EN 61675-2:1998
(Main)Radionuclide imaging devices - Characteristics and test conditions - Part 2: Single photon emission computer tomographs
Radionuclide imaging devices - Characteristics and test conditions - Part 2: Single photon emission computer tomographs
Specifies terminology and test methods for describing the characteristics of Anger type rotational gamma single photon emission computed tomographs (SPECT), equipped with parallel hole collimators. It is intended that the test methods be carried out by manufacturers thereby enabling them to describe the characteristics of SPECT systems on a common basis.
Bildgebende Systeme in der Nuklearmedizin - Merkmale und Prüfbedingungen - Teil 2: Einzelphotonen-Emissions-Tomographie
Dispositifs d'imagerie par radionucléides - Caractéristiques et conditions d'essais - Partie 2: Systèmes de tomographie d'émission à photon unique
L'IEC 61675-2:1998 spécifie la terminologie et les méthodes d'essai relatives à la description des caractéristiques des tomodensitomètres par émission de photons simples des gamma cameras rotatives de type Anger, équipés de collimateurs à trous parallèles. Dans la mesure où ces systèmes sont basés sur les caméras gamma de type Anger, la présente partie de la CEI 61675 doit être utilisée conjointement avec la CEI 60789. Ces systèmes se composent d'un système de portique, de têtes de détecteurs simples ou multiples et d'un système informatique, associés à des dispositifs d'acquisition, d'enregistrement et de visualisation. Les méthodes d'essai spécifiées dans la présente partie de la CEI 61675 ont été sélectionnées afin de refléter autant que possible l'utilisation clinique des tomodensitomètres par émission de photons simples des caméras gamma rotatives de type Anger. L'intention est de faire appliquer ces méthodes d'essai par les constructeurs, leur donnant ainsi les moyens de décrire les caractéristiques des systèmes tomodensitomètres par émission de photons simples des caméras gamma sur la base de critères communs. Aucun essai n'a été spécifié afin de caractériser l'uniformité des images reconstituées, puisque toutes les méthodes connues jusqu'à présent reflèteront principalement le bruit de l'image.
Radionuclide imaging devices - Characteristics and test conditions - Part 2: Single photon emission computer tomographs (IEC 61675-2:1998)
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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-1998
Radionuclide imaging devices - Characteristics and test conditions - Part 2: Single
photon emission computer tomographs (IEC 61675-2:1998)
Radionuclide imaging devices - Characteristics and test conditions -- Part 2: Single
photon emission computer tomographs
Bildgebende Systeme in der Nuklearmedizin - Merkmale und Prüfbedingungen -- Teil 2:
Einzelphotonen-Emissions-Tomographie
Dispositifs d'imagerie par radionucléides - Caractéristiques et conditions d'essais --
Partie 2: Systèmes de tomographie d'émission à photon unique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61675-2:1998
ICS:
11.040.50 Radiografska oprema Radiographic equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL
IEC
STANDARD
61675-2
First edition
1998-01
Radionuclide imaging devices –
Characteristics and test conditions –
Part 2:
Single photon emission computed tomographs
Dispositifs d’imagerie par radionucléides –
Caractéristiques et conditions d’essais –
Partie 2:
Systèmes de tomographie d’émission à photon unique
IEC 1998 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
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procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo- including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in
copie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. writing from the publisher.
