EN 55016-1-6:2015

Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC antenna calibration

CISPR 16-1-6:2014 provides procedures and supporting information for the calibration of antennas for determining antenna factors (AF) that are applicable to antennas intended for use in radiated disturbance measurements. It has the status of a basic EMC Standard in accordance with IEC Guide 107, Electromagnetic compatibility. The AF of an antenna is influenced by nearby surroundings and by its position in space relative to the radiating source. This standard focuses on antenna calibrations that provide the AF in a free-space environment in the direction of the boresight of the antenna. The frequency range addressed is 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The relevant antenna types covered in this standard are monopole, loop, dipole, biconical, log-periodic dipole-array (LPDA), hybrid and horn antennas. Guidance is also provided on measurement uncertainties associated with each calibration method and configuration, and the test instrumentation used.

Anforderungen an Geräte und Einrichtungen sowie Festlegung der Verfahren zur Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit - Teil 1-6: Geräte und Einrichtungen zur Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit - Kalibrierung von Antennen für EMV-Messungen

Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Étalonnage des antennes CEM

Specifikacija za merilne naprave in metode za merjenje radijskih motenj in odpornosti - 1-6. del: Merilne naprave za merjenje radijskih motenj in odpornosti - Umerjanje EMC antene

Ta del standarda CISPR 16 določa postopke in podporne informacije za umerjanje anten za določanje antenskih dejavnikov (AF), ki veljajo za antene, namenjene uporabi pri merjenju sevanih motenj.
Ima status osnovnega standarda o elektromagnetni združljivosti (EMC) v skladu z vodilom IEC Guide 107 Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility publications (Elektromagnetna združljivost – Vodilo za pripravo osnutkov publikacij o elektromagnetni združljivosti). Na merjenje antenskih dejavnikov antene vpliva bližnje okolje in njen položaj v prostoru glede na vir sevanja. Ta standard se osredotoča na umerjanja antene, ki zagotavljajo antenske dejavnike na prostem v smeri glavne smeri snopa antene. Zajeti frekvenčni razpon je od 9 kHz do 18 GHz. Ustrezne vrste anten, zajete v tem standardu, so monopol, okvirna antena, dipol, dvostožčna antena, logaritemska periodična dipolska antena (LPDA), hibridna in lijakasta antena.
Določene so tudi smernice za merilne negotovosti, povezane z vsako metodo umerjanja in konfiguracijo, ter uporabljene preskusne instrumente.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 05-Feb-2015
• Withdrawal Date: 20-Jan-2018
• ICS: 33.100.10 - Emission
• ICS: 33.100.20 - Immunity
• Technical Committee: CLC/TC 210 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
• Drafting Committee: IEC/SC CISPR/A - Merjenje radijskih interferenc in statistične metode
• Current Stage: 6060 - Document made available - Publishing
• Start Date: 06-Feb-2015
• Completion Date: 06-Feb-2015
• Directive: 2004/108/EC - Directive 2004/108/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive 89/336/EEC
• Directive: 2004/108/EU - DIRECTIVE 2004/108/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 15 December 2004 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive 89/336/EEC
• Directive: 2014/30/EU - Directive 2014/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility (recast)
• Ref Project: SIST EN 55016-1-6:2015 - Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC-antenna calibration

Relations

• Amended By: EN 55016-1-6:2015/A2:2022 - Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC antenna calibration
• Effective Date: 23-Oct-2018
• Amended By: EN 55016-1-6:2015/A1:2017 - Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC antenna calibration
• Effective Date: 08-Sep-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2015
Specifikacija za merilne naprave in metode za merjenje radijskih motenj in
odpornosti - 1-6. del: Merilne naprave za merjenje radijskih motenj in odpornosti -
Umerjanje EMC antene
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods -
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC-antenna
calibration
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-6:
Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux
perturbations radioélectriques - Étalonnage des antennes CEM
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 55016-1-6:2015
ICS:
17.220.20 0HUMHQMHHOHNWULþQLKLQ Measurement of electrical
PDJQHWQLKYHOLþLQ and magnetic quantities
33.100.20 Imunost Immunity
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 55016-1-6

