dΩ, where L is the luminance at the given point in the various directions of the incident
v v
elementary beams of solid angle dΩ, and θ is the angle between any of these beams and the normal to the surface
at the given point.
dΦ
v
EL== ⋅⋅cosdθ Ω
vv
∫
dA
2π
−2
Note 2 to entry: Illuminance is expressed in lux (lx = lm·m ).
Note 3 to entry: See also radiation power, irradiance (3.4.2).
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-550, modified — the second, equivalent, definition has been placed in
Note 1 to entry; Note 2 to entry has been modified by replacing the word “unit” with “illuminance is
expressed in”; Note 3 to entry has been added.]
3.4.2
irradiance
E
e
quotient of the radiant flux (3.4.7), dΦ , incident on an element of the surface
e
containing the point, by the area, dA, of that element
Note 1 to entry: Equivalent definition: integral, taken over the hemisphere visible from the given point, of the
expression L ·cosθ·dΩ, where L is the radiance at the given point in the various directions of the incident
e e
elementary beams of solid angle dΩ, and θ is the angle between any of these beams and the normal to the surface
at the given point.
ISO 4007:2018(E)
dΦ
e
EL== ⋅⋅cosdθ Ω
e e
∫
dA
2π
−2
Note 2 to entry: Irradiance is expressed in W∙m .
Note 3 to entry: See also illuminance and power density.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-608, modified — the second, equivalent, definition has been made into
Note 1 to entry, Note 2 to entry has been modified by replacing the word “unit” with “irradiance is
expressed in”; Note 3 to entry has been added.]
3.4.3
luminance
L ; L
v
quantity of light (3.2.2) emitted
by or reflected from an element of the surface containing the point
Note 1 to entry: Quantity is defined by the formula:
dΦ
v
L =
v
dcA⋅⋅osθ dΩ
where
dΦ is the luminous flux transmitted by an elementary beam passing through the given point and propa-
v
gated in the solid angle dΩ containing the given direction;
dA is the area of a section of that beam containing the given point;
θ is the angle between the normal to that section and the direction of the beam.
2 −2 −1
Note 2 to entry: Luminance is expressed in cd/m = lm⋅m ⋅sr .
Note 3 to entry: Simplified to the standard case, luminance is the quotient of the luminous intensity, I, divided by
the surface area projected perpendicular to the direction of radiation as a projected plane (A· cosθ):
L = I / (A · cosθ)
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-711, modified — a new verbal definition has been provided and the CIE
definition has been made into Note 1 to entry. CIE Note 1 and CIE Note 2 have been omitted and new
Notes 2 and 3 to entry have been added.]
3.4.4
luminous flux
Φ ; Φ
v
quantity derived from the radiant flux (3.4.7), Φ , by evaluating the radiation according to its action
e
upon the CIE standard photometric observer
Note 1 to entry: For photopic vision:
∞
dΦ ()λ
e
Φ =⋅KV()λλ⋅d
vm
∫
dλ
where
dΦ ()λ
e is the spectral distribution of the radiant flux and V(λ) is the spectral luminous efficiency.
dλ
Note 2 to entry: Luminous flux is expressed in lumen (lm).
8 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 4007:2018(E)
Note 3 to entry: The CIE standard photometric observer assumes photopic vision. CIE S 017:2011 (luminous
−1 12
efficacy of radiation, 17-730) gives the values of K (photopic vision) as 683 lm·W for ν = 540 × 10 Hz
m m
(λ ≈555 nm).
m
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-738, modified — in Note 2 to entry the word “unit” has been replaced by
“luminous flux is expressed in”, and Note 3 to entry has been added.]
3.4.5
luminance coefficient
q ; q
v
quotient of the luminance (3.4.3) of the surface element in the given direction divided by the illuminance
(3.4.1) on the medium
Note 1 to entry: The luminance coefficient is given by the following formula:
L
q =
E
where
−2
L is the luminance in cd·m ;
E is the illuminance in lx.
Note 2 to entry: In the assessment of eye protective equipment, the luminance coefficient is expressed in
−2 −1 −1
(cd·m ) lx rather than the CIE unit of sr , and is given by the symbol l.
Note 3 to entry: In the assessment of eye protective equipment, this is a measure of the light scattered by a lens,
the luminance of the light scattered by the lens being expressed as a proportion of the amount of light falling on
the lens. See scattered light (3.8.14), wide angle scatter (3.8.16) and narrow angle scatter (3.8.15).
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-712, modified — “divided by” has been added in the definition, the formula
has been moved to Note 1 to entry and Notes 2 and 3 to entry have been added.]
3.4.6
reduced luminance coefficient
l*
luminance coefficient (3.4.5) corrected for the
transmittance (3.10.1.18) of a filter (3.10.1.1) or lens (3.5.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: The reduced luminance coefficient is obtained by dividing the luminance coefficient, l, by the
luminous transmittance, τ , of the filter, i.e. by the formula:
v
l* = l/τ
v
where
l* is the reduced luminance coefficient;
l is the luminance coefficient;
τ is the luminous transmittance.
v
−2 −1
Note 2 to entry: Reduced luminance coefficient is expressed in (cd∙m )·lx .
ISO 4007:2018(E)
3.4.7
radiant flux
radiant power
Φ ; P
e
power emitted, transmitted or received in the form of radiation
Note 1 to entry: Radiant flux is expressed in watts (W).
