EN 14961-1:2010
(Main)Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 1: General requirements
Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 1: General requirements
This European Standard determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels. According to the mandate given for the standardisation work, the scope of the CEN/TC 335 only includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources:
a) products from agriculture and forestry;
b) vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry;
c) vegetable waste from the food processing industry;
d) wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which can contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste;
e) fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered;
f) cork waste.
NOTE 1 For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this European Standard.
Demolition wood is "used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations" (CEN/TS 14588).
NOTE 2 Aquatic biomass is not included in the scope of this European Standard.
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und -klassen - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen
Diese Europäische Norm legt die qualitätsbezogenen Brennstoffklassen und Spezifikationen für feste Biobrennstoffe
fest. Entsprechend dem für die Normungsarbeit zugeteilten Mandat umfasst der Aufgabenbereich
des CEN/TC 335 nur feste Biobrennstoffe, die aus folgenden Quellen stammen:
a) Produkte aus der Land- und Forstwirtschaft;
b) pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Land- und Forstwirtschaft;
c) pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Lebensmittel verarbeitenden Industrie;
d) Holzabfälle, ausgenommen Holzabfälle, die im Ergebnis der Behandlung mit Holzschutzmitteln oder
Aufbringung von Beschichtungen halogenierte organische Verbindungen oder Schwermetalle enthalten
können und zu denen insbesondere Holzabfälle gehören, die von Bau- und Abbrucharbeiten stammen;
e) faserige pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Herstellung von natürlichem Zellstoff und aus der Herstellung von Papier
aus Zellstoff, sofern sie am Herstellungsort mitverbrannt werden und die erzeugte Wärme genutzt
wird;
f) Korkabfälle.
ANMERKUNG 1 Um keine Zweifel aufkommen zu lassen, wurde Abbruchholz nicht in den Anwendungsbereich dieser
Europäischen Norm aufgenommen. Abbruchholz ist Gebrauchtholz, das aus dem Abriss von Gebäuden oder sonstigen
Bauwerken stammt (prEN 14588).
ANMERKUNG 2 Aquatische Biomasse fällt nicht in den Anwendungsbereich dieser Europäischen Norm.
Biocombustibles solides - Classes et spécifications des combustibles - Partie 1: Exigences générales
La présente Norme européenne détermine les classes de qualité des combustibles et les spécifications des
biocombustibles solides. Conformément au mandat donné pour les travaux de normalisation, le domaine
d’application du CEN/TC 335 se limite aux biocombustibles solides provenant des sources suivantes :
a) produits de l’agriculture et de la sylviculture ;
b) déchets végétaux agricoles et forestiers ;
c) déchets végétaux provenant du secteur de la transformation alimentaire ;
d) déchets de bois, à l’exception de ceux susceptibles de contenir des composés organiques halogénés ou
des métaux lourds à la suite d’un traitement avec des conservateurs du bois ou du placement d’un
revêtement, y compris, en particulier, les déchets de bois de ce type provenant de déchets de
construction ou de démolition ;
e) déchets végétaux fibreux provenant de la production de pâte vierge et de papier issu de pâte, à condition
d’être co-incinérés sur le lieu de production et que la chaleur générée soit récupérée ;
f) déchets de liège.
NOTE 1 Afin d’ôter tout doute, le bois de démolition est exclu du domaine d’application de la présente Norme
européenne.
Le bois de démolition est défini comme un « bois usagé provenant de la démolition de bâtiments ou d’installations de
génie civil » (prEN 14588).
NOTE 2 La biomasse aquatique est exclue du domaine d'application de la présente Norme européenne.
Trdna biogoriva - Specifikacije goriv in razredi - 1. del: Splošne zahteve
Ta evropski standard določa specifikacije in razrede kvalitete goriv za trdna biogoriva. V skladu s pooblastilom, podeljenim za standardizacijsko delo, obseg CEN/TC 335 zajema samo trdna biogoriva, ki izvirajo iz naslednjih virov: a) proizvodi iz kmetijstva in gozdarstva, b) rastlinski odpadki iz kmetijstva in gozdarstva, c) rastlinski odpadki iz živilskopredelovalne industrije, d) lesni odpadki, z izjemo lesnih odpadkov, ki zaradi obdelave z zaščitnimi sredstvi ali premazi lahko vsebujejo halogenirane organske spojine ali težke kovine in ki vključuje zlasti takšne lesne odpadke, ki izvirajo iz gradbenih odpadkov in odpadkov pri rušenju objektov, e) vlakneni rastlinski odpadki iz proizvodnje primarne papirne kaše in iz proizvodnje papirja iz kaše, če se sosežiga na kraju proizvodnje in je ustvarjena toplota zajeta, f) odpadki iz plute.
General Information
Relations
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 14961-1:2010 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 1: General requirements". This standard covers: This European Standard determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels. According to the mandate given for the standardisation work, the scope of the CEN/TC 335 only includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources: a) products from agriculture and forestry; b) vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry; c) vegetable waste from the food processing industry; d) wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which can contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste; e) fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered; f) cork waste. NOTE 1 For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this European Standard. Demolition wood is "used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations" (CEN/TS 14588). NOTE 2 Aquatic biomass is not included in the scope of this European Standard.
This European Standard determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels. According to the mandate given for the standardisation work, the scope of the CEN/TC 335 only includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources: a) products from agriculture and forestry; b) vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry; c) vegetable waste from the food processing industry; d) wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which can contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste; e) fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered; f) cork waste. NOTE 1 For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this European Standard. Demolition wood is "used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations" (CEN/TS 14588). NOTE 2 Aquatic biomass is not included in the scope of this European Standard.
