EN IEC 60034-4-1:2018
(Main)Rotating electrical machines - Part 4-1: Methods for determining electrically excited synchronous machine quantities from tests
Rotating electrical machines - Part 4-1: Methods for determining electrically excited synchronous machine quantities from tests
IEC 60034-4-1:2018 applies to three-phase synchronous machines of 1 kVA rating and larger and describes methods intended to be used for machines having an excitation winding with slip-rings and brushes for their supply. Synchronous machines with brushless excitation require special effort for some of the tests. For machines with permanent magnet excitation, there is a limited applicability of the described tests, and special precautions should be taken against irreversible demagnetization.
Drehende elektrische Maschinen - Teil 4-1: Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Kenngrößen von Synchronmaschinen durch Messungen
Machines électriques tournantes - Partie 4-1: Méthodes pour la détermination, à partir d’essais, des grandeurs des machines synchrones à excitation électrique
L’IEC 60034-4-1:2018 est applicable aux machines synchrones triphasées dont la puissance assignée est supérieure ou égale à 1 kVA et décrit des méthodes destinées à être utilisées avec des machines ayant un enroulement d’excitation avec des bagues collectrices et des balais pour leur alimentation. Les machines synchrones sans balai d’excitation exigent un investissement particulier pour certains des essais. Pour les machines dont l’excitation est assurée par des aimants permanents, les essais décrits ont une applicabilité limitée et il convient de prendre des précautions particulières contre une démagnétisation irréversible.
Električni rotacijski stroji - 4-1. del: Metode za določanje parametrov sinhronskih strojev s preskusi (IEC 60034-4-1:2018)
Ta del standarda IEC 60034 se uporablja za trifazne sinhronske stroje z nazivno močjo 1 kVA in več.
Večina metod je namenjenih za uporabo s stroji, ki imajo vzbujalno navitje z drsnimi obroči in ščetkami za njihovo napajanje. Sinhronski stroji z vzbujanjem brez ščetk pri nekaterih preskusih zahtevajo posebno pozornost. Pri strojih s trajnim magnetnim vzbujanjem je uporaba opisanih preskusov omejena in upoštevati je treba posebne previdnostne ukrepe proti nepovratnemu razmagnetenju.
Izključeni so aksialni stroji in posebni sinhronski stroji, kot so induktorski stroji, stroji s prečnim pretokom in reluktančni stroji.
Ta dokument ni namenjen interpretaciji, da so kateri koli ali vsi v njem opisani preskusi nujni na katerem koli stroju. Posebni preskusi, ki jih je treba izvesti, so predmet dogovora med proizvajalcem in kupcem.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2019
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 60034-4:2008
(OHNWULþQLURWDFLMVNLVWURMLGHO 0HWRGH]DGRORþDQMHSDUDPHWURYVLQKURQVNLK
VWURMHYVSUHVNXVL ,(&
Rotating electrical machines - Part 4-1: Methods for determining synchronous machine
quantities from tests (IEC 60034-4-1:2018)
Drehende elektrische Maschinen - Teil 4-1: Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Kenngrößen
von Synchronmaschinen durch Messungen (IEC 60034-4-1:2018)
Machines électriques tournantes - Partie 4-1: Méthodes pour la détermination, à partir
d'essais, des grandeurs des machines synchrones (IEC 60034-4-1:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 60034-4-1:2018
ICS:
29.160.01 Rotacijski stroji na splošno Rotating machinery in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 60034-4-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2018
ICS 29.160 Supersedes EN 60034-4:2008
English Version
Rotating electrical machines - Part 4-1: Methods for determining
electrically excited synchronous machine quantities from tests
(IEC 60034-4-1:2018)
Machines électriques tournantes - Partie 4-1: Méthodes Drehende elektrische Maschinen - Teil 4-1: Verfahren zur
pour la détermination, à partir d'essais, des grandeurs des Ermittlung der Kenngrößen von Synchronmaschinen durch
machines synchrones à excitation électrique Messungen
(IEC 60034-4-1:2018) (IEC 60034-4-1:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2018-06-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 60034-4-1:2018 E
European foreword
The text of document 2/1829/CDV, future edition 1 of IEC 60034-4-1, prepared by IEC/TC 2 "Rotating
machinery" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2019-03-01
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2021-06-01
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 60034-4:2008
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60034-4-1:2018 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60034-1 2017 Rotating electrical machines - Part 1: - -
Rating and performance
IEC 60034-2-1 - Rotating electrical machines - Part 2-1: EN 60034-2-1 -
Standard methods for determining losses
and efficiency from tests (excluding
machines for traction vehicles)
Direct acting indicating analogue electrical
IEC 60051 series EN 60051 series
measuring instruments and their
accessories
