EN 16416:2023
(Main)Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head
Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head
This document specifies an index test method that covers laboratory measurement of water flux through saturated clay geosynthetic barrier (GBR-C) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter at constant head.
This test method is applicable to GBR-C products with no additional sealing layers attached (e.g. polymeric or bituminous).
This test method specifies a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance.
The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service flux of a GBR-C.
Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen - Bestimmung der Durchflussrate - Triaxialzellen-Methode mit konstanter Druckhöhe
Dieses Dokument legt ein Index Prüfverfahren fest, das eine Labormessung der Durchflussrate von Wasser durch gesättigte Messproben einer geosynthetischen Tondichtungsbahn (GBR C) bei konstanter Druckhöhe unter Anwendung eines Durchlässigkeitsmessgerätes mit Triaxialzellen umfasst.
Dieses Prüfverfahren ist auf GBR C Produkte ohne aufgebrachte zusätzliche Dichtungsschicht (z. B. polymer oder bitumenhaltig) anwendbar.
Dieses Prüfverfahren legt ein Messverfahren für die Durchflussrate unter einem vorgeschriebenen Satz von Bedingungen fest, das zur Qualitätsüberwachung bei der Herstellung angewendet werden kann. Das Prüfverfahren kann außerdem zur Konformitätsprüfung angewendet werden.
Der nach diesem Prüfverfahren bestimmte Wert der Durchflussrate wird nicht als repräsentativ für die Durchflussrate einer im Einsatz befindlichen GBR C angesehen.
Barrières géosynthétiques argileuses - Détermination de l'indice eau par analyse en flux - Méthode au perméamètre à paroi flexible de charge constante
Ce document spécifie une méthode d’essai « index » relative à la mesure en laboratoire du flux d’eau au travers d’éprouvettes de géosynthétiques bentonitiques (GSB) saturés, utilisant un perméamètre à paroi flexible à charge constante.
Cette méthode d’essai est applicable aux géosynthétiques bentonitiques sans couches d’étanchéité supplémentaires liées (par exemple, polymériques ou bitumineuses).
Cette méthode d’essai spécifie la mesure du flux dans un ensemble de conditions prescrites qui peut être utilisée pour le contrôle de qualité de la fabrication. La méthode d’essai peut également être utilisée pour vérifier la conformité.
La valeur du flux déterminée à l’aide de cette méthode d’essai n’est pas considérée comme étant représentative du flux en service d’un GSB.
Geosintetične glinene pregrade - Ugotavljanje indeksa vodnega pretoka - Metoda s permeametrom (merilnikom prepustnosti) z gibko steno pri konstantnem vodnem tlaku
Ta evropski standard opisuje metodo za preskušanje indeksa, ki zajema laboratorijsko merjenje vodnega pretoka skozi nasičene vzorce glinene geosintetične pregrade (GBR-C) s permeametrom (merilnikom prepustnosti) z gibko steno pri konstantnem vodnem tlaku.
Ta preskusna metoda se uporablja za izdelke GBR-C brez dodatnih tesnilnih plasti.
Ta preskusna metoda omogoča merjenje pretoka pri predpisanem naboru pogojev, ki se lahko uporablja za kontrolo kakovosti proizvodnje. Preskusna metoda se lahko uporablja tudi za preverjanje skladnosti.
Vrednost pretoka, določena s to preskusno metodo, se ne šteje kot reprezentativna za pretok med obratovanjem GBR-C.
General Information
Relations
Overview - EN 16416:2023 (Geosynthetic clay barriers, water flux index)
EN 16416:2023 is a CEN laboratory test standard that defines an index method for measuring the water flux through saturated geosynthetic clay barrier (GBR‑C) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter at constant head. The method applies to GBR‑C products without additional sealing layers (no polymeric or bituminous overlays). The measured flux is an index value for manufacturing quality control and conformance testing and is not intended to represent the in‑service flux of a GBR‑C.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Test principle: Measurement of volumetric flux (flow per unit area) through a saturated GBR‑C specimen under a prescribed constant head using a flexible wall permeameter.
- Apparatus essentials: constant‑head hydraulic system, cell pressure system (flexible membrane cell), porous end pieces, filter paper, de‑aired de‑ionized permeant water, vacuum pump, and temperature control.
- Performance tolerances: hydraulic pressure control to ±2.5%, head loss maintained to ±5%, and flow measurement uncertainty of ±5%.
- Specimen preparation: representative sampling per EN ISO 9862; specimen diameter typically (100 ± 2) mm; careful handling to avoid loss of bentonite at the perimeter.
- Permeant water and saturation: use of de‑aired, de‑ionized water; avoid prolonged exposure to air; cell back‑pressure capability and de‑airing procedures to ensure saturation.
- Measurement details: monitoring of specimen height/deformation (extensometer or piston), minimization of system dead space and dissolved gas, and recommended filter paper (e.g., Whatman No.1) between specimen and porous end pieces.
- Reporting & calculation: standardized calculation of flux and informational annexes on hydraulic conductivity and permittivity; required test report contents specified.
Practical applications
- Manufacturing quality control: routine index testing to detect batch variability in GBR‑C production.
