CLC/TR 50489:2006
(Main)Smart tracker chips - Feasibility study on the inclusion of RFID in Electrical and Electronic Equipment for WEEE management
Smart tracker chips - Feasibility study on the inclusion of RFID in Electrical and Electronic Equipment for WEEE management
This Technical Report investigates in the light of the implementation of the WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC) the feasibility of deploying machine readable product identification technologies (e.g. smart tracker chips) to fulfil the marking requirement for the purpose of implementing producer responsibility. The product recognition shall provide information for waste stream management (sorting, reporting and cost allocation). Machine readable product identification technologies can be utilized during every phase of the product life cycle of an EEE. The WEEE management is the last phase. This Technical Report focuses on this phase only.
Etiquetage intelligent - Etude de faisabilité sur l'intégration de dispositifs d'identification à radiofréquence (RFID) dans les équipements électriques et électroniques
Čipi za pametno sledenje - Študija možnosti vključitve RFID v električno in elektronsko opremo za vodenje po WEEE
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2007
Čipi za pametno sledenje - Študija možnosti vključitve RFID v električno in
elektronsko opremo za vodenje po WEEE
Smart tracker chips - Feasibility study on the inclusion of RFID in Electrical and
Electronic Equipment for WEEE management
Etiquetage intelligent - Etude de faisabilité sur l'intégration de dispositifs d'identification à
radiofréquence (RFID) dans les équipements électriques et électroniques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CLC/TR 50489:2006
ICS:
29.020 Elektrotehnika na splošno Electrical engineering in
general
31.020 Elektronske komponente na Electronic components in
splošno general
35.040.50 Tehnike za samodejno Automatic identification and
razpoznavanje in zajem data capture techniques
podatkov
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL REPORT
CLC/TR 50489
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
November 2006
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
English version
Smart tracker chips -
Feasibility study on the inclusion of RFID
in Electrical and Electronic Equipment
for WEEE management
This Technical Report was approved by CENELEC on 2006-06-17.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2006 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. CLC/TR 50489:2006 E
Foreword
This Technical Report was prepared by CENELEC BTTF 116-3, Waste from electrical and
electronic equipment (WEEE).
The text of the draft was submitted to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as
CLC/TR 50489 on 2006-06-17.
_______________
- 3 - CLC/TR 50489:2006
Contents
Introduction.4
1 Scope .5
2 Abbreviations.5
3 SWOT Analysis of RFID use in waste management .5
4 Technical requirements.6
5 Economic requirements .6
6 Social considerations.6
7 Legal considerations.6
8 Environmental considerations .6
9 Conclusion.7
Bibliography.8
Annex A (informative) CECED report - ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
A Study into the feasibility of technologies that enable the identification of
producer and product characteristics .9
Introduction
An RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system consists of a transmitter, a receiver (mostly
combined and called a transceiver, interrogator or reader), an antenna and a tag or transponder.
The transmitter sends out a radio signal on a certain frequency by means of an antenna. This
signal is recognised by the tag if within the transmitter's reading range. The tag then responds
with a signal that is recognised by the receiver. Data within a tag may provide identification for
an item in manufacture, goods in transit, a location, the identity of a vehicle, an animal, an
individual, etc. By including additional data, it is possible to support applications by item specific
information or instructions immediately available on reading the tag. A certain protocol takes
care of the communication between reader and the host computer.
Three frequency ranges has generally been distinguished for RFID systems: low, medium and
high. Table 1 summarises these three frequency ranges, along with the typical system
characteristics and examples of major areas of application.
Table 1 – Frequency bands and typical characteristics
Frequency range Typical characteristics
Low Short to medium read range
1 Hz - 300 kHz Low reading speed
Medium Short to medium read range
300 – 3 000 kHz Potentially, medium reading
speed
High Long read range
3 MHz – 30 GHz High reading speed
Line of sight required
The choice of operating frequency is of primary importance in determining data transfer rates.
Generally speaking the higher the frequency the higher the data transfer or throughput rates that
can be achieved.
The CECED report “ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION, A Study into the feasibility of
technologies that enable the identification of producer and product characteristics”, (see
Annex A) was considered the most relevant report available and used as main reference for this
Technical Report.
- 5 - CLC/TR 50489:2006
1 Scope
This Technical Report investigates in the light of the implementation of the WEEE Directive
(2002/96/EC) the feasibility of deploying machine readable product identification technologies
(e.g. smart tracker chips) to fulfil the marking requirement for the purpose of implementing
producer responsibility. The product recognition shall provide information for waste stream
management (sorting, reporting and cost allocation).
Machine readable product identification technologies can be utilized during every phase of the
product life cycle of an EEE. The WEEE management is the last phase. This Technical Report
focuses on this phase only.
