EN IEC 61851-1:2019

Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General requirements

IEC 61851-1:2017 applies to EV supply equipment for charging electric road vehicles, with a rated supply voltage up to 1 000 V AC or up to 1 500 V DC and a rated output voltage up to 1 000 V AC or up to 1 500 V DC. Electric road vehicles (EV) cover all road vehicles, including plug-in hybrid road vehicles (PHEV), that derive all or part of their energy from on-board rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS). The aspects covered in this standard include: - the characteristics and operating conditions of the EV supply equipment; - the specification of the connection between the EV supply equipment and the EV; - the requirements for electrical safety for the EV supply equipment. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2010. It constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) The contents of IEC 61851-1:2010 have been re-ordered. Numbering of clauses has changed as new clauses were introduced and some contents moved for easy reading. The following lines give an insight to the new ordering in addition to the main technical changes. b) All requirements from IEC 61851-22 have been moved to this standard, as work on IEC 61851-22 has ceased. c) Any requirements that concern EMC have been removed from the text and are expected to be part of the future version of 61851-21-2. d) Clause 4 contains the original text from IEC 61851-1:2010 and all general requirements from Clause 6 of IEC 61851-1:2010. e) Clause 5 has been introduced to provide classifications for EV supply equipment. f) Previous general requirements of Clause 6 have been integrated into Clause 4. Clause 6 contains all Mode descriptions and control requirements. Specific requirements for the combined use of AC and DC on the same contacts are included. g) Clause 9 is derived from previous Clause 8. Adaptation of the description of DC accessories to allow for the DC charging modes that have only recently been proposed by industry and based on the standards IEC 61851-23, IEC 61851-24 as well as IEC 62196-1, IEC 62196-2 and IEC 62196-3. Information and tables contained in the IEC 62196 series standards have been removed from this standard. h) Clause 10 specifically concerns the requirements for adaptors, initially in Clause 6. i) Clause 11 includes new requirements for the protection of the cable. j) Specific requirements for equipment that is not covered in the IEC 62752 remain in the present document. k) Previous Clause 11 is now treated in Clauses 12 to 13. The requirements in 61851-1 cover the EV supply equipment of both mode 2 and mode 3 types, with the exception in-cable control and protection devices for mode 2 charging of electric road vehicles (IC-CPD) which are covered by IEC 62752. l) Clause 14 gives requirements on automatic reclosing of protection equipment. m) Clause 16 gives requirements for the marking of equipment and the contents of the installation and user manual. This makes specific mention of the need to maintain coherence with the standards for the fixed installation. It also contains an important text on the markings for temperature ratings. n) Annex A has been reviewed to introduce complete sequences and tests and to make the e

Konduktive Ladesysteme für Elektrofahrzeuge - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen

Système de charge conductive pour véhicules électriques - Partie 1: Exigences générales

