prEN IEC 61010-2-033:2022
(Main)Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use - Part 2-033: Particular requirements for hand-held multimeters and other meters for domestic and professional use, capable of measuring mains voltage
Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use - Part 2-033: Particular requirements for hand-held multimeters and other meters for domestic and professional use, capable of measuring mains voltage
Sicherheitsbestimmungen für elektrische Mess-, Steuer-, Regel- und Laborgeräte – Teil 2-033: Besondere Anforderungen an handgehaltene Multimeter und andere Messgeräte für den Haushalt und professionellen Gebrauch, geeignet zur Messung von Netzspannungen
Exigences de sécurité pour appareils électriques de mesurage, de régulation et de laboratoire - Partie 2-033: Exigences particulières pour les multimètres portatifs pour usage domestique et professionnel, capables de mesurer la tension réseau
Varnostne zahteve za električno opremo za meritve, nadzor in laboratorijsko uporabo - 2-033. del: Posebne zahteve za ročne multimetre in druge merilnike za domačo in profesionalno uporabo, ki omogočajo merjenje omrežne napetosti
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 61010-2-033:2022
01-december-2022
Varnostne zahteve za električno opremo za meritve, nadzor in laboratorijsko
uporabo - 2-033. del: Posebne zahteve za ročne multimetre in druge merilnike za
domačo in profesionalno uporabo, ki omogočajo merjenje omrežne napetosti
Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory
use - Part 2-033: Particular requirements for hand-held multimeters and other meters for
domestic and professional use, capable of measuring mains voltageExigences de sécurité pour appareils électriques de mesurage, de régulation et de
laboratoire - Partie 2-033: Exigences particulières pour les multimètres portatifs pour
usage domestique et professionnel, capables de mesurer la tension réseauTa slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 61010-2-033:2022
ICS:
19.080 Električno in elektronsko Electrical and electronic
preskušanje testing
71.040.10 Kemijski laboratoriji. Chemical laboratories.
Laboratorijska oprema Laboratory equipment
oSIST prEN IEC 61010-2-033:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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66/767/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 61010-2-033 ED3
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2022-10-14 2023-01-06
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
66/761/RR
IEC TC 66 : SAFETY OF MEASURING, CONTROL AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
United Kingdom Ms Stephanie Lavy
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD:
Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if
any, in this CDV to the secretary.
FUNCTIONS CONCERNED:
EMC ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE SAFETY
SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING NOT SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING
Attention IEC-CENELEC parallel votingThe attention of IEC National Committees, members of
CENELEC, is drawn to the fact that this Committee Draft
for Vote (CDV) is submitted for parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through the
CENELEC online voting system.
This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of
which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.TITLE:
Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use -
Part 2-033: Particular requirements for hand-held multimeters and other meters for domestic
and professional use, capable of measuring mains voltagePROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2025
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
Copyright © 2022 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to
download this electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National
Committee positions. You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for
any other purpose without permission in writing from IEC.---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
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1 CONTENTS
2 CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... 2
3 FOREWORD......................................................................................................................... 4
4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 7
5 1 Scope and object ........................................................................................................... 8
6 2 Normative references .................................................................................................... 9
7 3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................. 10
8 4 Tests ........................................................................................................................... 10
9 5 Marking and documentation ......................................................................................... 11
10 6 Protection against electric shock .................................................................................. 13
11 7 Protection against mechanical HAZARDS ........................................................................ 18
12 8 Resistance to mechanical stresses ............................................................................... 18
13 9 Protection against the spread of fire and arc flash ........................................................ 18
14 10 Equipment temperature limits and resistance to heat .................................................... 22
15 11 Protection against HAZARDS from fluids and solid foreign objects ................................... 22
16 12 Protection against radiation, including laser sources, and against sonic and
17 ultrasonic pressure ...................................................................................................... 22
18 13 Protection against liberated gases and substances, explosion and implosion ................ 22
19 14 Components and subassemblies .................................................................................. 22
20 15 Protection by interlocks ................................................................................................ 23
21 16 HAZARDS resulting from application .............................................................................. 23
22 17 RISK assessment ......................................................................................................... 23