2 Abbreviations
In the body of this Technical Report the following abbreviations have been used:
CECED: Comité Européen des Constructeurs d’Equipements Domestiques
EEE: Electrical and Electronic Equipment
RFID: Radio Frequency IDentification
SWOT: Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat
WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
3 SWOT Analysis of RFID use in waste management
Strength Weakness
• No line of sight • Shielding of metals
• Bulk tag reading • Initially only pallets & boxes are tagged
• Not affected by dirt or scratches • Range/Readability.
• Information link • Reliability/Durability
• Non-contact identification • Changing technology in lifetime of product
• Recycling Industry may not use RFID unless
whole WEEE category uses them
• Creating more WEEE.
• Missing infrastructure
Opportunity Threat
• Read-rate • Data security
• Cost / tag • Limitation of RFID use until Point of Sales
• Process innovation • Privacy
• Key to Product Life-cycle Management • Cost of Tag
• Additional data • Could be used for other purposes
• Data format standardization • Could store commercially sensitive data
• Integrity of supply chain management • Identity Theft
systems
• Miss-Identification
• Future incompatibility technology changes
• RFID not implemented in logistics at item
level
4 Technical requirements
In addition to the requirements in the CECED report the main requirements of the RFID’s are:
• Accurate multiple/bulk tag reading
• Live span of tag and information stored longer than product life
• Tag environmental compatible with the product life cycle
• Interoperability between tags and readers used for the same purpose
• Tags to fit into all product types
• The data format stored shall be widely international recognized
5 Economic requirements
According to current knowledge and the return on investments, the use of RFID for only waste
management purposes is not economically feasible.
RFID use for WEEE management needs to be an integrated part of automatic products
identification during the whole product life-cycle and by its included actors.
To be able to justify RFID for waste management we would have to build on existing RFID
applications such as supply chain management. However until technology and standards in
these other applications can become stable then RFID for waste management can not be
considered.
6 Social considerations
When introducing RFID for WEEE management the following aspects have to be addressed
(alphabetic):
• data security
• ethics
• health and safety
• market acceptance
• privacy legislation
7 Legal considerations
When introducing RFID for WEEE management as part of a legislative requirement it has to be
at least harmonized within European Union (Article 95 in the European Treaty).
8 Environmental considerations
If RFID is introduced solely for WEEE management without taking benefit from the use of RFID
in other management aspects one would just introduce an additional electronic component with a
negative impact on the environment. As RFID gives an opportunity for better waste management
an assessment of introducing a new component against this must be carried out.
- 7 - CLC/TR 50489:2006
9 Conclusion
Utilization of machine readable product ID identification for WEEE management is dependant on
it being applied during production.
The introduction of machine readable product identification technologies can not solely be
introduce for WEEE management purposes but needs wider consideration of all needs and
limitations along the product life cycle.
The task force has not been able to determine any progress in RFID technology which
significantly changes the conclusions of the CECED report.
The key conclusion from the Executive Summary of the CECED report is still considered valid:
• No tagging system currently available or available in the foreseeable future will meet the
current operational requirements for disposal and logistics of WEEE.
• There is no clear financial case for adopting a tagging system in the short term (10 years).
Having made substantial up-front investment then tagging may offer financial benefit over a
20 year plus period for large goods.
• The major hurdle to adoption of tagging is the acceptance of the investment and operational
changes required by other stakeholders such as disposal companies and local authorities.
The resulting conclusions from the task force are as follows:
• There are no technical and economical ground for implementing RFID for waste
management.
• The RFID technology are evolving and due to this fact the issue should be reviewed within
the next 3-5 years or as soon as RFID at item level is used widely.
Bibliography
ISO/IEC 19762-3:2005, Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture
(AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 3: Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on
waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) - Joint declaration of the European
Parliament, the Council and the Commission relating to Article 9, Official Journal L 037,
13/02/2003 P. 0024 - 0039
- 9 - CLC/TR 50489:2006
Annex A
(informative)
CECED report
ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
A Study into the feasibility of technologies that enable
the identification of producer and product characteristics
ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
A Study into the feasibility of technologies that enable the
identification of producer and product characteristics
CECED
FINAL VERSION
th
4 July 2003
Steve Chambers
Dr Valerie Scott
Dr David Stocks
Dr Nick Collier
Mark Cohen
Scientific Generics Limited
Harston Mill
Harston
Cambridge CB2 5GG
A Generics Group company
Confidential
EPI Final Report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report has been produced for CECED by Scientific Generics Ltd.,
Cambridge, England. The report is a study into the feasibility of using
technologies that enable the identification of producer and product characteristics
in order to address the EU directives regarding waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE) and the restriction of the use of hazardous substances.
The study comprised four main sections of work:
• Tagging System Requirements
• A technology review
• An examination of other benefits
• A cost/benefit model
Data was compiled from CECED members and other stakeholders such as
disposal companies and local authorities. Market data was supplied by CECED
and combined with other sources of public information. Information regarding
equipment and costs was obtained from system suppliers.