- Conformance testing: verification that products meet supplier or project specifications for water flux index.
- Product development and comparative testing: R&D and benchmark testing of GBR‑C materials or formulations.
- Laboratory accreditation and procurement: provides a harmonized European method for contract test clauses and acceptance criteria.
Who uses this standard
- Geosynthetic manufacturers and quality managers
- Independent testing laboratories and accredited test houses
- Geotechnical and environmental consultants specifying containment systems
- Authorities and procurement teams evaluating GBR‑C conformance
Related standards
- EN ISO 9862 - Sampling and preparation of geosynthetic test specimens
- ISO 554 - Standard atmospheres for conditioning/testing
- ISO 11465 - Determination of dry matter and water content
Keywords: EN 16416:2023, geosynthetic clay barriers, GBR‑C, water flux index, flexible wall permeameter, constant head, permeant water, manufacturing quality control.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 16416:2023 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head". This standard covers: This document specifies an index test method that covers laboratory measurement of water flux through saturated clay geosynthetic barrier (GBR-C) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter at constant head. This test method is applicable to GBR-C products with no additional sealing layers attached (e.g. polymeric or bituminous). This test method specifies a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance. The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service flux of a GBR-C.
This document specifies an index test method that covers laboratory measurement of water flux through saturated clay geosynthetic barrier (GBR-C) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter at constant head. This test method is applicable to GBR-C products with no additional sealing layers attached (e.g. polymeric or bituminous). This test method specifies a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance. The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service flux of a GBR-C.
EN 16416:2023 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles; 91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 16416:2023 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 16416:2013. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 16416:2023 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 305/2011. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase EN 16416:2023 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2023
Geosintetične glinene pregrade - Ugotavljanje indeksa vodnega pretoka - Metoda s
permeametrom (merilnikom prepustnosti) z gibko steno pri konstantnem vodnem
tlaku
Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall
permeameter method at constant head
Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen - Bestimmung der Durchflussrate - Triaxialzellen-
Methode mit konstanter Druckhöhe
Barrières géosynthétiques argileuses - Détermination de l'indice eau par analyse en flux
- Méthode au perméamètre à paroi flexible de charge constante
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 16416:2023
ICS:
59.080.70 Geotekstilije Geotextiles
91.100.50 Veziva. Tesnilni materiali Binders. Sealing materials
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 16416
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50 Supersedes EN 16416:2013
English Version
Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux
index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant
head
Barrières géosynthétiques argileuses - Détermination Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen - Bestimmung
de l'indice eau par analyse en flux - Méthode au der Durchflussrate - Triaxialzellen-Methode mit
perméamètre à paroi flexible de charge constante konstanter Druckhöhe
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 December 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 16416:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
1 Scope . 4
2 Normative references . 4
3 Terms and definitions . 4
4 Apparatus . 4
5 Permeant water . 9
6 Specimen sampling and preparation . 9
7 Procedure . 9
8 Calculation . 11
9 Test report . 11
Annex A (informative) Hydraulic conductivity calculation . 12
Annex B (informative) Permittivity calculation . 13
Bibliography . 14
European foreword
This document (EN 16416:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 189
“Geosynthetics”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by August 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 16416:2013.
In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made:
— Addition of details in Figure 1;
— Addition of details in 7.5 on the compressive stress.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
1 Scope
This document specifies an index test method that covers laboratory measurement of water flux through
saturated clay geosynthetic barrier (GBR-C) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter at constant
head.
This test method is applicable to GBR-C products with no additional sealing layers attached (e.g.
polymeric or bituminous).
This test method specifies a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used
for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance.
The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service
flux of a GBR-C.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 9862, Geosynthetics — Sampling and preparation of test specimens (ISO 9862)
ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 11465, Soil quality — Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis — Gravimetric
method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
flux
volumetric flow rate per unit area normal to the plane of the product at a specified head
[SOURCE: EN ISO 10318-1:2015, 2.3.3.4]
4 Apparatus
The apparatus shall consist of the following.
4.1 Constant head hydraulic system
4.1.1 General
The system shall be capable of maintaining constant hydraulic pressures to within ± 2,5 % and shall
include means to measure the hydraulic pressures to within the prescribed tolerance. In addition, the
system shall be capable of maintaining a constant head loss across the test specimen to within ± 5 % and
shall include means to measure the head loss with the same uncertainty of measurement or better.
4.1.2 System de-airing
The hydraulic system shall be designed to facilitate rapid and complete removal of free air bubbles from
flow lines.
4.1.3 Cell pressure system
The hydraulic system shall have the capability to apply back pressure to the specimen to facilitate
saturation. The system shall be capable of maintaining the applied back pressure throughout the duration
of the test. The cell pressure system shall be capable of applying, controlling, and measuring the back
pressure to within ± 2,5 % of the applied pressure. The back pressure may be provided by a compressed
gas supply, a deadweight acting on a piston, or any other method capable of applying and controlling the
back pressure to the tolerance specified in this paragraph.
NOTE Application of gas pressure directly to a liquid will dissolve gas in the liquid. A variety of techniques are
available to minimize dissolution of gas in the back-pressure liquid, including separation of gas and liquid phases
with a bladder and frequent replacement of the liquid with de-aired water.