23 101 Measuring circuits ....................................................................................................... 23
24 Annexes ............................................................................................................................. 26
25 Annex K (normative) Insulation requirements not covered by 6.7 ........................................ 26
26 Annex L (informative) Index of defined terms ...................................................................... 34
27 Annex AA (normative) MEASUREMENT CATEGORIES ............................................................... 35
28 Annex BB (informative) HAZARDS pertaining to measurements performed in certain
29 environments ............................................................................................................... 38
30 Annex CC (informative) 4 mm "banana" TERMINALS ............................................................. 41
31 Annex DD (informative) Flowchart for insulation according to the type of circuit ................... 43
32 Annex EE (informative) Determination of CLEARANCES for Table 101 .................................... 46
33 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 47
35 Figure 4 – Acceptable arrangement of protective means against electric shock .................... 14
36 Figure AA.1 – Example to identify the locations of MEASUREMENT CATEGORIES ....................... 36
37 Figure CC.1 – Recommended dimensions of 4 mm TERMINALS ............................................. 42
38 Figure DD.1 – Requirements for CLEARANCE, CREEPAGE DISTANCE and solid insulation ........... 45
40 Table 101 – CLEARANCES for unmated measuring circuit TERMINALS ...................................... 15
41 Table 102 – Impulse voltages for circuits connected to MAINS ............................................... 22
42 Table K.15 – CLEARANCE values for the calculation of K.3.2 ................................................. 27
43 Table K.16 – Test voltages based on CLEARANCES ............................................................... 28
44 Table K.101 - CLEARANCES for measuring circuits RATED for MEASUREMENT CATEGORIES ......... 30
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45 Table K.102 – Impulse test voltages for testing electric strength of solid insulation for
46 measuring circuits RATED for MEASUREMENT CATEGORIES ....................................................... 31
47 Table K.103 – a.c. test voltages for testing electric strength of solid insulation for
48 measuring circuits RATED for MEASUREMENT CATEGORIES ....................................................... 31
49 Table K.104 – Minimum values for distance or thickness of solid insulation for
50 measuring circuits RATED for MEASUREMENT CATEGORIES ....................................................... 32
51 Table AA.1 – Characteristics of MEASUREMENT CATEGORIES .................................................. 37
52 Table EE.1 – CLEARANCES values for Table 101 ................................................................... 46
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54 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
55 ____________
57 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
58 FOR MEASUREMENT, CONTROL, AND LABORATORY USE –
60 Part 2-033: Particular requirements for hand-held multimeters
61 for domestic and professional use, capable of measuring mains voltage
63 FOREWORD
64 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for st andardization comprising
65 all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
66 co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
67 in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
68 Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as "IEC Publication(s)"). Their
69 preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
70 may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
71 with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
72 Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
73 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
74 consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
75 interested IEC National Committees.76 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by I EC National
77 Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
78 Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
79 misinterpretation by any end user.80 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
81 transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
82 any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
83 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
84 assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
85 services carried out by independent certification bodies.86 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
87 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
88 members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
89 other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal f ees) and
90 expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
91 Publications.92 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
93 indispensable for the correct application of this publication.94 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
95 rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
96 IEC 61010-2-033 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 66: Safety of measuring,
97 control and laboratory equipment.98 It has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
99 This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2019. This edition
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101 This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
102 edition:Clause 2 All normative references have been dated and new normative references have been added.
4.4.2.101 Addition of a new subclause about surge protective devices.6.6.101.1 Insulating material of group I may be allowed for determination of CLEARANCES of measuring
circuit TERMINALS.6.6.101.2 CLEARANCES and CREEPAGE DISTANCES up to 3 000 V for measuring circuit TERMINALS in
unmated position have been defined.6.6.101.3 Requirements for measuring circuit TERMINALS in partially mated position have been specified.
6.6.101.4 Requirements for measuring circuit TERMINALS in mated position have been specified.
6.101 The subclause replaces 6.9.101 of previous edition and has been rephrased.9.101 New subclause to consider the protection of measuring circuits against the spread of fire and
arc flash.9.101.2 Relocation of 101.3 of previous edition.