The results of the studies are included in the appendices and an overview
presented in the main summary document.
The key conclusions are:
• No tagging system currently available or available in the foreseeable future
will meet the current operational requirements for disposal and logistics of
WEEE.
• There is no clear financial case for adopting a tagging system in the short
term (10-15 years). Having made substantial up-front investment then tagging
may offer financial benefit over a 20 year plus period for large goods.
• The major hurdle to adoption of tagging is the acceptance of the investment
and operational c
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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2007
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Smart tracker chips - Feasibility study on the inclusion of RFID in Electrical and
Electronic Equipment for WEEE management
Etiquetage intelligent - Etude de faisabilité sur l'intégration de dispositifs d'identification à
radiofréquence (RFID) dans les équipements électriques et électroniques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CLC/TR 50489:2006
ICS:
29.020 Elektrotehnika na splošno Electrical engineering in
general
31.020 Elektronske komponente na Electronic components in
splošno general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL REPORT
CLC/TR 50489
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
November 2006
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
English version
Smart tracker chips -
Feasibility study on the inclusion of RFID
in Electrical and Electronic Equipment
for WEEE management
This Technical Report was approved by CENELEC on 2006-06-17.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2006 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. CLC/TR 50489:2006 E
Foreword
This Technical Report was prepared by CENELEC BTTF 116-3, Waste from electrical and
electronic equipment (WEEE).
The text of the draft was submitted to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as
CLC/TR 50489 on 2006-06-17.
_______________
- 3 - CLC/TR 50489:2006
Contents
Introduction.4
1 Scope .5
2 Abbreviations.5
3 SWOT Analysis of RFID use in waste management .5
4 Technical requirements.6
5 Economic requirements .6
6 Social considerations.6
7 Legal considerations.6
8 Environmental considerations .6
9 Conclusion.7
Bibliography.8
Annex A (informative) CECED report - ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
A Study into the feasibility of technologies that enable the identification of
producer and product characteristics .9
Introduction
An RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system consists of a transmitter, a receiver (mostly
combined and called a transceiver, interrogator or reader), an antenna and a tag or transponder.
The transmitter sends out a radio signal on a certain frequency by means of an antenna. This
signal is recognised by the tag if within the transmitter's reading range. The tag then responds
with a signal that is recognised by the receiver. Data within a tag may provide identification for
an item in manufacture, goods in transit, a location, the identity of a vehicle, an animal, an
individual, etc. By including additional data, it is possible to support applications by item specific
information or instructions immediately available on reading the tag. A certain protocol takes
care of the communication between reader and the host computer.
Three frequency ranges has generally been distinguished for RFID systems: low, medium and
high. Table 1 summarises these three frequency ranges, along with the typical system
characteristics and examples of major areas of application.
Table 1 – Frequency bands and typical characteristics
Frequency range Typical characteristics
Low Short to medium read range
1 Hz - 300 kHz Low reading speed
Medium Short to medium read range
300 – 3 000 kHz Potentially, medium reading
speed
High Long read range
3 MHz – 30 GHz High reading speed
Line of sight required
The choice of operating frequency is of primary importance in determining data transfer rates.
Generally speaking the higher the frequency the higher the data transfer or throughput rates that
can be achieved.
The CECED report “ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION, A Study into the feasibility of
technologies that enable the identification of producer and product characteristics”, (see
Annex A) was considered the most relevant report available and used as main reference for this
Technical Report.
- 5 - CLC/TR 50489:2006
1 Scope
This Technical Report investigates in the light of the implementation of the WEEE Directive
(2002/96/EC) the feasibility of deploying machine readable product identification technologies
(e.g. smart tracker chips) to fulfil the marking requirement for the purpose of implementing
producer responsibility. The product recognition shall provide information for waste stream
management (sorting, reporting and cost allocation).
Machine readable product identification technologies can be utilized during every phase of the
product life cycle of an EEE. The WEEE management is the last phase. This Technical Report
focuses on this phase only.
2 Abbreviations
In the body of this Technical Report the following abbreviations have been used:
CECED: Comité Européen des Constructeurs d’Equipements Domestiques
EEE: Electrical and Electronic Equipment
RFID: Radio Frequency IDentification
SWOT: Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat
WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
3 SWOT Analysis of RFID use in waste management
Strength Weakness
• No line of sight • Shielding of metals
• Bulk tag reading • Initially only pallets & boxes are tagged
• Not affected by dirt or scratches • Range/Readability.
• Information link • Reliability/Durability
• Non-contact identification • Changing technology in lifetime of product
• Recycling Industry may not use RFID unless
whole WEEE category uses them
• Creating more WEEE.