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CODE PRIX
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
PRICE CODE T
International Electrotechnical Commission
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue
– 2 – 61675-2 © IEC:1998(E)
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . . 3
Clause
1 General . 4
1.1 Scope and object . . 4
1.2 Normative references . 4
2 Terminology and definitions . 4
3 Test methods. 9
3.1 Calibration measurements . 9
3.2 Measurement of COLLIMATOR hole misalignment . 10
3.3 Measurement of SPECT system SENSITIVITY . 11
3.4 Scatter. 12
3.5 Measurement of SPECT non-uniformity of response . 14
3.6 SPECT system SPATIAL RESOLUTION . 14
4 ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS . 15
Figures
1 Geometry of PROJECTIONS . 16
2 Cylindrical head phantom. 17
3 Phantom insert with holders for the scatter source . 18
4 Evaluation of SCATTER FRACTION. 19
5 Reporting TRANSVERSE RESOLUTION . 20
6 Evaluation of FWHM . 21
7 Evaluation of EQUIVALENT WIDTH (EW) . 22
Annex A – Index of defined terms . 23
61675-2 © IEC:1998(E) – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
___________
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING DEVICES –
CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST CONDITIONS –
Part 2: Single photon emission computed tomographs
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61675-2 has been prepared by subcommittee 62C: Equipment for
radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiation dosimetry, of IEC technical committee 62:
Electrical equipment in medical practice.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
62C/206/FDIS 62C/215/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
In this standard, the following print types are used:
– TERMS DEFINED IN CLAUSE 2 OF THIS STANDARD OR LISTED IN ANNEX A: SMALL CAPITALS.
The requirements are followed by specifications for the relevant tests.
Annex A is for information only.
A bilingual version of this standard may be issued at a later date.
– 4 – 61675-2 © IEC:1998(E)
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING DEVICES –
CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST CONDITIONS –
Part 2: Single photon emission computed tomographs
1 General
1.1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 61675 specifies terminology and test methods for describing the character-
istics of Anger type rotational GAMMA CAMERA SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHS
(SPECT), equipped with parallel hole collimators. As these systems are based on Anger type
GAMMA CAMERAS this part of IEC 61675 shall be used in conjunction with IEC 60789. These
systems consist of a gantry system, single or multiple DETECTOR HEADS and a computer system
together with acquisition, recording, and display devices.
The test methods specified in this part of IEC 61675 have been selected to reflect as much as
possible the clinical use of Anger type rotational GAMMA CAMERA SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHS (SPECT). It is intended that the test methods be carried out by
manufacturers thereby enabling them to describe the characteristics of SPECT systems on a
common basis.
No test has been specified to characterize the uniformity of reconstructed images because all
methods known so far will mostly reflect the noise of the image.
1.2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this part of IEC 61675. At the time of publication, the editions indicated
were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
on this part of IEC 61675 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 60788:1984, Medical radiology – Terminology
IEC 60789:1992, Characteristics and test conditions of radionuclide imaging devices – Anger
type gamma cameras
IEC 61675-1, Radionuclide imaging devices – Characteristics and test conditions – Part 1:
Positron emission tomographs
2 Terminology and definitions
For the purpose of this part of IEC 61675 the definitions given in IEC 60788, IEC 60789 and
IEC 61675-1 (see annex A), and the following definitions apply.
Defined terms are printed in small capital letters.
61675-2 © IEC:1998(E) – 5 –
2.1
SYSTEM AXIS
Axis of symmetry characterized by geometrical and physical properties of the arrangement of
the system
NOTE – The SYSTEM AXIS of a GAMMA CAMERA with rotating detectors is the axis of rotation.
2.1.1
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
2.1.2
FIXED COORDINATE SYSTEM
Cartesian system with axes X, Y, and Z, Z being the SYSTEM AXIS. The origin of the FIXED
COORDINATE SYSTEM is defined by the centre of the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME (see figure 1). The
SYSTEM AXIS is orthogonal to all TRANSVERSE SLICES.
2.1.3
COORDINATE SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
Cartesian system of the IMAGE MATRIX of each two-dimensional projection with axes X and Y
p p
(defined by the axes of the IMAGE MATRIX). The Y axis and the projection of the system axis
p
onto the detector front face have to be in parallel. The origin of the COORDINATE SYSTEM OF
PROJECTION is the centre of the IMAGE MATRIX (see figure 1).