9.101.3 Relocation of 101.4 of previous edition.
101.3 Relocation of 102 of previous edition.
K.2.1 Another method for determination of CLEARANCES of secondary circuits is proposed.
K.3.2 New Table K.15 and Table K.16 for CLEARANCE calculation.Clause K.4 This clause of previous edition has been deleted.
K.101.4 The subclause has been reviewed.
Table K.104 of previous edition has been deleted.
Annex AA Figure AA.1 has been redesigned.
Annex EE Addition of a new informative annex for determination of CLEARANCES for Table 101.
103104 The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
66/xxx/FDIS 66/xxx/RVD
105
106 Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in the
107 report on voting indicated in the above table.108 The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
109 This document was drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 and developed in
110 accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
111 at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
112 described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.113 A list of all parts of the IEC 61010 series, under the general title Safety requirements for
114 electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use, can be found on the IEC
115 website.116 This Part 2-033 is to be used in conjunction with IEC 61010-1:2010 and
117 IEC 61010-1:2010/AMD1:2016. It was established on the basis of the third edition (2010) of
118 IEC 61010-1, including its amendment 1 (2016) and its corrigendum 1 (2019), hereinafter
119 referred to as Part 1.120 This Part 2-033 supplements or modifies the corresponding clauses in IEC 61010-1 so as to
121 convert that publication into the IEC standard: Particular requirements for hand-held
122 multimeters for domestic and professional use, capable of measuring mains voltage
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123 Where a particular subclause of Part 1 is not mentioned in this Part 2-033, that subclause
124 applies as far as is reasonable. Where this part states “addition”, “modification”, “replacement”,
125 or “deletion” the relevant requirement, test specification or note in Part 1 should be adapted
126 accordingly.127 In this standard:
128 a) the following print types are used:
129 – requirements: in roman type;
130 – NOTES: in small roman type;
131 – conformity and tests: in italic type;
132 – terms used throughout this standard which have been defined in Clause 3: SMALL ROMAN
133 CAPITALS;134 b) subclauses, figures, tables and notes which are additional to those in Part 1 are numbered
135 starting from 101. Additional annexes are lettered starting from AA and additional list items
136 are lettered from aa).137 The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
138 stability date indicated on the IEC website under http://webstore.iec.ch in the data related to
139 the specific document. At this date, the document will be140 • reconfirmed,
141 • withdrawn,
142 • replaced by a revised edition, or
143 • amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
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145 INTRODUCTION
146 IEC 61010-1 specifies the safety requirements that are generally applicable to all equipment
147 within its scope. For certain types of equipment, the requirements of IEC 61010-1 and its
148 amendment will be supplemented or modified by the special requirements of one, or more than
149 one, particular Part 2 which are read in conjunction with the Part 1 requirements.
150 1) Part 2-030 specifies the safety requirements for equipment with testing or measuring
151 circuits which are connected for test or measurement purposes to devices or circuits outside
152 the measurement equipment itself.153 2) Part 2-032 specifies the safety requirements for hand-held and hand-manipulated current
154 sensors for measuring, detecting, injecting current, or indicating current waveforms on
155 circuits without physically opening the current path of the circuit being measured.
156 Most of the requirements of Part 2-030 have been included into Part 2-032. Equipment
157 within the scopes of both Part 2-030 and Part 2-032 are considered to be covered by the
158 requirements of Part 2-032.159 However, for current sensor in combined equipment with protective bonding and automatic
160 disconnection of the supply, Part 2-030 and Part 2-032 are read in conjunction
161 3) Part 2-033 specifies the safety requirements for hand-held multimeters and other meters for
162 domestic and professional use, capable of measuring mains voltage, intended to measure
163 voltage and other electrical quantities such as resistance or current.164 All relevant requirements of Part 2-030 have been included into Part 2-033.