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-1027, modified — the equivalent term radiant flux (17-1025) has been
included, and the word “unit” in Note 1 to entry replaced by “radiant flux is expressed in”.]
3.4.8
radiant energy
Q
e
time integral of the radiant flux (3.4.7), Φ , over a given duration, Δt
e
Note 1 to entry: Radiant energy is expressed by the formula:
Q =⋅Φ dt
e e
∫
Δt
Note 2 to entry: Radiant energy is expressed in J = W·s.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-1019, modified — the formula has been included in Note 1 to entry and the
word “unit” in Note 2 to entry has been replaced with “radiant energy is expressed in”.]
3.4.9
radiant exposure
H
e
quotient of the radiant energy (3.4.8), dQ , incident on an
e
element of the surface containing the point over the given duration, by the area, dA, of that element
Note 1 to entry: Equivalent definition: time integral of the irradiance (3.4.2), E , at the given point, over the given
e
duration, Δt
dQ
e
H == Et⋅d
e e
∫
dA
Δt
−2 −2
Note 2 to entry: Radiant exposure is expressed in J·m or W·s·m .
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-1021, modified — the second definition has been converted into Note 1 to
entry, the unit into Note 2 to entry with the addition of the words “radiant exposure is expressed in” and
the omission of the CIE note.]
3.4.10
power density
E(x,y)
beam power that impinges on the area δA at the location (x, y) divided by the area δA
Note 1 to entry: Power density is physically equivalent to irradiance (3.4.2). Both are measured in watts per unit
area. Power density is generally used to describe the distribution of radiation within a beam, whereas irradiance
is generally used to describe the distribution of radiation incident upon a surface.
[SOURCE: ISO 11145:2016, 3.46, modified — “which” has been changed to “that”.]
10 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 4007:2018(E)
3.4.11
spectral luminous efficiency
V(λ)
ratio of the radiant flux (3.4.7)
at wavelength λ to that at wavelength λ, such that both produce equally intense luminous sensations
m
under specified photometric conditions and λ is chosen so that the maximum value of this ratio is
m
equal to 1
Note 1 to entry: Unit: 1 (dimensionless).
Note 2 to entry: The spectral luminous efficiency of the human eye depends on a number of factors, particularly
the state of visual adaptation and the size and position of the source in the visual field. For this reason, it is
possible to define a number of spectral luminous efficiency functions, for specific visual conditions.
Unless otherwise indicated, the values used for the spectral luminous efficiency in photopic vision are the values
agreed internationally in 1924 by the CIE (see Reference [29]), completed by interpolation and extrapolation
(ISO 23539:2005/CIE S 010:2004), and recommended by the International Committee of Weights and Measures
(CIPM) in 1972.
Note 3 to entry: CIE, considering the discrepancies between the average human spectral luminous efficiency
and the V(λ) function, adopted in 1990 (see CIE 86:1990) the “CIE 1988 modified 2° spectral luminous efficiency
function for photopic vision”, V (λ), and recommended it for applications in visual sciences.
M
Note 4 to entry: CIE, considering that the spectral luminous efficiency function of the human eye changes with
visual angle, adopted in 2005 (see CIE 165:2005) the “CIE 10° photopic photometric observer”, V (λ), to be used
if the visual target has an angular subtense larger than 4° or is seen off axis. This standard observer is not used in
the assessment of personal protective equipment.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-1222, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added to explain the dimensionless
unit, CIE notes 1 to 3 have been renumbered as Notes 2 to 4, the original CIE notes 4 and 5 and references
to scotopic vision have been deleted, and the last sentence in Note 4 to entry has been added.]
3.4.12
candela
unit of luminous intensity of a source
Note 1 to entry: SI base unit for photometry: the candela, is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a
source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that
direction of 1/683 W/sr (16th General Conference of Weights and Measures, 1979).
Note 2 to entry: The candela is thus expressed as lumens per steradian, cd = lm·sr .
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-117, modified — a simpler definition has been made, the CIE definition has
been moved to the Note 1 to entry, and the description of the unit has been placed in Note 2 to entry.]
3.4.13
solid angle
Ω
area intercepted on a unit sphere, centred at the point, by a cone
having the given area as its base and the point as its vertex
Note 1 to entry: If an imaginary sphere is constructed with its centre at the apex of the angle, the value, Ω, of the
solid angle is given by the area, A, enclosed by the angle on the surface of the sphere divided by the square of the
sphere’s radius, r.
Note 2 to entry: Solid angles are expressed in steradians (sr).
Note 3 to entry: See Figure 1.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017:2011, 17-1201, modified — the notes to entry have been added.]
ISO 4007:2018(E)
Key
Ω the solid angle, in steradians (Ω = A/r )
A area of surface on the imaginary sphere
r radius of the imaginary sphere
Figure 1 — Diagram representing the derivation of the steradian
3.4.14
exposure limit value
ELV
maximum level of exposure of optical radiation to the eye or skin that is not expected to result in
adverse biological effects
Note 1 to entry: These exposure limit values are used to determine hazard distances in respect to foreseeable
photobiological effects.
[SOURCE: IEC/TR 62471-2:2009, 3.4, modified — the second sentence of the definition has been
converted into Note 1 to entry.]
3.4.15
ocular hazard distance
OHD
distance at which the beam irradiance (3.4.2), radiance, or radiant exposure (3.4.9) equals the
appropriate ocular exposure limit value (3.4.14)
3.4.16
skin hazard distance
distance at which the beam irradiance (3.4.2) or radian
...
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