EN 14961-1:2010 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.10 - Solid fuels; 75.160.40 - Biofuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 14961-1:2010 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to CEN/TS 14961:2005, EN ISO 17225-1:2014. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 14961-1:2010 is associated with the following European legislation: Standardization Mandates: M/298. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase EN 14961-1:2010 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Trdna biogoriva - Specifikacije goriv in razredi - 1. del: Splošne zahteveFeste Biobrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und - klassen - Teil 1: Allgemeine AnforderungenBiocombustibles solides - Classes et spécifications des combustibles - Partie 1Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 1: General requirements75.160.10Trda gorivaSolid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14961-1:2010SIST EN 14961-1:2010en,de01-marec-2010SIST EN 14961-1:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 14961:20051DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14961-1
January 2010 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 14961:2005English Version
Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 1: General requirements
Biocombustibles solides - Partie 1 : Classes et spécifications des combustibles
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und -klassen - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 November 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14961-1:2010: ESIST EN 14961-1:2010
Contents Page Foreword .3Introduction .41Scope .52Normative references .53Terms and definitions .64Symbols and abbreviations .65Principle .76Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels .86.1General .86.2Woody biomass . 126.2.1Forest, plantation and other virgin wood . 126.2.2By-products and residues from wood processing industry . 126.2.4Blends and mixtures . 136.3Herbaceous biomass . 136.3.1Agriculture and horticulture herbaceous biomass . 136.3.2By-products and residues from herbaceous processing industry . 136.3.3Blends and mixtures . 136.4Fruit biomass . 136.4.1Orchard and horticulture fruit . 136.4.2By-products and residues from fruit processing industry . 136.4.3Blends and mixtures . 136.5Biomass blends and mixtures . 137Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties . 147.1Traded forms of solid biofuels . 147.2Specification of properties of solid biofuels . 14Annex A (informative)
Illustrations of typical forms of wood fuels . 34Annex B (informative)
Typical values of solid biomass fuels . 36Annex C (informative)
Examples of possible causes for deviant levels for different properties and of consequences of handling and treatments for the properties of biomass . 47Annex D (informative)
Calculation of the net calorific value at different bases and
energy density as received . 49Bibliography . 52 SIST EN 14961-1:2010
3 Foreword This document (EN 14961-1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 14961:2005. The series EN 14961, Solid biofuels Fuel specifications and classes is provided as a general requirement and additional product standards. Additional product standards may extend this series over time. EN 14961, Solid biofuel Fuel specification and classes, consists of the following parts: Part 1: General requirements Part 2: Wood pellets for non-industrial use (under development) Part 3: Wood briquettes for non-industrial use (under development) Part 4: Wood chips for non-industrial use (under development) Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial use (under development) Part 6: Non woody pellets for non-industrial use
(under development) Although these product standards may be obtained separately, they require a general understanding of the standards based on and supporting EN 14961-1. It is recommended to obtain and use EN 14961-1 in conjunction with these standards. In these product standards, "non-industrial" use means use in smaller scale appliances, such as in households and small commercial and public sector buildings.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
This European Standard, Fuel Specifications and Classes
Part 1: General requirements, has been produced by TC 335 Solid Biofuels Working Group "Fuel Specifications, Classes and Quality Assurance". The objective of this European Standard is to provide unambiguous and clear classification principles for solid biofuels and to serve as a tool to enable efficient trading of biofuels and to enable good understanding between seller and buyer as well as a tool for communication with equipment manufacturers. It will also facilitate authority permission procedures and reporting. This European Standard is made for all user groups. Figure 1 describes the bioenergy utilisation chain from sources of biomass, to biofuel production to final use of bioenergy. Although biomass can be used for energy generation it has many other primary uses (non-fuels) as a raw material for construction, furniture, packaging, paper products, etc. The classifications given in this European Standard are provided with the objective of using biomass as a biofuel, and therefore do not deal with all other uses. The biofuels covered by this European Standard are identical to the fuels exempted from the Directive 2000/76/EC (Article 2.2 a) from i) to v)) on incineration of waste.
BiomassBiofuelBioenergySolid biofuelLiquid and gaseous biofuelNon-fuelsCEN TC 335productionconversion Figure 1 — CEN TC 335 within the biomass – Biofuel – Bioenergy field SIST EN 14961-1:2010
1 Scope This European Standard determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels. According to the mandate given for the standardisation work, the scope of the CEN/TC 335 only includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources: a) products from agriculture and forestry; b) vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry; c) vegetable waste from the food processing industry; d) wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste; e) fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered; f) cork waste. NOTE 1 For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this European Standard.
Demolition wood is “used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations” (prEN 14588). NOTE 2 Aquatic biomass is not included in the scope of this European Standard. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
prEN 14588:2009, Solid biofuels
Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 14774-1, Solid biofuels
Determination of moisture content
Oven dry method – Part 1: Total moisture
Reference method EN 14774-2, Solid biofuels
Determination of moisture content
Oven dry method – Part 2: Total moisture
Simplified method EN 14775, Solid biofuels
Determination of ash content CEN/TS 14778 (all parts), Solid biofuels
Sampling CEN/TS 14780, Solid biofuels
Methods for sample preparation EN 14918, Solid Biofuels
Determination of calorific value EN 15103, Solid Biofuels
Determination of bulk density CEN/TS 15104, Solid biofuels
Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
Instrumental methods
CEN/TS 15149-1, Solid biofuels
Methods for the determination of particle size distribution
Part 1: Oscillating screen method using sieve apertures of 3,15 mm and above CEN/TS 15149-2, Solid biofuels
Methods for the determination of particle size distribution
Part 2: Vibrating screen method using sieve apertures of 3,15 mm and below CEN/TS 15150, Solid biofuels
Methods for the determination of particle density EN 15210-1, Solid Biofuels
Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes
Part 1: Pellets CEN/TS 15210-2, Solid biofuels
Methods for the determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes
Part 2: Briquettes CEN/TS 15234, Solid biofuels
Fuel quality assurance CEN/TS 15289, Solid Biofuels
Determination of total content of sulphur and chlorine CEN/TS 15290, Solid Biofuels
Determination of major elements CEN/TS 15296, Solid Biofuels
Calculation of analyses to different bases CEN/TS 15297, Solid Biofuels
Determination of minor elements CEN/TS 15370-1, Solid biofuels
Method for the determination of ash melting behaviour
Part 1: Characteristic temperatures method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN 14588:2009 and the following apply. 3.1 chemical treatment any treatment with chemicals other than air, water or heat (e.g. glue and paint) NOTE Examples of chemical treatments are listed in informative Annex C. 4 Symbols and abbreviations The symbols and abbreviations used in this European Standard comply with the SI system of units as far as possible. d dry (dry basis) daf dry, ash-free ar as received w-% weight-percentage SIST EN 14961-1:2010
7 A
Designation for ash content [w-%, dry basis]1)
BD
Designation for bulk density as received [kg/m3]1) D Designation for diameter as received [mm]1) D Diameter as received [mm] DE
Designation for particle density as received [g/cm3]1) DT
Designation for deformation temperature [°C] DU Designation for mechanical durability as received [w-%]1) Ear
Energy density as received [GJ/m3 or MWh/m3 loose or stacked volume] (amount of energy/volume
unit) E Designation for energy density [GJ/m3 or MWh/m3 loose or stacked volume]1) F Designation for amount of fines [w-%, as received] L Length as received [mm] L Designation for length as received [mm]1) Mar Total moisture content as received [w-%] on wet basis M Designation for moisture content as received [w-%]1) P Designation for particle size distribution as received [mm]1) qV,gr, d Gross calorific value at constant volume on dry basis [MJ/kg] qp,net,d Net calorific value at constant pressure on dry basis [MJ/kg] Q Designation for net calorific value as received, qp,net,ar [MJ/kg or kWh/kg or MWh/t] at constant pressure1) NOTE 1 MJ/kg equals 0,2778 kWh/kg (1 kWh/kg equals 1 MWh/t and 1 MWh/t is 3,6 MJ/kg). 1 g/cm3 equals 1 kg/dm3. 5 Principle Solid biofuels are specified by: a) origin and source, Clause 6; b) major traded forms and properties, Clause 7. For specification of origin and source, see Table 1. For major traded forms, see Table 2. For specification of properties see Tables 3 to 15. The major traded forms of solid biofuels are covered by
Tables 3 to 14. Table 15 is a general master table to be used for solid biofuels not covered by Tables 3 to 14.