165 4) Part 2-034 specifies the safety requirements for measurement equipment for insulation
166 resistance and test equipment for electric strength which are connected to units, lines or
167 circuits for test or measurement purposes.168 All relevant requirements of Part 2-030 have been included into Part 2-034. However, for
169 equipment within the scope of Part 2-032 and Part 2-034, these standards are read in
170 conjunction.171 IEC 61010-031 specifies the safety requirements for hand-held and hand-manipulated probe
172 assemblies and their related accessories intended to be used in particular with equipment in
173 the scope of Part 2-030, Part 2-032, Part 2-033 and Part 2-034. These probe assemblies are
174 for non-contact or direct electrical connection between a part and electrical test and
175 measurement equipment. They may be fixed to the equipment or be detachable accessories for
176 the equipment.177
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178 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
179 FOR MEASUREMENT, CONTROL, AND LABORATORY USE –
180
181
182 Part 2-033: Particular requirements for hand-held multimeters
183 for domestic and professional use, capable of measuring mains voltage
184
185
186
187 1 Scope and object
188 IEC 61010-1:2010, Clause 1 and IEC 61010-1:2010/AMD1:2016, Clause 1 apply except as
189 follows:190 1.1.1 Equipment included in scope
191 Replace the existing text with the following:
192 This group safety publication is primarily intended to be used as a product safety standard for
193 the products mentioned in the scope, but shall also be used by technical committees in the
194 preparation of their publications for products similar to those mentioned in the scope of this
195 document, in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and lSO/lEC Guide 51.
196 This part of IEC 61010 specifies safety requirements for HAND-HELD multimeters for domestic
197 and professional use, capable of measuring MAINS.198 HAND-HELD multimeters are multi-range multifunction measuring instruments intended to
199 measure voltage and other electrical quantities such as resistance or current. Their primary
200 purpose is to measure voltage on a live MAINS. They are suitable to be supported by one hand
201 during NORMAL USE.202 1.1.2 Equipment excluded from scope
203 Add the following new item to the list and the following paragraph:
204 aa) IEC 61557 (all parts), Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 V a.c.
205 and 1 500 V d.c. – Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures
206 HAND-HELD EQUIPMENT such as oscilloscopes, wattmeters, process control multimeters not
207 RATED for measuring voltage on a live MAINS, clamp multimeters and communications test sets
208 are not within the scope of this document.209 1.2.1 Aspects included in scope
210 Replace item c) of the second paragraph with the following new item:
211 c) spread of fire or arc flash from the HAND-HELD multimeters (see Clause 9);
212 Replace the third paragraph with the following two new paragraphs:213 Requirements for protection against HAZARDS arising from NORMAL USE, REASONABLY
214 FORESEEABLE MISUSE and ergonomic factors are specified in Clause 16 and Clause 101.
215 Annex BB provides guidance to equipment manufacturer on HAZARDS that should be considered
216 for equipment intended for performing tests and measurements on hazardous conductors,
217 including MAINS conductors and telecommunication network conductors.---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
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218 2 Normative references
219 IEC 61010-1:2010, Clause 2 and IEC 61010-1:2010/AMD1:2016, Clause 2 apply except as
220 follows:221 Replace the following existing normative references:
222 IEC 60364-4-44:2007, Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-44: Protection for safety –
223 Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances224 IEC 60364-4-44:2007/AMD1:2015
225 IEC 61010-031, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and
226 laboratory use – Part 031: Safety requirements for hand-held probe assemblies for electrical
227 measurement and test228 IEC 61180 (all parts), High-voltage test techniques for low-voltage equipment
229 IEC 61180-1, High-voltage test techniques for low-voltage equipment – Part 1: Definitions, test
230 and procedure requirements231 IEC 61180-2, High-voltage test techniques for low-voltage equipment – Part 2: Test equipment
232 with the following new normative references:233 IEC 60364-4-44:2007, Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-44: Protection for safety –
234 Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances235 IEC 60364-4-44:2007/AMD1:2015
236 IEC 60364-4-44:2007/AMD2:2018
237 IEC 61010-031:— , Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and
238 laboratory use – Part 031: Safety requirements for hand-held and hand-manipulated probe
239 assemblies for electrical test and measurement240 IEC 61180:2016, High-voltage test techniques for low-voltage equipment – Definitions, test and
241 procedure requirements, test equipment242 NOTE IEC 61180:2016 replaces everywhere IEC 61180, IEC 61180-1 and IEC 61180-2 are referenced in Part 1.