L'IEC 61851-1:2017 s'applique au système d’alimentation pour VE destiné à charger les véhicules routiers électriques, avec une tension assignée d’alimentation jusqu'à 1 000 V en courant alternatif ou 1 500 V en courant continu, et une tension de sortie assignée jusqu'à 1 000 V en courant alternatif ou 1 500 V en courant continu. Les véhicules routiers électriques (VE) couvrent l'ensemble des véhicules routiers, y compris les véhicules routiers hybrides rechargeables (PHEV), qui tirent tout ou partie de leur énergie des systèmes de stockage d'énergie rechargeable à bord du véhicule (RESS). La présente Norme couvre les aspects suivants: - les caractéristiques et conditions de fonctionnement du système d'alimentation pour VE; - la spécification de la connexion entre le système d'alimentation pour VE et le VE; - les exigences relatives à la sécurité électrique du système d'alimentation pour VE. Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition parue en 2010. Cette édition constitue une révision technique. Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente: a) Le contenu de l'IEC 61851-1:2010 a été réorganisé. La numérotation des articles a été modifiée, de nouveaux articles ayant été introduits et du contenu ayant été retiré pour faciliter la lecture. Les lignes suivantes donnent un aperçu de la nouvelle organisation en plus des modifications techniques majeures apportées. b) Toutes les exigences de l'IEC 61851-22 ont été reprises dans la présente Norme, le travail sur l'IEC 61851-22 ayant cessé. c) Toutes les exigences relatives à la compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) ont été supprimées et font partie intégrante de la future version de l'IEC 61851-21-2. d) L'Article 4 contient le texte original de l'IEC 61851-1:2010 et toutes les exigences générales de l'Article 6 de l'IEC 61851-1:2010. e) L'Article 5 a été introduit pour fournir les classifications du système d’alimentation pour VE. f) Les exigences générales précédentes de l'Article 6 ont été intégrées dans l'Article 4. L'Article 6 contient toutes les descriptions de mode et exigences de commande. Les exigences spécifiques relatives à l'utilisation combinée du courant alternatif et du courant continu sur les mêmes contacts sont incluses. g) L'Article 9 est déduit du précédent Article 8. Adaptation de la description des accessoires en courant continu afin d'autoriser les modes de charge en courant continu qui n'ont été que récemment proposés par le secteur industriel et qui s'appuient sur les Normes IEC 61851-23, IEC 61851-24, IEC 62196-1, IEC 62196-2 et IEC 62196-3. Les informations et tableaux de la série IEC 62196 ont été supprimés de la présente norme. h) L'Article 10 concerne particulièrement les exigences relatives aux adaptateurs, spécifiées à l'origine à l'Article 6. i) L'Article 11 contient de nouvelles exigences relatives à la protection du câble. j) Les exigences spécifiques relatives aux équipe

Sistem za napajanje električnih vozil prek kabla - 1. del: Splošne zahteve

Ta del standarda IEC 61851 se uporablja za opremo za napajanje električnih vozil za polnjenje električnih cestnih vozil z nazivno napajalno napetostjo do 1000 V pri izmeničnem toku ali do 1500 V pri enosmernem toku in nazivno izhodno napetostjo do 1000 V pri izmeničnem toku ali do 1500 V pri enosmernem toku.