1) Designation symbols are used in combination with a number to specify property levels in Tables 3 to 15. For designation of chemical properties chemical symbols like S (sulphur), Cl (chlorine), N (nitrogen) are used and the value is added at the end of the symbol. SIST EN 14961-1:2010
If solid biofuels fall outside the specifications of the major traded fuels given in Tables 3 to 14 then Table 15 should be used for specification purposes. Tables 3 to 15 list the normative properties, which shall be specified and informative properties, which are voluntary. Normative properties vary depending on both origin and traded form. EXAMPLE OF SPECIFICATION
Origin:
Logging residues (1.1.4) Traded form:
Wood chips Properties:
Particle size distribution P45, Moisture M40, Ash A1.5 In the case of wood chips (Table 5) the properties of dimensions, moisture and ash are normative in the specification. Other properties are informative. Specifications for high quality classes of solid biofuels are recommended for smaller scale appliances, such as in households and small commercial and public sector buildings. Product standards for such biofuels are given in other parts of EN 14961. 6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels 6.1 General The classification is based on the biofuel origin and source. In the hierarchical classification system (Table 1) the main origin-based solid biofuel groups are: a) woody biomass; b) herbaceous biomass; c) fruit biomass; and d) blends and mixtures. Woody biomass is biomass from trees, bushes and shrubs. Herbaceous biomass is from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the growing season. It includes grains and their by-products such as cereals. Fruit biomass is the biomass from the parts of a plant which are from or hold seeds. If appropriate, also the actual species (e.g. spruce, wheat) of biomass should be stated. The term “Blends and mixtures” in Table 1 refers to material of various origin within the given box in the classification table and appears on four levels. Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture shall be described using Table 1.
If solid biofuel blend or mixture may contain chemically treated material it shall be stated. The second level of classification in Table 1 describes fuels from different sources within the main groups, primarily stating whether the biomass is a virgin material, a by-product or a residue from the industry. Groups in Table 1 are further divided into third and fourth level sub-groups. The purpose of Table 1 is to allow the possibility to differentiate and specify biofuel material based on origin with as much detail as needed. With the help of typical values from informative Annex B information on physical and chemical properties can be deduced. Examples for classification according to Table 1: SIST EN 14961-1:2010
9 a) Whole trees without roots from birch (1.1.1.1); b) Logging residues (1.1.4); c) Logging residues from spruce stands (1.1.4.2); d) Sawdust from broad-leaf (1.2.1.1); e) Ply from coniferous(1.2.1.2); f) Plywood residues (1.2.2.1); g) Grinding dust from furniture industry (1.2.2.1); h) Lignin (1.2.2.4); i) Construction wood (1.3.1.1); j) Pallets (1.3.2.1); k) Reed canary grass (2.1.2.1); l) Straw from wheat, barley, oat, rye (2.1.1.2); m) Rice husk (2.1.1.4); n) Grains or seeds crops from food processing industry (2.2.1.1); o) Olive residues from olive pressing (3.2.2.4). SIST EN 14961-1:2010
Table 1 — Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels 1. Woody biomass 1.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood 1.1.1 Whole trees without roots 1.1.1.1 Broad-leaf 1.1.1.2 Coniferous 1.1.1.3 Short rotation coppice 1.1.1.4 Bushes 1.1.1.5 Blends and mixtures 1.1.2 Whole trees with roots 1.1.2.1 Broad-leaf 1.1.2.2 Coniferous 1.1.2.3 Short rotation coppice 1.1.2.4 Bushes 1.1.2.5 Blends and mixtures 1.1.3 Stemwood 1.1.3.1 Broad-leaf 1.1.3.2 Coniferous 1.1.3.3 Blends and mixtures 1.1.4 Logging residues 1.1.4.1 Fresh/Green, Broad-leaf
(including leaves) 1.1.4.2 Fresh/Green, Coniferous (including needles) 1.1.4.3 Stored, Broad-leaf
1.1.4.4 Stored, Coniferous 1.1.4.5 Blends and mixtures 1.1.5 Stumps/roots 1.1.5.1 Broad-leaf 1.1.5.2 Coniferous 1.1.5.3 Short rotation coppice 1.1.5.4 Bushes 1.1.5.5 Blends and mixtures 1.1.6 Bark (from forestry operations)a
1.1.7 Segregated wood from gardens, parks, roadside maintenance, vineyards and fruit orchards 1.1.8 Blends and mixtures 1.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry
1.2.1 Chemically untreated wood residues 1.2.1.1 Without bark, Broad-leaf 1.2.1.2 Without bark, Coniferous 1.2.1.3 With bark, Broad-leaf
1.2.1.4 With bark, Coniferous 1.2.1.5 Bark (from industry operations) a
1.2.2 Chemically treated wood residues, fibres and wood constituents 1.2.2.1 Without bark 1.2.2.2 With bark 1.2.2.3 Bark (from industry operations) a
1.2.2.4 Fibres and wood constituents 1.2.3 Blends and mixtures 1.3 Used wood 1.3.1 Chemically untreated wood 1.3.1.1 Without bark 1.3.1.2 With bark 1.3.1.3 Barka 1.3.2 Chemically treated wood 1.3.2.1 Without bark 1.3.2.2 With bark 1.3.2.3 Bark a 1.3.3 Blends and mixtures 1.4 Blends and mixtures a Cork waste is included in bark sub-groups. NOTE 1 For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this European Standard. Demolition wood is “used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations” (see prEN 14588). NOTE 2 If appropriate, also the actual species (e.g. spruce, wheat) of biomass may be stated. Wood species may be stated e.g. according to EN 13556, Round and sawn timber
Nomenclature of timbers used in Europe[1]. NOTE 3 Chemical treatment before harvesting of biomass does not need to be stated. Where any operator in the fuel supply chain has reason to suspects serious contamination of land (e.g. coal slag heaps) or if planting has been used specifically for the sequestration of chemicals or biomass is fertilized by sewage sludge (issued from waste water treatment or chemical process), fuel analysis should be carried out to identify chemical impurities such as halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals. SIST EN 14961-1:2010