IEC 60034-4-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2018-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Rotating electrical machines –
Part 4-1: Methods for determining electrically excited synchronous machine
quantities from tests
Machines électriques tournantes –
Partie 4-1: Méthodes pour la détermination, à partir d’essais, des grandeurs
des machines synchrones à excitation électrique
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.160.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-5634-3
– 2 – IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Symbols and units . 14
5 Overview of tests . 15
6 Test procedures . 17
6.1 General . 17
6.1.1 Instrumentation requirements . 17
6.1.2 Excitation system requirements . 18
6.1.3 Test conditions . 18
6.1.4 Per unit base quantities . 18
6.1.5 Conventions and assumptions . 19
6.1.6 Consideration of magnetic saturation . 19
6.2 Direct measurements of excitation current at rated load . 20
6.3 Direct-current winding resistance measurements . 21
6.4 No-load saturation test . 21
6.4.1 Test procedure . 21
6.4.2 No-load saturation characteristic determination . 22
6.5 Sustained three-phase short-circuit test . 22
6.5.1 Test procedure . 22
6.5.2 Three-phase sustained short-circuit characteristic . 22
6.6 Motor no-load test . 23
6.7 Over-excitation test at zero power-factor . 23
6.8 Negative excitation test . 23
6.9 On-load test measuring the load angle . 23
6.10 Low slip test . 24
6.11 Sudden three-phase short-circuit test . 24
6.12 Voltage recovery test . 25
6.13 Suddenly applied short-circuit test following disconnection from line . 25
6.14 Direct current decay test in the armature winding at standstill . 26
6.15 Applied voltage test with the rotor in direct and quadrature axis positions . 26
6.16 Applied voltage test with the rotor in arbitrary position . 27
6.17 Single phase voltage test applied to the three phases . 28
6.18 Line-to-line sustained short-circuit test . 28
6.19 Line-to-line and to neutral sustained short-circuit test . 28
6.20 Negative-phase sequence test . 29
6.21 Field current decay test, with the armature winding open-circuited . 29
6.21.1 Test at rated speed . 29
6.21.2 Test at standstill . 30
6.22 Applied voltage test with rotor removed . 30
6.23 No-load retardation test . 31
6.24 Locked rotor test . 31
6.25 Asynchronous operation during the low-voltage test . 31
6.26 Over-excitation test at zero power factor and variable armature voltage . 32
6.27 Applied variable frequency voltage test at standstill . 32
IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 3 –
7 Determination of quantities . 34
7.1 Analysis of recorded data. 34
7.1.1 No-load saturation and three-phase, sustained short-circuit curves . 34
7.1.2 Sudden three-phase short-circuit test . 35
7.1.3 Voltage recovery test . 38
7.1.4 Direct current decay in the armature winding at standstill . 39
7.1.5 Suddenly applied excitation test with armature winding open-circuited . 41
7.2 Direct-axis synchronous reactance. 41
7.2.1 From no-load saturation and three-phase sustained short-circuit test. 41
7.2.2 From motor no-load test . 41
7.2.3 From on-load test measuring the load angle . 42
7.3 Direct-axis transient reactance . 42
7.3.1 From sudden three-phase short-circuit test . 42
7.3.2 From voltage recovery test . 42
7.3.3 From DC decay test in the armature winding at standstill . 43
7.3.4 Calculation from test values . 43
7.4 Direct-axis sub-transient reactance . 43
7.4.1 From sudden three-phase short-circuit test . 43
7.4.2 From voltage recovery test . 43
7.4.3 From applied voltage test with the rotor in direct and quadrature axis . 43
7.4.4 From applied voltage test with the rotor in arbitrary position . 44
7.5 Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance . 44
7.5.1 From negative excitation test . 44
7.5.2 From low slip test . 45
7.5.3 From on-load test measuring the load angle . 46
7.6 Quadrature-axis transient reactance . 47
7.6.1 From direct current decay test in the armature winding at standstill . 47
7.6.2 Calculation from test values . 47
7.7 Quadrature-axis sub-transient reactance . 47
7.7.1 From applied voltage test with the rotor in direct and quadrature
position . 47
7.7.2 From applied voltage test with the rotor in arbitrary position . 47
7.8 Zero-sequence reactance . 48
7.8.1 From single-phase voltage application to the three phases . 48
7.8.2 From line-to-line and to neutral sustained short-circuit test . 48
7.9 Negative-sequence reactance . 48
7.9.1 From line-to-line sustained short-circuit test . 48
7.9.2 From negative-phase sequence test . 49
7.9.3 Calculation from test values . 49
7.9.4 From direct-current decay test at standstill . 49
7.10 Armature leakage reactance . 50
7.11 Potier reactance. 50
7.12 Zero-sequence resistance . 51
7.12.1 From single-phase voltage test applied to the three phases . 51
7.12.2 From line-to-line and to neutral sustained short-circuit test . 51
7.13 Positive-sequence armature winding resistance . 52
7.14 Negative-sequence resistance . 52
7.14.1 From line-to-line sustained short-circuit test . 52
7.14.2 From negative-phase sequence test . 52
– 4 – IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018