• Missing infrastructure
Opportunity Threat
• Read-rate • Data security
• Cost / tag • Limitation of RFID use until Point of Sales
• Process innovation • Privacy
• Key to Product Life-cycle Management • Cost of Tag
• Additional data • Could be used for other purposes
• Data format standardization • Could store commercially sensitive data
• Integrity of supply chain management • Identity Theft
systems
• Miss-Identification
• Future incompatibility technology changes
• RFID not implemented in logistics at item
level
4 Technical requirements
In addition to the requirements in the CECED report the main requirements of the RFID’s are:
• Accurate multiple/bulk tag reading
• Live span of tag and information stored longer than product life
• Tag environmental compatible with the product life cycle
• Interoperability between tags and readers used for the same purpose
• Tags to fit into all product types
• The data format stored shall be widely international recognized
5 Economic requirements
According to current knowledge and the return on investments, the use of RFID for only waste
management purposes is not economically feasible.
RFID use for WEEE management needs to be an integrated part of automatic products
identification during the whole product life-cycle and by its included actors.
To be able to justify RFID for waste management we would have to build on existing RFID
applications such as supply chain management. However until technology and standards in
these other applications can become stable then RFID for waste management can not be
considered.
6 Social considerations
When introducing RFID for WEEE management the following aspects have to be addressed
(alphabetic):
• data security
• ethics
• health and safety
• market acceptance
• privacy legislation
7 Legal considerations
When introducing RFID for WEEE management as part of a legislative requirement it has to be
at least harmonized within European Union (Article 95 in the European Treaty).
8 Environmental considerations
If RFID is introduced solely for WEEE management without taking benefit from the use of RFID
in other management aspects one would just introduce an additional electronic component with a
negative impact on the environment. As RFID gives an opportunity for better waste management
an assessment of introducing a new component against this must be carried out.
- 7 - CLC/TR 50489:2006
9 Conclusion
Utilization of machine readable product ID identification for WEEE management is dependant on
it being applied during production.
The introduction of machine readable product identification technologies can not solely be
introduce for WEEE management purposes but needs wider consideration of all needs and
limitations along the product life cycle.
The task force has not been able to determine any progress in RFID technology which
significantly changes the conclusions of the CECED report.
The key conclusion from the Executive Summary of the CECED report is still considered valid:
• No tagging system currently available or available in the foreseeable future will meet the
current operational requirements for disposal and logistics of WEEE.
• There is no clear financial case for adopting a tagging system in the short term (10 years).
Having made substantial up-front investment then tagging may offer financial benefit over a
20 year plus period for large goods.
• The major hurdle to adoption of tagging is the acceptance of the investment and operational
changes required by other stakeholders such as disposal companies and local authorities.
The resulting conclusions from the task force are as follows:
• There are no technical and economical ground for implementing RFID for waste
management.
• The RFID technology are evolving and due to this fact the issue should be reviewed within
the next 3-5 years or as soon as RFID at item level is used widely.
Bibliography
ISO/IEC 19762-3:2005, Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture
(AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 3: Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on
waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) - Joint declaration of the European
Parliament, the Council and the Commission relating to Article 9, Official Journal L 037,
13/02/2003 P. 0024 - 0039
- 9 - CLC/TR 50489:2006
Annex A
(informative)
CECED report
ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
A Study into the feasibility of technologies that enable
the identification of producer and product characteristics
ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
A Study into the feasibility of technologies that enable the
identification of producer and product characteristics
CECED
FINAL VERSION
th
4 July 2003
Steve Chambers
Dr Valerie Scott
Dr David Stocks
Dr Nick Collier
Mark Cohen
Scientific Generics Limited
Harston Mill
Harston
Cambridge CB2 5GG
A Generics Group company
Confidential
EPI Final Report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report has been produced for CECED by Scientific Generics Ltd.,
Cambridge, England. The report is a study into the feasibility of using
technologies that enable the identification of producer and product characteristics
in order to address the EU directives regarding waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE) and the restriction of the use of hazardous substances.
The study comprised four main sections of work:
• Tagging System Requirements
• A technology review
• An examination of other benefits
• A cost/benefit model
Data was compiled from CECED members and other stakeholders such as
disposal companies and local authorities. Market data was supplied by CECED
and combined with other sources of public information. Information regarding
equipment and costs was obtained from system suppliers.
The results of the studies are included in the appendices and an overview
presented in the main summary document.
The key conclusions are:
• No tagging system currently available or available in the foreseeable future
will meet the current operational requirements for disposal and logistics of
WEEE.
• There is no clear financial case for adopting a tagging system in the short
term (10-15 years). Having made substantial up-front investment then tagging
may offer financial benefit over a 20 year plus period for large goods.
• The major hurdle to adoption of tagging is the acceptance of the investment
and operational changes required by other stakeholders such as disposal
companies and local authorities.
The key
...
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