11 Table 1 (continued) 2. Herbaceous biomass 2.1 Herbaceous biomass from agriculture and horticulture 2.1.1 Cereal crops 2.1.1.1 Whole plant 2.1.1.2 Straw parts 2.1.1.3 Grains or seeds 2.1.1.4 Husks or shells 2.1.1.5 Blends and mixtures 2.1.2 Grasses
2.1.2.1 Whole plant 2.1.2.2 Straw parts 2.1.2.3 Seeds 2.1.2.4 Shells 2.1.2.5 Blends and mixtures 2.1.3 Oil seed crops 2.1.3.1 Whole plant 2.1.3.2 Stalks and leaves 2.1.3.3 Seeds 2.1.3.4 Husks or shells 2.1.3.5 Blends and mixtures 2.1.4 Root crops 2.1.4.1 Whole plant 2.1.4.2 Stalks and leaves 2.1.4.3 Root 2.1.4.4 Blends and mixtures 2.1.5 Legume crops 2.1.5.1 Whole plant 2.1.5.2 Stalks and leaves 2.1.5.3 Fruit 2.1.5.4 Pods 2.1.5.5 Blends and mixtures 2.1.6 Flowers 2.1.6.1 Whole plant 2.1.6.2 Stalks and leaves 2.1.6.3 Seeds 2.1.6.4 Blends and mixtures 2.1.7 Segregated herbaceous biomass from gardens, parks, roadside maintenance, vineyards, and fruit orchards 2.1.8 Blends and mixtures 2.2 By-products and residues from herbaceous processing industry b 2.2.1 Chemically untreated herbaceous residues 2.2.1.1 Cereal crops and grasses 2.2.1.2 Oil seed crops 2.2.1.3 Root crops 2.2.1.4 Legume crops 2.2.1.5 Flowers 2.2.1.6 Blends and mixtures 2.2.2 Chemically treated herbaceous residues 2.2.2.1 Cereal crops and grasses 2.2.2.2 Oil seed crops 2.2.2.3 Root crops 2.2.2.4 Legume crops 2.2.2.5 Flowers 2.2.2.6 Blends and mixtures 2.2.3 Blends and mixtures 2.3 Blends and mixtures b Group 2.2 also includes residues and by-products from the food processing industry. SIST EN 14961-1:2010
Table 1 (concluded) 3. Fruit biomass
3.1 Orchard and horticulture fruit 3.1.1 Berries 3.1.1.1 Whole berries 3.1.1.2 Flesh 3.1.1.3 Seeds 3.1.1.4 Blends and mixtures 3.1.2 Stone/kernel fruits
3.1.2.1 Whole fruit 3.1.2.2 Flesh 3.1.2.3 Stone/kernel 3.1.2.4 Blends and mixtures 3.1.3 Nuts and acorns 3.1.3.1 Whole nuts 3.1.3.2 Shells/husks 3.1.3.3 Kernels 3.1.3.4 Blends and mixtures 3.1.4 Blends and mixtures 3.2 By-products and residues from fruit processing industry c 3.2.1 Chemically untreated fruit residues 3.2.1.1 Berries 3.2.1.2 Stone/kernel fruits 3.2.1.3 Nuts and acorns 3.2.1.4 Crude olive cake 3.2.1.5 Blends and mixtures 3.2.2 Chemically treated fruit residues 3.2.2.1 Berries 3.2.2.2 Stone/kernel fruits 3.2.2.3 Nuts and acorns 3.2.2.4 Exhausted olive cake 3.2.2.5 Blends and mixtures 3.2.3 Blends and mixtures 3.3 Blends and mixtures 4 Blends and mixtures
4.1 Blends 4.2 Mixtures c Group 3.2 also includes residues and by-products from the food processing industry. NOTE 4 Group 4 "Blends and mixtures" include blends and mixtures from the main origin-based solid biofuel groups 1 to 3. 6.2 Woody biomass 6.2.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood Forest, plantation and other virgin wood in this group may only have been subjected to size reduction, debarking, drying or wetting. Forest, plantation and other virgin wood includes wood from forests, parks, gardens, plantations and from short rotation forests and coppice.
6.2.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry
Wood by-products and wood residues from industrial production are classified in this group. These biofuels can be chemically untreated (for example residues from debarking, sawing or size reduction, shaping, pressing) or chemically treated wood residues from wood processing and the production of panels and furniture (glued, painted, coated, lacquered or otherwise treated wood), as long as they do not contain heavy metals or halogenated organic compounds as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating. NOTE This classification is in accordance with the classification in the European Waste Catalogue[2] including the waste code No. 03 01 (Wastes from wood processing and the production of panels and furniture). 6.2.3 Used wood This group includes post consumer/post society wood waste; natural or merely mechanically processed wood, contaminated only to an insignificant extent during use by substances that are not normally found in wood in its natural state (for example pallets, transport cases, boxes, wood packages, cable reels, construction wood). With respect to treatment the same criteria apply as with respect to "wood processing industry by-products and residues", i.e. the used wood shall not contain heavy metals or halogenated organic compounds as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating. SIST EN 14961-1:2010
13 NOTE This classification is in accordance with the classification in the European Waste Catalogue[2] including the waste codes No. 15 01 03 (Wooden packaging), 17 02 01 (Construction and demolition wood wastes, but without the demolition wood wastes, which are excluded according the scope) and 20 01 38 (Municipal wood wastes including separately collected fractions). 6.2.4 Blends and mixtures This refers to blends and mixtures of woody biomass in the groups 1.1 to 1.3 in Table 1. The mixing can be either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures). 6.3 Herbaceous biomass 6.3.1 Agriculture and horticulture herbaceous biomass Material, which comes directly from the field, perhaps after a storage period, and may only have been subject to size reduction and drying is included here. It covers herbaceous material from agricultural and horticultural fields and from gardens and parks. 6.3.2 By-products and residues from herbaceous processing industry This refers to any herbaceous biomass material that is left over after industrial handling and treatment. Examples are residues from the production of sugar from sugar beets, barley malt residues from beer production and raw vegetable residues from food processing industry. 6.3.3 Blends and mixtures This refers to blends and mixtures of herbaceous biomass in the groups 2.1 to 2.2 in Table 1. The mixing can be either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures). 6.4 Fruit biomass 6.4.1 Orchard and horticulture fruit Fruit from trees, bushes and fruit from herbs (e.g. tomatoes and grapes) are classified in this group. 6.4.2 By-products and residues from fruit processing industry This refers to a fruit biomass material that is left over after industrial handling and treatment.