Izraz »električna cestna vozila« (EV) se nanaša na vsa cestna vozila, vključno z hibridnimi cestnimi vozili z možnostjo polnjenja prek navadne vtičnice (PHEV), ki vso energijo ali njen del pridobijo iz sistemov za shranjevanje energije z možnostjo ponovnega polnjenja (RESS) v vozilu.
Ta standard se uporablja tudi za opremo za napajanje električnih vozil, ki se napaja iz sistemov za shranjevanje na mestu uporabe (npr. nadomestne baterije).
V tem standardu so zajeti naslednji vidiki:
• značilnosti in obratovalni pogoji opreme za napajanje električnih vozil;
• specifikacija povezave med opremo za napajanje električnih vozil in električnim vozilom;
• zahteve za električno varnost opreme za napajanje električnih vozil.
Za opremo, zasnovano za uporabo v posebnih okoljih ali razmerah, se morda uporabljajo dodatne zahteve, kot na primer za naslednje vrste opreme:
• oprema za napajanje električnih vozil v nevarnih območjih, kjer so prisotni vnetljivi plini ali hlapi in/ali gorljivi materiali, goriva ali druge vnetljive snovi ali eksplozivni materiali;
• oprema za napajanje električnih vozil, ki je zasnovana za vgradnjo na nadmorski višini več kot 2000 m;
• oprema za napajanje električnih vozil, ki se uporablja na ladjah.
Zahteve za električne naprave in komponente, ki se uporabljajo v opremi za napajanje električnih vozil, niso vključene v tem standardu in so zajete v ustreznih standardih za izdelke.
Zahteve glede elektromagnetne združljivosti za opremo za napajanje električnih vozil bodo predvidoma zajete v prihodnjem standardu IEC 61851-21-26.
Zahteve za dvosmerni prenos energije so v obravnavi in niso vključene v tej izdaji standarda IEC 61851-1.
Ta standard se ne uporablja za:
• varnostne vidike v povezavi z vzdrževanjem;
• polnjenje trolejbusov, železniških vozil, vozil za talni transport in vozil, ki so namenjena predvsem za uporabo zunaj cestišč;
• opremo v električnih vozilih;
• zahteve glede elektromagnetne združljivosti za opremo v električnih vozilih med priključitvijo, ki so zajete v standardu
IEC 61851-21-1;
• polnjenje sistemov za shranjevanje energije z možnostjo ponovnega polnjenja zunaj električnega vozila;
Oprema za enosmerno napajanje električnih vozil, ki se zanaša posebej na dvojno/okrepljeno izolacijo ali zaščito
pred električnim udarom razreda III. Glej standard IEC 61851-23 in prihodnjo skupino standardov IEC 61851-3.
Skupina standardov IEC 61851 zajema vso opremo za napajanje električnih vozil, razen integrirane zaščite kablov
in zaščitnih naprav tipa 2 za polnjenje električnih cestnih vozil (IC-CPD), ki so
zajete v standardu IEC 62752.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 04-Jul-2019
• Withdrawal Date: 04-Jul-2022
• ICS: 43.120 - Electric road vehicles
• Technical Committee: CLC/TC 69X - Electrical systems for electric road vehicles
• Drafting Committee: IEC/TC 69 - IEC_TC_69
• Current Stage: 6060 - Document made available - Publishing
• Start Date: 05-Jul-2019
• Completion Date: 05-Jul-2019
• Directive: 2006/95/EC - Directive 2006/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (codified version)
• Directive: 2014/35/EU - Directive 2014/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits
• Mandate: M/468 - Standardisation mandate addressed to CEN and CENELEC and ETSI concerning the charging of electric vehicles
• Mandate: M/511 - Mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI relating to harmonised standards in the field of the Low Voltage Directive
• Ref Project: SIST EN IEC 61851-1:2019 - Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General requirements