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2015
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20
English Version
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods -
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus -
EMC antenna calibration
(CISPR 16-1-6:2014)
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure Anforderungen an Geräte und Einrichtungen sowie
des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux Festlegung der Verfahren zur Messung der hochfrequenten
perturbations radioélectriques - Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit -
Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations Teil 1-6: Geräte und Einrichtungen zur Messung der
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und
radioélectriques - Étalonnage des antennes CEM Störfestigkeit - Kalibrierung von Antennen für EMV-
(CISPR 16-1-6:2014) Messungen
(CISPR 16-1-6:2014)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2015-01-21. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN 55016-1-6:2015 E
Foreword
The text of document CISPR/A/1087/FDIS, future edition 1 of CISPR 16-1-6, prepared by
CISPR SC A “Radiointerference measurements and statistical methods" was submitted to the
IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 55016-1-6:2015.

The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2015-10-21
• latest date by which the document has to be
implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national (dow) 2018-01-21
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard CISPR 16-1-6:2014 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:

CISPR 16-1-1:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN 55016-1-1:2010 (not modified).
CISPR 16-2-3:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN 55016-2-3:2010 (not modified).
CISPR 16-4-2:2011 NOTE Harmonized as EN 55016-4-2:2011 (not modified).
CISPR 25:2008 NOTE Harmonized as EN 55025:2008 (not modified).
IEC 61000-4-22:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61000-4-22:2010 (not modified).
IEC 61169-16:2006 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61169-16:2007 (not modified).
ISO/IEC 17043:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO/IEC 17043:2010 (not modified).

- 3 - EN 55016-1-6:2015
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

CISPR 16-1-4 2010 Specification for radio disturbance EN 55016-1-4 2010
and immunity measuring apparatus
+A1 2012 +A1 2012
and methods -
Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus - Antennas
and test sites for radiated disturbance
measurements
Specification for radio
CISPR 16-1-5 2014 EN 55016-1-5 2015
disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods -
Part 1-5: Radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus - Antenna calibration
sites and reference test sites
for 5 MHz to 18 GHz
IEC 60050-161 -  International Electrotechnical - -
Vocabulary (IEV) -
Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 2008 Uncertainty of measurement - - -
Part 3: Guide to the expression of
uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)

CISPR 16-1-6 ®
Edition 1.0 2014-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM

Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and

methods –
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna

calibration
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations

radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –

Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de

l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Étalonnage des antennes CEM

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XH
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-1931-7

– 2 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 10
1 Scope . 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 13
3.1 Terms and definitions . 13
3.1.1 Antenna terms . 13
3.1.2 Antenna factor terms . 16
3.1.3 Measurement site terms . 17
3.1.4 Other terms . 18
3.2 Abbreviations . 19
4 Fundamental concepts . 20
4.1 General . 20
4.2 The concept of antenna factor . 20
4.3 Calibration methods for 30 MHz and above . 21
4.3.1 General . 21
4.3.2 Antenna minimum separation distances . 21
4.3.3 General considerations for the TAM . 21
4.3.4 General considerations for the SSM. 21
4.3.5 General considerations for the SAM. 22
4.4 Measurement uncertainties for antenna calibration measurement results . 22
4.5 Summary of methods of measurement to obtain AF . 23
5 Calibration methods for the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 25
5.1 Calibration of monopole antennas . 25
5.1.1 General . 25
5.1.2 Calibration by the ECSM . 26
5.2 Calibration of loop antennas . 32
5.2.1 General . 32
5.2.2 TEM (Crawford) cell method . 32
6 Frequencies, equipment and functional checks for calibrations at or above 30 MHz . 35
6.1 Calibration frequencies . 35
6.1.1 Calibration frequency ranges and increments . 35
6.1.2 Transition frequency for hybrid antennas . 36
6.2 Measurement instrumentation requirements for antenna calibrations . 37
6.2.1 Equipment types . 37
6.2.2 Mismatch . 38
6.2.3 Dynamic range and reproducibility of SIL measurement . 40
6.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio . 40
6.2.5 Antenna masts and cables . 41
6.3 Functional checks of an AUC . 41
6.3.1 General . 41
6.3.2 Balance of an antenna . 41
6.3.3 Cross-polar performance of an antenna . 41
6.3.4 Radiation patterns of an antenna . 42
7 Basic parameters and equations common to antenna calibration methods for
frequencies above 30 MHz . 43
7.1 Summary of methods for measurements to obtain AF . 43

CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014 – 3 –
7.2 Site insertion loss measurements . 43
7.2.1 General . 43
7.2.2 SIL and SA measurement procedure. 43
7.2.3 Common uncertainty components of a SIL measurement . 44
7.3 Basic equations for the calculation of AF from SIL and SA measurements . 46
7.3.1 Antenna factor from SIL measurements . 46
7.3.2 Relationship of AF and SIL for a free-space calibration site . 46
7.3.3 Relationship of AF and SIL for a calibration site with a metal ground
plane . 47
7.4 Equations for AF and measurement uncertainties using the TAM, SSM, and
SAM . 48
7.4.1 TAM . 48
7.4.2 SSM . 53
7.4.3 SAM . 55
7.5 Parameters for specifying antenna phase centre and position . 57
7.5.1 General . 57
7.5.2 Reference position and phase centres of LPDA and hybrid antennas . 58
7.5.3 Phase centres of horn antennas . 61
8 Details for TAM, SAM, and SSM calibration methods for frequencies of 30 MHz
and above . 63
8.1 General . 63
8.2 Considerations for F calibrations using TAM . 63
a
8.2.1 General considerations . 63
8.2.2 Calibration site and antenna set-up considerations for use with the TAM . 63
8.2.3 Antenna parameters for a free-space environment or a ground plane
site . 65
8.2.4 Validation of calibration method . 66
8.3 Considerations for F calibrations using the SAM . 66
a
8.3.1 General considerations and calibration site for use of the SAM . 66
8.3.2 Calibration procedures and antenna set-ups for F by the SAM . 67
a
8.3.3 Parameters of the STA . 67
8.4 SSM calibrations at a ground-plane site, 30 MHz to 1 GHz . 68
8.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for SSM . 68
8.4.2 Calibration procedure for SSM . 69
8.4.3 Calculation of F . 69
a
8.4.4 Uncertainties of F obtained using SSM . 70
a
9 Calibration procedures for specific antenna types for frequencies of 30 MHz and
above . 71
9.1 General . 71
9.2 Calibrations for biconical and hybrid antennas in a free-space environment
for 30 MHz to 300 MHz, and tuned dipoles for 60 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 71
9.2.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements . 71
9.2.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up for use with the SAM . 71
9.2.3 Uncertainties of F determined by the SAM . 72
a
9.2.4 Antenna set-up for use with the TAM (alternative) . 74
9.3 Calibration of biconical (30 MHz to 300 MHz) and hybrid antennas, using
the SAM and VP at a ground plane site . 74
9.3.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements . 74
9.3.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up . 75
9.3.3 Uncertainties of F determined with the SAM. 76
a
– 4 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014
9.4 Calibration of LPDA, hybrid, and horn antennas in a free-space environment,
200 MHz to 18 GHz . 77
9.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for a free-space
environment . 77
9.4.2 Calibrations using the TAM . 79
9.4.3 Antenna set-up for use with the SAM . 80
9.4.4 Alternative antenna set-up for site with absorber on the ground . 80
9.5 Calibration of horn and LPDA antennas in a FAR, 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 81
9.5.1 Calibration using the TAM . 81
9.5.2 Calibration and antenna set-up for the SAM . 84
Annex A (informative) Background information and rationale for the methods of
antenna calibration . 85
A.1 Rationale for the need for several calibration methods and for use of a
ground plane site . 85
A.2 Special measures for calibration of omnidirectional antennas. 86
A.2.1 General . 86
A.2.2 Difficulties with calibration of omnidirectional antennas . 87
A.2.3 Minimizing reflections from antenna supports and radiation from cables . 87
A.2.4 Field taper and monocone set-up for VP biconical calibration . 88
A.2.5 Use of HP or VP in a FAR . 89
A.2.6 Substitution where the STA is the same model as the AUC . 89
A.3 Calibrations using broadband calculable dipole antennas . 89
A.3.1 Disadvantages of tuned dipole antennas . 89
A.3.2 Advantages of broadband calculable dipole antennas . 90
A.3.3 Disadvantages of calculable dipole antennas . 90
A.4 Rationale for F and biconical/LPDA antenna cross-over frequency . 90
a
A.4.1 Rationale for F . 90
a
A.4.2 Cross-over frequency from biconical to LPDA antennas . 91
A.4.3 Biconical element designs . 91
A.5 Sources of increased uncertainty in measurement of F by the SSM. 92
a
A.6 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances . 94
A.6.1 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances . 94
A.6.2 Correction of electric field strength to account for phase centre of LPDA