7.15 Armature and excitation winding resistance . 52
7.16 Direct-axis transient short-circuit time constant . 53
7.16.1 From sudden three-phase short-circuit test . 53
7.16.2 From direct current decay test at standstill . 53
7.17 Direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant . 53
7.17.1 From field current decay at rated speed with armature winding open . 53
7.17.2 From field current decay test at standstill with armature winding open . 53
7.17.3 From voltage recovery test . 54
7.17.4 From direct-current decay test at standstill . 54
7.18 Direct-axis sub-transient short-circuit time constant . 54
7.19 Direct-axis sub-transient open-circuit time constant . 54
7.19.1 From voltage recovery test . 54
7.19.2 From direct-current decay test at standstill . 54
7.20 Quadrature-axis transient short-circuit time constant . 54
7.20.1 Calculation from test values . 54
7.20.2 From direct-current decay test at standstill . 54
7.21 Quadrature-axis transient open-circuit time constant . 54
7.22 Quadrature-axis sub-transient short-circuit time constant . 54
7.22.1 Calculation from test values . 54
7.22.2 Determination from direct-current decay test at standstill . 55
7.23 Quadrature-axis sub-transient open-circuit time constant . 55
7.24 Armature short-circuit time constant . 55
7.24.1 From sudden three-phase short-circuit test . 55
7.24.2 Calculation from test values . 55
7.25 Rated acceleration time and stored energy constant . 55
7.26 Rated excitation current . 56
7.26.1 From direct measurement . 56
7.26.2 Potier diagram . 56
7.26.3 ASA diagram . 57
7.26.4 Swedish diagram . 58
7.27 Excitation current referred to rated armature sustained short-circuit current . 59
7.27.1 From sustained three-phase short-circuit test . 59
7.27.2 From over-excitation test at zero power factor . 59
7.28 Frequency response characteristics . 60
7.28.1 General . 60
7.28.2 From asynchronous operation at reduced voltage . 61
7.28.3 From applied variable frequency voltage test at standstill . 61
7.28.4 From direct current decay test in the armature winding at standstill . 63
7.29 Short-circuit ratio . 63
7.30 Rated voltage regulation . 63
7.30.1 From direct measurement . 63
7.30.2 From no-load saturation characteristic and known field current at rated
load . 63
7.31 Initial starting impedance of synchronous motors . 64
Annex A (informative) Testing cross-reference . 65
Annex B (informative) Calculation scheme for frequency response characteristics . 68
B.1 Basics . 68
B.2 Parameter calculation . 68
Annex C (informative) Conventional electrical machine model . 70
IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 5 –
Bibliography . 72
Figure 1 – Schematic for DC decay test at standstill . 26
Figure 2 – Circuit diagram for line-to-line short-circuit test . 28
Figure 3 – Circuit diagram for line-to-line and to neutral sustained short-circuit test . 29
Figure 4 – Search coil installation with rotor removed . 30
Figure 5 – Power and current versus slip (example) . 32
Figure 6 – Schematic for variable frequency test at standstill . 33
Figure 7 – Recorded quantities from variable frequency test at standstill (example) . 34
Figure 8 – Combined saturation and short-circuit curves . 35
Figure 9 – Determination of intermediate points on the envelopes. 35
Figure 10 – Determination of transient component of short-circuit current . 37
Figure 11 – Determination of sub-transient component of short-circuit current . 37
Figure 12 – Transient and sub-transient component of recovery voltage . 39
Figure 13 – Semi-logarithmic plot of decay currents . 40
Figure 14 – Suddenly applied excitation with armature winding open-circuited . 41
Figure 15 – No-load e.m.f. and excitation current for one pole-pitch slip . 45
Figure 16 – Current envelope from low-slip test . 46
Figure 17 – Determination of Potier reactance . 51
Figure 18 – Potier's diagram . 56
Figure 19 – ASA diagram . 57
Figure 20 – Swedish diagram . 58
Figure 21 – Excitation current from over-excitation test at zero power factor . 60
Figure 22 – Frequency response characteristics at low frequencies (example) . 61
Figure C.1 – Equivalent circuit model of a salient pole machine . 70
Table 1 – Test methods and cross-reference table . 15
Table A.1 – Test cross-reference . 65
– 6 – IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
Part 4-1: Methods for determining electrically excited
synchronous machine quantities from tests
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
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Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
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3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
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Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
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between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
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5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60034-4-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 2:
Rotating machinery.