Relations

• Replaces: EN 61851-1:2011 - Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General requirements
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2023
• Corrected By: EN IEC 61851-1:2019/AC:2023-12 - Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General requirements
• Effective Date: 05-Dec-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2019
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 61851-1:2011
Sistem za napajanje električnih vozil prek kabla - 1. del: Splošne zahteve
Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General requirements
Système de charge conductive pour véhicules électriques - Partie 1: Règles générales
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 61851-1:2019
ICS:
43.120 Električna cestna vozila Electric road vehicles
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 61851-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2019
ICS 43.120 Supersedes EN 61851-1:2011
English Version
Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General
requirements
(IEC 61851-1:2017)
Système de charge conductive pour véhicules électriques - Konduktive Ladesysteme für Elektrofahrzeuge - Teil 1:
Partie 1: Exigences générales Allgemeine Anforderungen
(IEC 61851-1:2017) (IEC 61851-1:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2017-03-14. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 61851-1:2019 E

European foreword
The text of document 69/436/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 61851-1, prepared by IEC/TC 69 "Electric
road vehicles and electric industrial trucks" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and
approved by CENELEC as EN IEC 61851-1:2019.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2020-01-05
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2022-07-05
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 61851-1:2011.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CENELEC by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU
Directive(s).
For the relationship with EU Directive(s) see informative Annex ZZ, which is an integral part of this
document.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61851-1:2017 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards
indicated:
IEC 62053-21:2003 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62053-21:2003 (not modified)
ISO 4628-3:2016 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 4628-3:2016 (not modified)
IEC 60063:2015 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60063:2015 (not modified)
IEC 60068-2-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-2
IEC 60068-2-5:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-5:2011 (not modified)
IEC 60068-2-6:2007 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-6:2008 (not modified)
IEC 60068-2-14:2009 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-14:2009 (not modified)
IEC 60068-2-27:2008 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-27:2009 (not modified)
IEC 60068-2-52:1996 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-52:1996 (not modified)
IEC 60068-2-53:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-53:2010 (not modified)
IEC 60068-2-75 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-75
IEC 60364-6:2016 NOTE Harmonized as HD 60364-6:2016 (not modified)
IEC 60947-1:2007 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60947-1:2007 (not modified)
IEC 60947-1:2007/A1:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60947-1:2007/A1:2011 (not modified)
IEC 60947-1:2007/A2:2014 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60947-1:2007/A2:2014 (not modified)
IEC 60947-6-1:2005 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60947-6-1:2005 (not modified)
IEC 61140 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61140
IEC 61439-1:2011 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61439-1:2011 (not modified)
IEC 61540 NOTE Harmonized as HD 639 S1
IEC 61558-1:2005 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61558-1:2005 (not modified)
IEC 61558-1:2005/A1:2009 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61558-1:2005/A1:2009 (not modified)
IEC 61558-2-4:2009 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61558-2-4:2009 (not modified)
IEC 61558-2-12:2011 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61558-2-12:2011 (not modified)
IEC 61558-2-16:2009 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61558-2-16:2009 (not modified)
IEC 61558-2-16:2009/A1:2013 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61558-2-16:2009/A1:2013 (not modified)
IEC 61851-21-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61851-21-2
IEC 61980-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61980-1
IEC 62262:2002 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62262:2002 (not modified)
ISO/IEC 15118 (series) NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 15118 (series)
ISO 13849-1:2015 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 13849-1:2015 (not modified)
ISO 15118-3 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 15118-3