antennas . 95
A.7 Cross-polar discrimination of LPDA antennas . 96
A.8 Tips for measurement instrumentation . 97
A.8.1 Signal-to-noise ratio . 97
A.8.2 Connector pin depth . 99
A.8.3 Effect of added adaptor in a “cable-through” measurement . 99
A.8.4 Compression level . 100
A.8.5 Source power slope function above 6 GHz . 100
A.8.6 Frequency increment for detection of resonances . 100
A.8.7 Return loss or VSWR . 100
A.9 Uncertainty considerations . 101
A.9.1 General . 101
A.9.2 Achievable uncertainties for F . 101
a
A.9.3 Uncertainties of dipoles above a ground plane . 101
A.9.4 Verification of uncertainty by comparison of methods . 102
Annex B (normative) Calibration of biconical antennas and tuned dipole antennas
above a ground plane using the TAM and the SAM . 103

CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014 – 5 –
B.1 General . 103
B.2 Characteristics of biconical antennas and dipole antennas . 103
B.3 Frequencies . 103
B.4 Measurement of F (h,p) of biconical and tuned dipole antennas and
a
derivation of F by averaging F (h,p), 30 MHz to 300 MHz . 104
a a
B.4.1 General . 104
B.4.2 Measurement of F (h,H) by the SAM and derivation of F . 104
a a
B.4.3 Measurement of F (h,H) by the TAM and derivation of F . 107
a a
B.5 Measurement of F of tuned dipoles placed high above a ground plane in
a
the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz. 109
B.5.1 General . 109
B.5.2 Measurement of F by the SAM . 109
a
B.5.3 Measurement of F by the TAM . 111
a
Annex C (informative) Rationale for the equations used in antenna calibration and
relevant information about antenna characteristics for uncertainty analysis in the
frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz . 113
C.1 General . 113
C.2 Antenna factor and antenna gain . 113
C.2.1 Relationship between AF and gain for antennas in a free-space
environment . 113
C.2.2 Relationship between AF and gain for monopole antennas on a large
ground plane . 115
C.3 Equations for the insertion loss between antennas . 115
C.3.1 Site insertion loss measured at a free-space calibration site . 115
C.3.2 Site insertion loss measured at a metal ground plane site . 117
C.3.3 Site attenuation measured at a metal ground plane site . 119
C.4 Uncertainty contribution caused by near-field effects . 120
C.5 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna proximity coupling . 121
C.6 Uncertainty contribution due to the ground plane reflection . 123
C.6.1 Coupling to image in ground plane . 123
C.6.2 Correction factors ΔF for F of biconical antenna . 127
a,SSM a
C.7 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna radiation pattern . 128
C.7.1 General . 128
C.7.2 Biconical antennas . 129
C.7.3 LPDA antennas. 129
C.7.4 Hybrid antennas . 130
C.7.5 Horn and LPDA antennas from 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 131
Annex D (informative) Background information and rationale for calibration of
antennas at frequencies above 1 GHz. 134
D.1 Mismatch uncertainty . 134
D.2 Mutual coupling between antennas and chamber reflection . 134
D.3 Antenna separation distance and phase centre . 134
D.4 Example gain of DRH at 1 m distance . 136
Annex E (informative) Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets . 138
E.1 General . 138
E.2 Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets . 138
Annex F (informative) Mismatch uncertainties from a two-port device connected
between a transmit port and a receive port . 147
Annex G (informative) Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas and
uncertainty analysis of the ECSM. 149