Examples are pressing residues from olive oil or apple juice production and processed (e.g. heated, steamed, cooked, etc.) vegetable residues from food processing industry. 6.4.3 Blends and mixtures This refers to blends and mixtures of fruit biomass in the groups 3.1 to 3.2 in Table 1. The mixing can be either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures). 6.5 Biomass blends and mixtures These include blends and mixtures of different biomasses mentioned above under 6.2 to 6.4. The mixing can be either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures). SIST EN 14961-1:2010
7 Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties 7.1 Traded forms of solid biofuels Solid biofuels are traded in many different sizes and shapes. The size and shape influence the handling of the fuel as well as its combustion properties. Biofuels may be delivered for example in the forms shown in Table 2. Table 2 — Major traded forms of solid biofuels Fuel name Typical particle size Common preparation method Whole tree (Table 15) > 500 mm No preparation or delimbed Wood chips (Table 5) 5 mm to 100 mm Cutting with sharp tools Hog fuel (Table 6) Varying Crushing with blunt tools Log wood/firewood
(Table 7) 100 mm to 1 000 mm Cutting with sharp tools Bark (Table 10) Varying Debarking residue from trees Can be shredded or unshredded Bundle (Table 15) Varying Lengthways oriented & bound Fuel powder (Table 15) < 1 mm Milling Sawdust (Table 8) 1 mm to 5 mm Cutting with sharp tools Shavings (Table 9) 1 mm to 30mm Planing with sharp tools Briquettes (Table 3) Ø > 25 mm Mechanical compression Pellets (Table 4) Ø < 25 mm Mechanical compression Bales (Table 11) Small square bales Big square bales Round bales
0,1 m3 3,7 m3 2,1 m3
Compressed and bound to squares Compressed and bound to squares Compressed and bound to cylinders Chopped straw or energy grass (Table 15) 10 mm to 200 mm Chopped during harvesting or before combustion Grain (Table 12, Table 13) or seed (Table 13, Table 14) Varying No preparation or drying except for process operations necessary for storage for cereal grain Fruit stones or kernel (Table 13) 5 mm to 15 mm No preparation or pressing and extraction by chemicals. Fibre cake (Table 15) Varying Prepared from fibrous waste by dewatering NOTE 1 Also other forms may be used. NOTE 2 The definitions from different traded forms are in accordance with prEN 14588. Figures in the informative Annex A describe the particle size differences between different wood fuels and also the difference between wood chips and hog fuel. 7.2 Specification of properties of solid biofuels The European Standards listed in Clause 2 shall be used for the sampling and determination of properties of solid biofuels. The additional parts of 14961 (e.g. 14961-2, 14961-3, etc.) have been developed to describe non-industrial solid biofuel products. These Product Standards are recommended for smaller scale appliances, such as households and small commercial and public sector buildings. Wood pellets, wood briquettes, wood chips and firewood (log wood) are traded forms commonly used for small-scale applications. SIST EN 14961-1:2010
15 For a specification of a solid biofuel, the denominations given in Tables 3 to 15 are normative and informative properties. In Tables 3 to 14 solid biofuels are defined by property classes.
When specifying a class within a property, the average numerical value from the whole lot or defined portion from the lot (e.g. shipload, truckload or bag) shall determine which class shall be used. For an example in Table 6, the ash class A3.0 (≤ 3%) means that the average ash content shall be ≤ 3,0% to belong to this class. A general master table (Table 15) shall be used for solid biofuels not covered by Tables 3 to 14. If the properties being specified are sufficiently known through information about the origin and handling (or preparation method combined with experience) then physical/chemical analysis may not be needed.
To minimise resources needed, one of the measures in the following order is recommended: a) using typical values, e.g. laid down in Annex B, or obtained by experience; b) calculation of properties, e.g. by using typical values and considering documented specific values; c) carrying out of analysis:
1) with simplified methods if available;
2) with reference methods. The responsibility of the producer or supplier to provide correct and accurate information is exactly the same whether laboratory analysis is performed or not. Typical values do not negate the producer or supplier from providing accurate and reliable information. NOTE 1 Typical values for some physical and chemical properties of biofuels are listed in Annex B. These can be used as an indication of the properties when needed, however, they may not be used for the limitation of the fuel parameters. Conversion of a value on a dry basis (d) to a dry, ash free basis (daf) or to as received basis (ar) is given in CEN/TS 15296. NOTE 2 For Tables 3 to 15: only chemically treated biomass that are included in the scope, should be considered, i.e. wood waste which can contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, are not included. Examples of chemical treatment are mentioned in Annex C. NOTE 3 For Tables 3 to 15 is stated that the net calorific value should be specified on as received basis. The net calorific value will vary depending on the actual moisture content in the fuel. The value given in a specification is thus valid only for the actual connected moisture content. The net calorific value as received (qp,net,ar, designation Q) can be calculated using both the net calorific value on a dry basis (qp,net,d) and the moisture content (see Annex D). SIST EN 14961-1:2010
Table 3 — Specification of properties for briquettes
Master table
Origin: According to 6.1 and Table 1 Woody biomass (1); Herbaceous biomass (2);
Fruit biomass (3); Blends and mixtures (4).
Traded Form (see Table 2) Briquette Normative Dimensions (mm)
Diameter (D) or equivalent (diagonal or cross cut), mmD 40 25 ≤ D ≤ 40 LDDDDDDLLLLLLLLDDD L
Length
D
Diameter
Figure 2 — Examples of briquettes D 50 ≤ 50 D 60 ≤ 60 D 80 ≤ 80 D 100 ≤ 100 D 125 ≤ 125 D 125+ > 125 (maximum value to be stated) Length (L), mm L 50 ≤ 50 L 100 ≤ 100 L 200 ≤ 200 L 300 ≤ 300 L 400 ≤ 400 L 400+ > 400 (maximum value to be stated) Moisture, M (w-% as received) EN 14774-1, EN 14774-2 M10 ≤ 10 %
M15 ≤ 15 %
Ash, A (w-% of dry basis) EN 14775
A0.5 ≤ 0,5 %
A0.7 ≤ 0,7 %
A1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A2.0 ≤ 2,0 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A5.0 ≤ 5,0 %
A7.0 ≤ 7,0 %
A10.0 ≤ 10,0 %
A10.0+
> 10,0 % (maximum value to be stated) Particle density, DE (g/cm3) CEN/TS 15150
DE0.8 ≥ 0,8
DE0.9 ≥ 0,9
DE1.0 ≥ 1,0
DE1.1 ≥ 1,1
DE1.2 ≥ 1,2
DE1.2+ > 1,2 (maximum value to be stated)
Additives (w-% of pressing mass) a Type and content of pressing aids, slagging inhibitors or any other additives have to be stated Net calorific value as received, Q (MJ/kg or kWh/kg)EN 14918 Minimum value to be stated SIST EN 14961-1:2010
Normative / informative Mechanical durability, DU
(w-% of briquettes after testing) CEN/TS 15210-2DU95.0 ≥ 95,0 % Informative: DU90.0 ≥ 90,0 % only if traded in bulk DU90.0- < 90,0 % (minimum value to be stated) Nitrogen, N (w-% of dry basis) CEN/TS 15104 N0.3 ≤ 0,3 % Normative:
Chemically treated biomass (1.2.2; 1.3.2; 2.2.2; 3.2.2) Informative:
All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions above) N0.5 ≤ 0,5 % N1.0 ≤ 1,0 % N2.0 ≤ 2,0 % N3.0 ≤ 3,0 % N3.0+ >3,0 % (maximum value to be stated) Sulphur, S (w-% of dry basis) CEN/TS 15289 S0.02 ≤ 0,02 % Normative: Chemically treated biomass (1.2.2; 1.3.2; 2.2.2; 3.2.2) or if sulphur containing additives have been used.