IEC 60034-4-1 first edition cancels and replaces the third edition of IEC 60034-4 published in
2008. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This publication includes the following significant technical changes with respect to
IEC 60034-4 edition 3:
a) improvement of several procedures with respect to evaluation of quantities;
b) deletion of uncommon procedures;
c) applicability of procedures for permanent magnet machines.
IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 7 –
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
2/1829/CDV 2/1869/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
NOTE A table of cross-references of all IEC TC 2 publications can be found on the IEC TC 2 dashboard on the
IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 8 – IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
Part 4-1: Methods for determining electrically excited
synchronous machine quantities from tests
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60034 applies to three-phase synchronous machines of 1 kVA rating and
larger.
Most of the methods are intended to be used for machines having an excitation winding with
slip-rings and brushes for their supply. Synchronous machines with brushless excitation
require special effort for some of the tests. For machines with permanent magnet excitation,
there is a limited applicability of the described tests, and special precautions should be taken
against irreversible demagnetization.
Excluded are axial-field machines and special synchronous machines such as inductor type
machines, transversal flux machines and reluctance machines.
It is not intended that this document be interpreted as requiring any or all of the tests
described therein on any given machine. The particular tests to be carried out are subject to
agreement between manufacturer and customer.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60034-1:2017, Rotating electrical machines – Part 1: Rating and performance
IEC 60034-2-1, Rotating electrical machines – Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining
losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
IEC 60051 (all parts), Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and
their accessories
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
initial starting impedance
quotient of the applied armature voltage and the sustained average armature current, the
machine being at standstill
IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 9 –
3.2
direct-axis synchronous reactance
quotient of the sustained value of that fundamental AC component of armature voltage, which
is produced by the total direct-axis primary flux due to direct-axis armature current, and the
value of the fundamental AC component of this current, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-07]
3.3
direct-axis transient reactance
quotient of the initial value of a sudden change in that fundamental AC component of
armature voltage, which is produced by the total direct-axis primary flux, and the value of the
simultaneous change in fundamental AC component of direct-axis armature current, the
machine running at rated speed and the high decrement components during the first cycles
being excluded
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-09]
3.4
direct-axis sub-transient reactance
quotient of the initial value of a sudden change in that fundamental AC component of
armature voltage, which is produced by the total direct-axis armature flux, and the value of
the simultaneous change in fundamental AC component of direct-axis armature current, the
machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-11]
3.5
quadrature-axis synchronous reactance
quotient of the sustained value of that fundamental AC component of armature voltage, which
is produced by the total quadrature-axis primary flux due to quadrature-axis armature current,
and the value of the fundamental AC component of this current, the machine running at rated
speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-08]
3.6
quadrature-axis transient reactance
quotient of the initial value of a sudden change in that fundamental AC component of
armature voltage, which is produced by the total quadrature-axis armature winding flux, and
the value of the simultaneous change in fundamental AC component of quadrature-axis
armature current, the machine running at rated speed and the high decrement components
during the first cycles being excluded
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-10]
3.7
quadrature-axis sub-transient reactance
quotient of the initial value of a sudden change in that fundamental AC component of
armature voltage, which is produced by the total quadrature-axis primary flux and the value of
the simultaneous change in fundamental AC component of quadrature-axis armature current,
the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-12]
– 10 – IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018
3.8
positive sequence reactance
quotient of the reactive fundamental component of the positive sequence armature voltage,
due to the sinusoidal positive sequence armature current at rated frequency, by the value of
that component of current, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-14]
3.9
negative sequence reactance
quotient of the reactive fundamental component of negative sequence armature voltage, due
to the sinusoidal negative sequence armature current at rated frequency, by the value of that
component of current, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-15]
3.10
zero sequence reactance
quotient of the reactive fundamental component of zero sequence armature voltage, due to
the presence of fundamental zero sequence armature current at rated frequency, by the value
of that component of current, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-16]
3.11
Potier reactance
reactance taking into account the leakage of the field winding, on load and in the over-excited
region, which is used in place of the armature leakage reactance to calculate the excitation on
load by means of the Potier method
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-13]
3.12
armature-leakage reactance
quotient of the reactive fundamental component of armature voltage due to the leakage flux of
armature winding and the fundamental component of armature current, the machine running