– 6 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014
G.1 Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave
method from 5 MHz to 30 MHz . 149
G.1.1 Calibration procedure . 149
G.1.2 Uncertainty evaluation for the calibration of monopole antennas by the
plane wave method . 150
G.2 Uncertainty analysis of the ECSM . 150
G.2.1 Effect of rod length longer than λ/8 . 150
G.2.2 Effect on AF of monopole antenna mounted on a tripod . 152
G.2.3 Monopole antenna receiving an electric field . 153
G.2.4 Equivalent capacitance substitution method (ECSM) . 153
G.2.5 Uncertainties associated with the ECSM . 155
G.2.6 An alternative to the dummy antenna, for which F = V − V . 157
ac D L
Annex H (informative) Helmholtz coil method for calibration of loop antennas up to
150 kHz . 158
H.1 Measurement procedure . 158
H.2 Uncertainties. 160
Bibliography . 162

Figure 1 – Set-up for AF determination using a network analyzer . 29
Figure 2 – Set-up for AF determination using a measuring receiver and signal
generator . 29
Figure 3 – Example of mounting a capacitor in the dummy antenna . 30
Figure 4 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for passive loop antennas . 34
Figure 5 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for active loop antennas . 34
Figure 6 – Example of resonant spike due to poor biconical element connections, using
2 MHz increment . 36
Figure 7 – Antenna set-up for SIL measurement at a free-space calibration site . 44
Figure 8 – Antenna set-up for SIL and SA measurement at a ground-plane calibration site . 44
Figure 9 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a free-space calibration site . 49
Figure 10 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane . 52
Figure 11 – Antenna set-up for the SSM . 54
Figure 12 – Antenna set-up for the SAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane . 56
Figure 13 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 59
Figure 14 – LPDA antenna with a tapered curved geometry . 61
Figure 15 – Separation distance with respect to the phase centre of horn antennas
(see [49] for details) . 62
Figure 16 – Schematic of a DRH showing relative locations of field point and phase
centre of the DRH . 63
Figure 17 – Biconical antenna set-up for SAM using vertical polarization, showing the
paired monocone antenna and an example collapsible-element biconical AUC . 76
Figure 18 – Test set-up for the calibration of LPDA and hybrid antennas positioned at
a large height . 79
Figure 19 – Set-up for LPDA antennas above absorber . 81
Figure 20 – Set-up for transmission measurements using a network analyzer . 82
Figure A.1 – Illustration of the angles of the electromagnetic rays subtended from the
scanned LPDA antenna to the fixed height LPDA antenna and to the ground plane . 93
Figure A.2 – F of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of
a
9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 without correction . 94

CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014 – 7 –
Figure A.3 – F of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of
a
9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 with correction . 94
Figure A.4 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 96
Figure A.5 – Statistical properties of multiple S sweeps (minimum, maximum, and
mean value) . 98
Figure A.6 – Standard deviation of S . 98
Figure A.7 – Normalized standard deviation of S . 99
Figure C.1 – Simplified model of a receive antenna . 114
Figure C.2 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a free-space
calibration site . 116
Figure C.3 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a calibration site
with a metal ground plane . 118
Figure C.4 – Comparison of field strength given by Equation (C.17) versus in near-field
region given by Equation (C.31) . 121
Figure C.5 – Theoretical calculations of proximity coupling effects on the AF from the
TAM (free-space conditions) . 123
Figure C.6 – Deviation of AF from free-space value, F , caused by mutual coupling to
a
the image in a metal ground plane (theoretical results) . 124
Figure C.7 – Variation of F (h,H) of biconical antenna with 50 Ω balun, 30 MHz to
a
320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m . 125
Figure C.8 – AF of Figure C.7 normalized to free-space AF . 125
Figure C.9 – Variation of F (h,H) of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun, 30 MHz to
a
320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m . 126
Figure C.10 – Diagram of one triangular section of a biconical antenna element . 128
Figure C.11 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of two example
biconical antennas compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 129
Figure C.12 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of three example
LPDA antennas, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 130
Figure C.13 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of an example
hybrid antenna, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 131
Figure C.14 – Example radiation patterns for classical DRH antenna . 132
Figure C.15 – Example radiation patterns for novel DRH antenna . 132
Figure C.16 – Example radiation patterns for classical LPDA antenna . 133
Figure C.17 – Example radiation patterns for V-type LPDA antenna . 133
Figure D.1 – Relative phase centres of a DRH antenna and an LPDA antenna . 135
Figure D.2 – A transmission system between a horn antenna and an LPDA antenna . 136
Figure D.3 – Measured AFs of a DRH antenna at 4,5 GHz . 136
Figure D.4 – Graph showing the realized gain at 1 m for a DRH antenna . 137
Figure E.1 – Comparison of measured and predicted SIL for calculable dipole antenna
– 60 MHz element . 141
Figure E.2 – Comparison of measured and predicted SIL for calculable dipole antenna
– 180 MHz element . 141
Figure E.3 – Reflectivity of chamber absorbing materials . 145
Figure E.4 – Laser alignment system . 146
Figure F.1 – Flow graph representation of a two-port device between a transmit port
and a receiver port . 147
Figure F.2 – Signal flow reduction . 147

– 8 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014
Figure G.1 – Diagram showing how the brass rod connects to the type N male
bulkhead connector . 150
Figure G.2 – Graph of the magnitude of the tan(…) ratio term in Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 . 151
Figure G.3 – Graphical presentation of Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 self-capacitance C of a
a
1 m monopole . 151
Figure G.4 – Graphical presentation of Equation (5) of 5.1.2.2 height correction factor L . 152
h
Figure G.5 – Calibration set-up consisting of a biconical and a loop antenna, and an
elevated monopole antenna with vertical feed wires . 153
Figure G.6 – Equivalent circuit representation for a monopole antenna system . 153
Figure G.7 – Monopole antenna calibration using the ECSM . 154
Figure G.8 – Equivalent circuit representation for the ECSM . 154
Figure G.9 – Simplified circuit representation for Figure G.8 . 155
Figure G.10 – Circuit for dummy antenna simulating the effects of the antenna effective
height, h . 157
e
Figure H.1 – Diagram of Helmholtz coil method set-up . 158
Figure H.2 – Variation of H/I across the central plane between the coils . 160

Table 1 – Summary of calibration methods above 30 MHz for F . 24
a
Table 2 – Calibration methods above 30 MHz by subclause number . 25
Table 3 – Frequency increments for monopole antenna calibration . 26
Table 4 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a monopole antenna
ac
calibrated by the ECSM using Equation (9) . 32
Table 5 –Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a loop antenna
aH
measured in a TEM cell . 35
Table 6 – Frequency increments for broadband antenna calibration . 35
Table 7 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for common components of a SIL
measurement result evaluated from Equation (20) . 46
Table 8 – Parameters used to determine phase centres of segments A and B . 61
Table 9 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a horizontally-polarized
a
biconical antenna measured by the SSM. 70
Table 10 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a biconical antenna
a
measured by the SAM in a FAR over the frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz . 73
Table 11 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a tuned dipole antenna
a
obtained by the SAM in a FAR at a free-space calibration site, using a calculable tuned
dipole as the STA in the frequency range above 60 MHz . 74
Table 12 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a biconical antenna
a
measured using the SAM for vertical polarization over the frequency range 30 MHz to
300 MHz . 77
Table 13 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of LPDA and hybrid
a
antennas measured by the TAM at 4 m height for the frequency range 200 MHz to
3 GHz . 80
Table 14 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a horn antenna
a
measured by the TAM above 1 GHz for 3 m separation in free space . 84
Table A.1 – Example type N male and female connector pin depths and tolerances
using a type N pin-depth gauge .
...