Informative: All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions above) S0.05 ≤ 0,05 % S0.08 ≤ 0,08 % S0.10 ≤ 0,10 % S0.20 ≤ 0,20 % S0.20+ > 0,20 % (maximum value to be stated) Chlorine, Cl (w-% of dry basis) CEN/TS 15289 Cl0.02 ≤ 0,02 % Normative:
Chemically treated biomass
(1.2.2; 1.3.2; 2.2.2; 3.2.2) Informative:
All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions above) Cl0.03 ≤ 0,03 % Cl0.07 ≤ 0,07 % Cl0.10 ≤ 0,10 % Cl0.10+ > 0,10 % (maximum value to be stated) Informative: Ash melting behaviour (°C) CEN/TS 15370-1 Deformation temperature, DT should be stated a The maximum amount of additive is 20 w-% of pressing mass. Type stated as chemical substance (e.g. starch). If amount is greater, then raw material for briquette is blend. NOTE 4 Special attention should be paid to the ash melting behaviour for some biomass fuels, for example eucalyptus, poplar, short rotation coppice, straw, miscanthus and olive stone. SIST EN 14961-1:2010
Table 4 —Specification of properties for pellets
Master table
Origin: According to 6.1 and Table 1 Woody biomass (1); Herbaceous biomass (2); Fruit biomass (3); Blends and mixtures (4).
Traded Form (see Table 2) Pellets Normative
L
Length
D
Diameter
Figure 3 — Dimensions (mm)
Dimensions (mm) Diameter (D) and Length (L) a D 06 6 mm ± 1,0 mm and 3,15 ≤ L ≤ 40 mm D 08 8 mm ± 1,0 mm, and 3,15 ≤ L ≤ 40 mm D 10 10 mm ± 1,0 mm, and 3,15 ≤ L ≤ 40 mm D 12 12 mm ± 1,0 mm, and 3,15 ≤ L ≤ 50 mm D 25 25 mm ± 1,0 mm, and 10 ≤ L ≤ 50 mm Moisture, M (w-% as received) EN 14774-1, EN 14774-2 M10 ≤ 10 %
M15 ≤ 15 %
Ash, A (w-% of dry basis) EN 14775
A0.5 ≤ 0,5%
A0.7 ≤ 0,7%
A1.0 ≤ 1,0% A1.5 ≤ 1,5 % A2.0 ≤ 2,0 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A5.0 ≤ 5,0 %
A7.0 ≤ 7,0 %
A10.0 ≤ 10,0 %
A10.0+ > 10,0 % Mechanical durability, DU
(w-% of pellets after testing) EN 15210-1 DU97.5 ≥ 97,5 %
DU96.5 ≥ 96,5 %
DU95.0 ≥ 95,0 %
DU95.0- < 95,0 % (minimum value to be stated)
Amount of fines, F (w-%, < 3,15 mm b) after production when loaded or packed, CEN/TS 15149-1 F1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
F2.0 ≤ 2,0 %
F3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
F5.0 ≤ 5,0 %
F5.0+ > 5,0 % (maximum value to be stated)
Additives (w-% of pressing mass) c Type and content of pressing aids, slagging inhibitors or any other additives have to be stated Bulk density (BD) as received (kg/m3) EN 15103 BD550 > 550 kg/m3 BD600 > 600 kg/m3 BD650 > 650 kg/m3 BD700 > 700 kg/m3 BD700+ > 700 kg/m3 (minimum value to be stated) Net calorific value as received, Q (MJ/kg or kWh/kg) EN 14918 Minimum value to be stated LDSIST EN 14961-1:2010
Normative / informative Sulphur, S (w-% of dry basis) CEN/TS 15289 S0.02 ≤ 0,02 % Normative:
Chemically treated biomass (1.2.2; 1.3.2; 2.2.2; 3.2.2) or if sulphur containing additives have been used.
Informative:
All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions above) S0.05 ≤ 0,05 % S0.08 ≤ 0,08 % S0.10 ≤ 0,10 % S0.20 ≤ 0,20 % S0.20+ > 0,20 % (maximum value to be stated)Nitrogen, N (w-% of dry basis) CEN/TS 15104 N0.3 ≤ 0,3 % Normative:
Chemically treated biomass (1.2.2; 1.3.2; 2.2.2; 3.2.2) Informative:
All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions above) N0.5 ≤ 0,5 % N1.0 ≤ 1,0 % N2.0 ≤ 2,0 % N3.0 ≤ 3,0 % N3.0+ > 3,0 % (maximum value to be stated) Chlorine, Cl (w-% of dry basis) CEN/TS 15289 Cl0.02 ≤ 0,02 % Normative:
Chemically treated biomass
(1.2.2; 1.3.2; 2.2.2; 3.2.2) Informative:
All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions above) Cl0.03 ≤ 0,03 % Cl0.07 ≤ 0,07 % Cl0.10 ≤ 0,10 % Cl0.10+ > 0,10 % (maximum value to be stated) Informative: Ash melting behaviour (°C) CEN/TS 15370-1 Deformation temperature, DT should be stated a Amount of pellets longer than 40 mm (or 50 mm) can be 5 w-%. Maximum length for classes D06, D08 and D10 shall be < 45 mm. b Fines shall be determined by using method CEN/TS 15149-1. c The maximum amount of additive is 20 w-% of pressing mass. Type stated (e.g. starch). If amount is greater, then raw material for pellet is blend. NOTE 5 Special attention should be paid to the ash melting behaviour for some biomass fuels, for example eucalyptus, poplar, short rotation coppice, straw, miscanthus and olive stone. SIST EN 14961-1:2010
Table 5 —Specification of properties for wood chips
Master table
Origin: According to 6.1 and Table 1. Woody biomass (1)
Traded Form Wood chips Normative Dimensions (mm) CEN/TS 15149-1, CEN/TS 15149-2
Main fraction (minimum 75 w-%), mm a Fines fraction, w-% (< 3,15 mm) Coarse fraction, (w-%), max. length of particle, mm