at rated speed
3.13
armature resistance
resistance measured by direct current between terminals of the armature winding, referred to
a certain winding temperature, expressed as per phase value
3.14
excitation winding resistance
resistance measured by direct current between terminals of the excitation winding, referred to
a certain winding temperature
3.15
positive sequence resistance
quotient of the in-phase component of positive sequence armature voltage corresponding to
losses in the armature winding and stray load losses due to the sinusoidal positive sequence
armature current, by the value of that component of current, the machine running at rated
speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-18]
IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 11 –
3.16
negative sequence resistance
quotient of the in-phase fundamental component of negative sequence armature voltage, due
to the sinusoidal negative sequence armature current at rated frequency, by the value of that
component of current, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-19]
3.17
zero sequence resistance
quotient of the in-phase fundamental component of zero sequence armature voltage, due to
the fundamental zero sequence armature current of rated frequency, by the value of that
component of current, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-20]
3.18
short-circuit ratio
ratio of the field current for rated armature voltage on open-circuit to the field current for rated
armature current on sustained symmetrical short-circuit, both with the machine running at
rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-50-21]
3.19
direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant
the time required, following a sudden change in operating conditions, for the slowly changing
component of the open-circuit armature voltage, which is due to direct-axis flux, to decrease
to 1/e, that is 0,368 of its initial value, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-27]
3.20
direct-axis transient short-circuit time constant
time required, following a sudden change in operating conditions, for the slowly changing
component of direct-axis short-circuit armature current to decrease to 1/e, that is 0,368 of its
initial value, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-28]
3.21
direct-axis sub-transient open-circuit time constant
time required, following a sudden change in operating conditions, for the rapidly changing
component present during the first few cycles of the open-circuit armature winding voltage
which is due to direct-axis flux, to decrease to 1/e, that is 0,368 of its initial value, the
machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-29]
3.22
direct-axis sub-transient short-circuit time constant
time required, following a sudden change in operating conditions, for the rapidly changing
component, present during the first few cycles in the direct-axis short-circuit armature current,
to decrease to 1/e, that is 0,368 of its initial value, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-30]
– 12 – IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018
3.23
quadrature-axis transient open-circuit time constant
time required, following a sudden change in operating conditions, for the slowly changing
component of the open-circuit armature winding voltage which is due to quadrature-axis flux,
to decrease to 1/e, that is 0,368 of its initial value, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-32]
3.24
quadrature-axis transient short-circuit time constant
time required, following a sudden change in operating conditions, for the slowly changing
component of quadrature-axis short-circuit armature winding current, to decrease to
1/e, that is 0,368 of its initial value, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-33]
3.25
quadrature-axis sub-transient open-circuit time constant
time required, following a sudden change in operating conditions, for the rapidly changing
component of the open-circuit armature winding voltage which is due to quadrature-axis flux,
to decrease to 1/e, that is 0,368 of its initial value, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-34]
3.26
direct-axis open-circuit equivalent damper circuit time constant
time required for the induced current component in the equivalent damper circuit to decrease
to 1/e ≈ 0,368 of its initial value following a sudden change in operating conditions with open-
circuited armature winding and the excitation winding being also open, the machine running at
rated speed
3.27
direct-axis short-circuit equivalent damper winding time constant
time required for the induced current component of the equivalent damper winding to
decrease to 1/e ≈ 0,368 of its initial value following a sudden change in operating conditions
with short-circuited armature winding the excitation winding being open, and the machine
running at rated speed
3.28
quadrature-axis sub-transient short-circuit time constant
time required, following a sudden change in operating conditions, for the rapidly changing
component, present during the first few cycles in the quadrature-axis short-circuit armature
winding current, to decrease to 1/e, that is 0,368 of its initial value, the machine running at
rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-35]
3.29
short-circuit time constant of armature windings
time required, following a sudden change in operating conditions, for the DC component
present in the short-circuit armature winding current, to decrease to 1/e, that is 0,368 of its
initial value, the machine running at rated speed
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-31]
IEC 60034-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 13 –
3.30
unit acceleration time
time which would be required to bring the rotating parts of a machine from rest to rated speed
if the accelerating torque were constant and equal to the quotient of rated active power by
rated angular velocity
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-411:1996, 411-48-15]
3.31
stored energy constant
quotient of the kinetic energy stored in the rotor when running at rated speed and of the rated
apparent power
3.32
rated excitation current
current in the excitation winding when the machine operates at rated voltage, current, power-
factor and speed
3.33
...
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