4.2 Flow Measurement System
4.2.1 Uncertainty of measurement of inflow and outflow
Both inflow and outflow volumes shall be measured unless the lack of leakage, continuity of flow, and
cessation of consolidation or swelling can be verified by other means. Required uncertainty of
measurement for the flow measured over an interval of time is ± 5 %.
4.2.2 De-airing and compliance of the system
The flow-measurement system shall contain a minimum of dead space and be capable of complete and
rapid de-airing. Rigid tubing shall be used so that volume change of the system in response to changes in
pressure is minimized.
4.3 Permeameter cell pressure system
The system for pressurizing the permeameter cell shall be capable of applying and maintaining the cell
pressure to within ± 2,5 % of the applied pressure. However, the effective stress on the test specimen
shall be maintained to the desired value with a maximum permissible error of ± 5 %. The device for
pressurizing the cell may consist of a reservoir connected to the permeameter cell and partially filled
with de-aired water, with the upper part of the reservoir connected to a compressed gas supply or other
source of pressure (see NOTE).
NOTE De-aired water is commonly used for the cell liquid to minimize potential for diffusion of air through the
membrane into the specimen. Other liquids, such as oils, which have low gas solubilities, are also acceptable,
provided they do not react with components of the permeameter and the flexible membrane. The use of a long
(approximately 5 m to 7 m) tube connecting the pressurized cell liquid to the cell can help delay the appearance of
air in the cell liquid and to reduce the flux of dissolved air into the cell.
4.4 Permeameter Cell
An apparatus shall be provided in which the specimen and porous end pieces, enclosed by a flexible
membrane sealed to the cap and base, are subjected to controlled liquid pressures. A schematic diagram
of a typical cell is shown in Figure 1.
The permeameter cell shall allow for observation of changes in height of the specimen, either by
observation through the cell wall using a suitable instrument or by monitoring of either a loading piston
or an extensometer extending through the top plate of the cell bearing on the top cap and attached to a
suitable measuring device.
The piston or extensometer – if used – shall pass through a bushing and seal incorporated into the top
plate and shall be loaded with sufficient force to compensate for the cell pressure acting over the cross-
sectional area of the piston where it passes through the seal. If deformations are measured, the
deformation indicator shall be graduated to 0,01 mm or better and shall have an adequate travel range.
This piston or extensometer shall not restrict the swelling of the specimen.
To facilitate gas removal, and thus saturation of the hydraulic system, four drainage lines leading to the
specimen, two each to the base and top cap, are recommended. The drainage lines shall be controlled by
no-volume-change valves, such as ball valves, and shall be designed to minimize dead space in the lines.
4.5 Top cap and base
An impermeable, rigid top cap and base shall be used to support the specimen and provide for
transmission of permeant liquid to and from the specimen. The base shall prevent leakage, lateral motion,
or tilting, and the top cap shall be designed to receive the piston or extensometer, if used, such that the
piston-to-top cap
...
記事タイトル：EN 16416:2023 - ジオシンセティッククレイバリア - 一定の水頭圧でのフレキシブル壁透水計法による水フラックス指数の決定 記事内容：この文書は、フレキシブル壁透水計を使用して飽和したクレイ地質合成バリア（GBR-C）試料を通じて水のフラックスを実験室で測定するためのインデックステスト方法を規定しています。このテスト方法は、追加のシール層（例：ポリマーまたはビチューメン）のないGBR-C製品に適用されます。このテスト方法は、製造品質管理に使用される所定の条件下でのフラックスの測定を指定しています。ただし、このテスト方法で得られるフラックス値は、GBR-Cの実際の使用中のフラックスを正確に表していないと考えられます。
The article discusses EN 16416:2023, a standard that provides a test method for measuring the water flow through geosynthetic clay barriers (GBR-C) using a flexible wall permeameter at a constant head. This method is applicable to GBR-C products without any additional sealing layers. The test measures the water flow under specific conditions and can be utilized for manufacturing quality control and ensuring compliance. However, it should be noted that the flux value obtained through this test method may not accurately represent the actual water flow of a GBR-C in real-world conditions.
제목: EN 16416:2023 - 지질합성 클레이 장벽 - 수지 흐름 지수의 결정 - 상수 이압에 따른 유연한 벽 투수계법 내용: 이 문서는 유연한 벽 투수계에 의해 상수 이압하에 포화되어 있는 클레이 지질합성 장벽(GRR-C) 시료를 통한 물의 흐름 지수를 실험실에서 측정하는 지표 시험 방법을 규정합니다. 이 시험 방법은 추가 밀폐층(예: 고분자 또는 유액)이 부착되지 않은 GBR-C 제품에 적용될 수 있습니다. 이 시험 방법은 제조 품질 통제와 규격 준수 확인을 위해 특정한 조건 하에서의 흐름을 측정합니다. 그러나 이 시험 방법을 통해 측정되는 흐름 값은 실제 환경에서의 GBR-C의 흐름을 정확히 대표하지 못한다는 점을 명심해야 합니다.
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