P16A c P16B c 3,15 < P < 16 mm 3,15 < P < 16 mm < 12 % < 12 % < 3 % > 16 mmand all < 31,5 mm
< 3 % > 45 mm and all < 120 mm P45A c P45B c 8 < P < 45 mm 8 < P < 45 mm b < 8 % b < 8 % b < 6 % > 63 mmand maximum 3,5 % > 100 mm, all < 120 mm < 6 % > 63 mm and maximum 3,5 % > 100 mm, all < 350 mmP63 c 8 < P < 63 mm b < 6 % b < 6 % > 100 mm, all < 350 mm P100 c 16 < P < 100 mm b < 4 % b < 6 % > 200 mm, all < 350 mm Moisture, M (w-% as received) EN 14774-1, EN 14774-2 M10 ≤ 10 %
M15 ≤ 15 %
M20 ≤ 20 %
M25 ≤ 25 %
M30 ≤ 30 %
M35 ≤ 35 %
M40 ≤ 40 % M45 ≤ 45 % M50 ≤ 50 % M55 ≤ 55 % M55+ > 55 % (maximum value to be stated) Ash, A (w-% of dry basis) EN 14775
A0.5 ≤ 0,5 %
A0.7 ≤ 0,7 %
A1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A2.0 ≤ 2,0 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A5.0 ≤ 5,0 %
A7.0 ≤ 7,0 %
A10.0 ≤ 10,0 %
A10.0+ > 10,0 % (maximum value to be stated) Normative / informative Nitrogen, N (w-% of dry basis) CEN/TS 15104 N0.3 ≤ 0,3 % Normative:
Chemically treated biomass (1.2.2; 1.3.2) Informative:
All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions above) N0.5 ≤ 0,5 % N1.0 ≤ 1,0 % N2.0 ≤ 2,0 % N3.0 ≤ 3,0 % N3.0+ > 3,0 % (maximum value to be stated) Chlorine, Cl (w-% of dry basis) CEN/TS 15289 Cl0.02 ≤ 0,02 % Normative:
Chemically treated biomass (1.2.2; 1.3.2) Informative:
All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions above) Cl0.03 ≤ 0,03 % Cl0.07 ≤ 0,07 % Cl0.10 ≤ 0,10 % Cl0.10+ > 0,10 % (maximum value to be stated) SIST EN 14961-1:2010
Informative Net calorific value, Q (MJ/kg or kWh/kg as received) or energy density, E (MJ/ m3 loose or kWh/m3 loose) EN 14918 Minimum value to be stated
Bulk density (BD) as received (kg/m3) EN 15103 BD150 BD200 BD250 BD300 BD350 BD400 BD450 BD450+ > 150
> 200
> 250
> 300 > 350 > 400 > 450 > 450 (minimum value to be stated) Recommended to be stated if traded by volume basis
Ash melting behaviour (°C) CEN/TS 15370-1 Deformation temperature, DT should be stated a The numerical values (P-class) for dimension refer to the particle sizes (at least 75 w-%) passing through the mentioned round hole sieve size (CEN/TS 15149-1). The cross sectional area of the oversized particles shall be P16 < 1 cm², for P45 < 5 cm², for P63 < 10 cm² and P100 < 18 cm². b For logging residue chips, which include thin particles like needles, leaves and branches, the main fraction for P45B is 3,15 < P < 45 mm, for P63 is 3,15 < P < 63 mm and for P100 is 3,15 < P < 100 mm and amount of fines (< 3,15 mm) may be maximum 25 w-%.
c Property classes P16A, P16B and P45A are for non-industrial and property class P45B, P63 and P100 for industrial appliances. In industrial classes P45B, P63 and P100 the amount of fines may be stated from the following F04, F06, F08. NOTE 6 Special attention should be paid to the ash melting behaviour for some biomass fuels, for example eucalyptus, poplar, short rotation coppice. SIST EN 14961-1:2010
Table 6 —Specification of properties for hog fuel
Master table
Origin: According to 6.1 and Table 1. Woody biomass (1)
Traded Form Hog fuel Normative Dimensions (mm) CEN/TS 15149-1, CEN/TS 15149-2 Main fraction (minimum 75 w-%), mm a Coarse fraction, w-% (max. length of particle, mm) b P16 3,15< P < 16 mm < 6 % > 45 mmand all < 120 mm P45 3,15
63 mmand all < 350 mm P63 3,15 < P < 63 mm < 10 % > 100 mm and all < 350 mm P100 3,15 < P < 100 mm < 10 % > 125 mm and all < 350 mm P125 3,15 < P < 125 mm < 10 % > 150 mm and all < 350 mm P200 3,15 < P < 200 mm to be specified P300 3,15 < P < 300 mm to be specified Fine fraction (< 3,15 mm), % of weight, CEN/TS 15149-2 F06 < 6 %
F10 < 10 %
F12 < 12 %
F15 < 15 %
F20 < 20 %
F25 < 25 %
Moisture, M (w-% as received) EN 14774-1, EN 14774-2 M10 ≤ 10 %
M15 ≤ 15 %
M20 ≤ 20 %
M25 ≤ 25 %
M30 ≤ 30 %
M35 ≤ 35 %
M40 ≤ 40 % M45 ≤ 45 % M50 ≤ 50 % M55 ≤ 55 % M55+ > 55 % (maximum value
...
SIST EN 14961-1:2010 표준은 고체 바이오연료의 연료 품질 클래스 및 사양을 명확하게 규정하는 유럽 표준입니다. 이 표준은 농업 및 임업에서 유래한 제품, 농업 및 임업의 식물 폐기물, 식품 가공 산업의 식물 폐기물, 그리고 특정 조건을 충족하는 목재 폐기물 등을 포함한 범위를 설정합니다. 이 표준의 주요 강점 중 하나는 고체 바이오연료의 품질을 일관되게 평가할 수 있는 명확한 기준을 제공한다는 점입니다. 특히, 처리 과정에서 할로겐화 유기 화합물이나 중금속을 포함할 수 있는 목재 폐기물은 제외하고, 특정 종류의 식물성 폐기물과 코르크 폐기물만 포함하여 품질 안전성을 높입니다. 이러한 세부적인 기준은 바이오연료의 오염 가능성을 줄여주며, 환경 보호에 기여합니다. 또한, EN 14961-1:2010은 건설 및 철거 폐기물에서 발생하는 재사용 가능한 목재와 같은 혼란스러운 원료를 명확하게 구분하여, 표준의 신뢰성을 더욱 강화하는 데 기여합니다. 이와 같은 철저한 기준 설정은 기업들이 고품질의 바이오연료를 생산하고, 거래하는 데 필요한 기반을 마련해 주며, 산업 전반의 신뢰도를 높이는 데 중요한 역할을 합니다. 이 표준은 또한 전 세계적인 지속 가능성 요구 사항에 부합하며, 고체 바이오연료의 유통 및 사용에 있어 필수적인 지침을 제공함으로써, 재생 에너지 산업의 성장과 발전에 적합한 기준을 제시합니다. 유럽 내에서의 바이오연료 사용 증대에 따라 이 표준의 적용 범위와 중요성은 더욱 커질 것으로 예상됩니다.