243 Add the following new normative references:244 IEC 61000-4-5:2014, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-5: Testing and
245 measurement techniques - Surge immunity test246 IEC 61000-4-5:2014/AMD1:2017
247 IEC 61010-2-030:— , Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control,
248 and laboratory use – Part 2-030: Special requirements for testing and measuring circuits
249 IEC 61010-2-032:— , Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control,
250 and laboratory use – Part 2-032: Particular requirements for hand-held and hand-manipulated
251 current sensors for electrical test and measurement———————
Third edition under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: IEC FDIS 61010-031:2022.
Third edition under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: IEC CDV 61010-2-030:2022.
Fifth edition under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: IEC CDV 61010-2-032:2022.
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252 3 Terms and definitions
253 IEC 61010-1:2010, Clause 3 and IEC 61010-1:2010/AMD1:2016, Clause 3 apply except as
254 follows:255 3.5 Safety terms
256 Replace the definition of 3.5.4 with the following new definition:
257 3.5.4
258 MAINS
259 electricity supply system
260 Add the following new term and definition:
261 3.5.101
262 MEASUREMENT CATEGORY
263 classification of testing and measuring circuits according to the type of MAINS to which they are
264 intended to be connected265 Note 1 to entry: MEASUREMENT CATEGORIES take into account OVERVOLTAGE CATEGORIES, short-circuit current levels,
266 the location where the test or measurement is to be made and some forms of energy limitation or transient protection
267 included in the building installation (see Annex AA for more information).268 4 Tests
269 IEC 61010-1:2010, Clause 4 and IEC 61010-1:2010/AMD1:2016, Clause 4 apply except as
270 follows:271 4.3.2.5 MAINS supply
272 Replace the existing title and text of 4.3.2.5 with the following title and text:
273 4.3.2.5 Power supply274 The following requirements apply:
275 a) the MAINS supply voltage shall be between 90 % and 110 % of any RATED supply voltage for
276 which the HAND-HELD multimeter can be set or, if the HAND-HELD multimeter is RATED for a
277 greater fluctuation, at any supply voltage within the fluctuation range;278 b) the MAINS frequency shall be any RATED frequency;
279 c) HAND-HELD multimeter for both a.c. and d.c. shall be connected to an a.c. or d.c. supply;
280 d) HAND-HELD multimeter powered by single-phase a.c. MAINS supply shall be connected both
281 with normal and reverse polarity;282 e) if the means of connection permit reversal, battery-operated and d.c. HAND-HELD multimeter
283 shall be connected with both reverse and normal polarity.284 4.3.2.6 Input and output voltages
285 Replace the existing title and text of 4.3.2.6 with the following title and text:
286 4.3.2.6 Input and output voltages or currents287 Input and output voltages or currents, including floating voltages but excluding the MAINS supply
288 voltage, shall be set to any voltage or current within their RATED range, in normal and reverse
289 polarity if possible.290 Add the following new subclause:
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291 4.4.2.101 Surge protective devices
292 Surge protective devices used in MAINS CIRCUITS or the circuits measuring MAINS shall be short-
293 circuited and open-circuited.294 5 Marking and documentation
295 IEC 61010-1:2010, Clause 5 and IEC 61010-1:2010/AMD1:2016, Clause 5 apply except as
296 follows:297 5.1.2 Identification
298 Add the following note after the existing note:
299 NOTE 101 Some national regulations might require a marking to indicate the name and edition of the standard used
300 for compliance evaluation.301 5.1.5 TERMINALS, connections and operating devices
302 5.1.5.1 General
303 Replace the first paragraph with the following:
304 If necessary for safety, an indication shall be given of the purpose of TERMINALS, connectors,
305 controls, and indicators. Where there is insufficient space, symbol 14 from Table 1 may be
306 used.307 5.1.5.2 TERMINALS
308 Replace the existing item d) with
...
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