2.1.4
CENTRE OF ROTATION (COR)
Origin of that COORDINATE SYSTEM, which describes the PROJECTIONS of a TRANSVERSE SLICE with
respect to their orientation in space
NOTE – The CENTRE OF ROTATION of a TRANSVERSE SLICE is given by the intersection of the SYSTEM AXIS with the
mid-plane of the corresponding OBJECT SLICE.
2.1.5
OFFSET
Deviation of the position of the PROJECTION of the COR (X' ) from X = 0. (See figure 1)
p p
2.2
TOMOGRAPHY (see annex A)
2.2.1
TRANSVERSE TOMOGRAPHY
In TRANSVERSE TOMOGRAPHY the three-dimensional object is sliced by physical methods, e.g.
collimation, into a stack of OBJECT SLICES, which are considered as being two-dimensional and
independent from each other. The transverse image planes are perpendicular to the SYSTEM
AXIS.
2.2.2
EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (ECT)
Imaging method for the representation of the spatial distribution of incorporated RADIONUCLIDES
in selected two-dimensional SLICES through the object
2.2.2.1
PROJECTION
Transformation of a three-dimensional object into its two-dimensional image or of a two-
dimensional object into its one-dimensional image, by integrating the physical property which
determines the image along the direction of the PROJECTION BEAM
NOTE – This process is mathematically described by line integrals in the direction of projection and called the
Radon-transform.
– 6 – 61675-2 © IEC:1998(E)
2.2.2.2
PROJECTION BEAM
Determines the smallest possible volume in which the physical property which determines the
image is integrated during the measurement process. Its shape is limited by the SPATIAL
RESOLUTION in all three dimensions.
NOTE – In SPECT the PROJECTION BEAM usually has the shape of a long thin diverging cone.
2.2.2.3
PROJECTION ANGLE
Angle at which the PROJECTION is measured or acquired
NOTE – For illustration see figure 1.
2.2.2.4
SINOGRAM
Two-dimensional display of all one-dimensional PROJECTIONS of an object slice, as a function of
the PROJECTION ANGLE
The PROJECTION ANGLE is displayed on the ordinate. The linear PROJECTION coordinate is
displayed on the abscissa.
2.2.2.5
OBJECT SLICE
A slice in the object. The physical property of this slice that determines the measured
information is displayed in the tomographic image.
2.2.2.6
IMAGE PLANE
A plane assigned to a plane in the OBJECT SLICE
NOTE – Usually the IMAGE PLANE is the mid-plane of the corresponding OBJECT SLICE.
2.2.2.7
TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME
Ensemble of all volume elements which contribute to the measured PROJECTIONS for all
PROJECTION ANGLES
NOTE – For a rotating GAMMA CAMERA with a circular field of view the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME is a sphere provided
that the radius of rotation is larger than the radius of the field of view. For a rectangular field of view, the
TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME is a cylinder.
2.2.2.7.1
TRANSVERSE FIELD OF VIEW
Dimensions of a slice through the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME, perpendicular to the SYSTEM AXIS. For
a circular TRANSVERSE FIELD OF VIEW it is described by its diameter.
NOTE – For non-cylindrical TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUMES the TRANSVERSE FIELD OF VIEW may depend on the axial position
of the slice.
2.2.2.7.2
AXIAL FIELD OF VIEW
Dimensions of a slice through the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME parallel to and including the SYSTEM
AXIS. In practice it is specified only by its axial dimension given by the distance between the
centres of the outermost defined IMAGE PLANES plus the average of the measured AXIAL SLICE
WIDTH measured as EQUIVALENT WIDTH (EW).
2.2.2.7.3
TOTAL FIELD OF VIEW
Dimensions (three-dimensional) of the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME
61675-2 © IEC:1998(E) – 7 –
2.3
IMAGE MATRIX
Arrangement of MATRIX ELEMENTS in a preferentially cartesian coordinate system
2.3.1
MATRIX ELEMENT
Smallest unit of an IMAGE MATRIX, which is assigned in location and size to a certain volume
element of the object (VOXEL)
2.3.1.1
PIXEL
MATRIX ELEMEN
...
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