Das Dokument SIST EN 14961-1:2010 ist ein entscheidender Standard in der Europanormenreihe, der spezifische Anforderungen und Klassen für feste Biobrennstoffe festlegt. Der Umfang des Standards konzentriert sich auf Biobrennstoffe, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammen, darunter landwirtschaftliche Produkte, pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Landwirtschaft und Forstwirtschaft sowie Abfälle aus der Lebensmittelindustrie. Besonders hervorzuheben ist die klare Definition der Ausschlüsse, wie beispielsweise die explizite Nennung, dass Abbruchholz nicht in den Geltungsbereich dieses Standards fällt. Dies ist wichtig, um Missverständnisse zu vermeiden und sicherzustellen, dass die vorgeschriebenen Qualitätskriterien für Biobrennstoffe eingehalten werden. Ein weiterer Stärke des Standards ist die detaillierte Klassifikation der Brennstoffe, die eine einheitliche Grundlage für die Bewertung der Qualität von festen Biobrennstoffen bietet. Dies fördert nicht nur die Transparenz im Handel mit diesen Brennstoffen, sondern unterstützt auch die Einhaltung von Umweltstandards. Die Berücksichtigung von Abfällen aus verschiedenen Wirtschaftsbereichen, wie der Papierproduktion und der Korkverarbeitung, zeigt zudem die Vielseitigkeit und Relevanz des Standards für die nachhaltige Nutzung von Ressourcen. Die Vorgabe, dass pflanzliche Abfälle, die vor Ort mit Energiegewinnung verbrannt werden, unter bestimmten Bedingungen als Biobrennstoffe gelten, ist ein weiterer positiver Aspekt. Dies unterstreicht die nachhaltige Nutzung von Biomasse und fördert innovative Ansätze zur Energiegewinnung. Insgesamt stellt der Standard EN 14961-1:2010 eine fundamentale Richtlinie für die Industrie dar, die nicht nur die Qualität und Sicherheit der Biobrennstoffe gewährleistet, sondern auch die Nachhaltigkeit der Ressourcen nutzt. Die klare und präzise Gestaltung des Standards trägt dazu bei, ihn zu einem wichtigen Instrument in der Entwicklung einer grünen Energiewirtschaft in Europa zu machen.
SIST EN 14961-1:2010は、固体バイオ燃料に関する欧州標準の一部であり、燃料の品質クラスと仕様を定めています。この標準の範囲は、農業や林業からの製品、農業及び林業からの植物性廃棄物、食品加工業からの植物性廃棄物、さらには特定の基準を満たす木材廃棄物に限定されています。これにより、固体バイオ燃料の品質や特性が保証され、信頼性の高い燃料供給が可能となります。 この標準の強みは、環境への配慮を重視している点にあります。固体バイオ燃料は再生可能エネルギーとしてのポテンシャルが高く、持続可能なエネルギー利用の促進に寄与します。また、標準は明確に適用範囲を定義しているため、使用する材料の選定が容易であり、関連する業界の規制遵守にも役立ちます。 さらに、EN 14961-1:2010は、固体バイオ燃料の規制や取引において必要な透明性を確保します。この標準に基づくことで、バイオ燃料の品質評価が統一され、信頼性の向上にも繋がります。特に、廃棄物からの利用促進が求められる現代において、この標準はその重要性がさらに増しています。 総じて、SIST EN 14961-1:2010は、固体バイオ燃料の品質を確保し、持続可能なエネルギーの利用を促進するための基盤を提供する重要な標準です。その明確な範囲設定と、環境への配慮は、バイオ燃料業界における信頼性と持続可能性を高める要素となっています。
The EN 14961-1:2010 standard is a crucial document that defines the fuel specifications and classes for solid biofuels, providing a comprehensive framework for ensuring quality and sustainability in this sector. The scope of this European Standard is thoughtfully delineated to address solid biofuels derived from various specific sources, including products from agriculture and forestry, vegetable waste from both agriculture and processing, and certain types of wood waste, excluding materials treated with harmful substances. This precise categorization reinforces the commitment to environmental safety and health. One of the strengths of the EN 14961-1:2010 standard lies in its thoroughness in specifying what is encompassed and what is not, thereby enhancing clarity for manufacturers, suppliers, and end-users. By excluding demolition wood and aquatic biomass, the standard narrows its focus to relevant materials, ensuring that the quality parameters set forth are applicable to the intended resources, which enhances the reliability of solid biofuels as a sustainable energy source. Additionally, the emphasis on quality classes within the scope is significant. Establishing clear fuel quality classes not only aids in consistent product assessment across the industry but also fosters trust among consumers and regulatory bodies. This attention to detail helps in stimulating market growth for solid biofuels while ensuring compliance with environmental standards, making it highly relevant in today’s context where sustainable energy sources are in increasing demand. The standard is also timely, as it addresses a growing global concern about renewable energy options derived from solid biofuels. By providing clearly defined specifications and class systems, this document serves as an essential resource for industry stakeholders looking to optimize biofuel production and utilization practices. In summary, EN 14961-1:2010 offers significant strength through its clear scope, detailed specifications, and commitment to environmental sustainability, solidifying its relevance in the evolving landscape of bioenergy.
La norme EN 14961-1:2010 fournit des spécifications et des classes de qualité pour les bioénergies solides, jouant un rôle crucial dans la normalisation des combustibles à base de biomasse. Le champ d'application de cette norme européenne est clairement défini, englobant une variété de sources telles que les produits agricoles et forestiers, ainsi que les déchets végétaux issus de l'industrie alimentaire et du traitement des déchets de bois. Parmi les forces de cette norme, on note sa capacité à établir des exigences générales pour les biocombustibles solides, ce qui favorise une meilleure compréhension et une certification cohérente au niveau européen. Cela facilite non seulement le commerce de ces combustibles, mais garantit également que les produits répondent à des critères de qualité spécifiques, essentiels pour une utilisation efficace et durable. Les exclusions claires, comme les déchets de démolition et les biomasses aquatiques, renforcent la pertinence de la norme en évitant les ambiguïtés concernant les matériaux couverts. L'EN 14961-1:2010 se positionne ainsi comme une référence incontournable pour les acteurs du marché des biomasses solides, s'assurant que les matériaux utilisés respectent des standards environnementaux et de sécurité. La norme a également un impact positif sur le développement de la filière biocombustible, alignant les pratiques industrielles sur les enjeux écologiques contemporains, et favorisant ainsi une transition vers des sources d'énergie renouvelables plus durables.
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