Under preparation. Stage at time of publication: FprEN 61851-21-2
Under preparation. Stage at time of publication: prEN 61980-1
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1  Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2  Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60038 (mod) - IEC standard voltages EN 60038 2011
IEC 60068-2-1 - Environmental testing - Part 2-1: Tests - EN 60068-2-1 2007
Test A: Cold
IEC 60068-2-78 - Environmental testing - Part 2-78: Tests - EN 60068-2-78 2013
Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state
IEC 60309-1 - Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for EN 60309-1 1999
industrial purposes - Part 1: General
requirements
+ A1 (mod) 2007
+ A2 2012
IEC 60309-2 - Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for EN 60309-2 1999
industrial purposes - Part 2: Dimensional
interchangeability requirements for pin and
contact-tube accessories
+ A1 (mod) 2007
+ A2 2012
IEC 60364-4-41 - Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4- HD 60364-4-41 2017
(mod) 41: Protection for safety - Protection
against electric shock
+ A11 2017
IEC 60364-5-54 - Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 5- HD 60364-5-54 2011
54: Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Earthing arrangements and
protective conductors
+ A11 2017
IEC 60529 2013 Degrees of protection provided by - -
enclosures (IP Code)
Dated as no equivalent European standard exists.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60664-1 2007 Insulation coordination for equipment EN 60664-1 2007
within low-voltage systems - Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 60884-1 2002 Plugs and socket-outlets for household and - -
similar purposes -- Part 1: General
requirements
IEC 60898 series Electrical accessories - Circuit-breakers for EN 60898 series
overcurrent protection for household and
similar installations
IEC 60898-1 (mod) - Electrical accessories - Circuit-breakers for EN 60898-1 2019
overcurrent protection for household and
similar installations - Part 1: Circuit-
breakers for a.c. operation
IEC 60947-2 - Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - EN 60947-2 2017
Part 2: Circuit-breakers
IEC 60947-3 - Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - EN 60947-3 2009
Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch-
disconnectors and fuse-combination units
+ A1 2012
+ A2 2015
IEC 60947-4-1 - Low voltage switchgear and controlgear – EN IEC 60947-4-1 2019
Part 4-1: Contactors and motorstarters –
Electromechanical contactors and motor-
starters
IEC 60947-6-2 - Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - EN 60947-6-2 2003
Part 6-2: Multiple function equipment -
Control and protective switching devices
(or equipment) (CPS)
+ A1 2007
IEC 60950-1 (mod) 2005 Information technology equipment - Safety EN 60950-1 2006
- Part 1: General requirements
- -  + A11 2009
- -  + A12 2011
- -  + AC 2011
IEC 60990 - Methods of measurement of touch current EN 60990 2016
and protective conductor current
IEC 61008-1 (mod) - Residual current operated circuit-breakers EN 61008-1 2012
without integral overcurrent protection for
household and similar uses (RCCBs) - Part
1: General rules
+ A1 (mod) 2014
+ A2 (mod) 2014
+ A11 2015
+ A12 2017
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 61009-1 (mod) - Residual current operated circuit-breakers EN 61009-1 2012
with integral overcurrent protection for
household and similar uses (RCBOs) - Part
1: General rules
+ A1 (mod) 2014
+ A2 (mod) 2014
+ A11 2015
+ A12 2016
IEC 61180 - High-voltage test techniques for low- EN 61180 2016
voltage equipment - Definitions, test and
procedure requirements, test equipment
IEC 61316 1999 Industrial cable reels EN 61316 1999
IEC/TS 61439-7 2014 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - -
assemblies - Part 7: Assemblies for
specific applications such as marinas,
camping sites, market squares, electric
vehicles charging stations
IEC 61508 series Functional safety of EN 61508 series
electrical/electronic/programmable
electronic safety-related systems
IEC 61558-1 - Safety of power transformers, power EN 61558-1 —
supplies, reactors and similar products –
Part 1: General requirements and tests
IEC 61558-2-4 - Safety of transformers, reactors, power EN 61558-2-4 2009
supply units and similar products for supply
voltages up to 1 100 V - Part 2-4: Particular
requirements and tests for isolating
transformers and power supply units
incorporating isolating transformers
IEC 61810-1 - Electromechanical elementary relays - Part EN 61810-1 2015
1: General and safety requirements
IEC 61851 series Electric vehicle conductive charging EN IEC 61851 series
system
IEC 61851-23 2014 Electric vehicle conductive charging EN 61851-23 2014
system - Part 23: DC electric vehicle
charging station
IEC 61851-24 2014 Electric vehicle conductive charging EN 61851-24 2014
system - Part 24: Digital communication
between a d.c. EV charging station and an
electric vehicle for control of d.c. charging
IEC 62196 series Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors EN 62196 series
and vehicle inlets - Conductive charging of
electric vehicles
Under preparation. Stage at time of publication: FprEN 61558-1:2017
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 62196-1 (mod) 2014 Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors EN 62196-1 2014
and vehicle inlets - Conductive charging of
electric vehicles - Part 1: General
requirements
IEC 62196-2 2016 Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors EN 62196-2 2017
and vehicle inlets - Conductive charging of
electric vehicles - Part 2: Dimensional
compatibility and interchangeability
requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube
accessories
IEC 62196-3 2014 Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors EN 62196-3 2014
and vehicle inlets - Conductive charging of
electric vehicles - Part 3: Dimensional
compatibility and interchangeability
requirements for d.c. and a.c./d.c. pin and
contact-tube vehicle couplers
IEC 62262 - Degrees of protection provided by EN 62262 2002
enclosures for electrical equipment against
external mechanical impacts (IK code)
IEC 62423 (mod) - Type F and type B residual current EN 62423 2012
operated circuit-breakers with and without
integral overcurrent protection for
household and similar uses
IEC 62752 - In-cable control and protection device for EN 62752 2016
mode 2 charging of electric road vehicles
(IC-CPD)
ISO 17409 2015 Electrically propelled road vehicles - EN ISO 17409 2017
Connection to an external electric power
supply - Safety requirements
Annex ZZ
(informative)
Relationship between this European standard and the safety
objectives of Directive 2014/35/EU [2014 OJ L96] aimed to be
covered
This European Standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request relating to
harmonized standards in the field of the Low Voltage Directive, M/511, to provide one voluntary means
of conforming to safety objectives of Directive 2014/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to the
making ava
...