ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)

Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Part 2: Technical characteristics for SRD equipment for wireless industrial applications using technologies different from Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)

DTR/ERM-TG28-0429-2

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 04-Aug-2011
• Technical Committee: ERM TG28 - ERM Generic SRD's
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 10-Aug-2011
• Completion Date: 05-Aug-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Report
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
System Reference Document;
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Part 2: Technical characteristics for SRD equipment for
wireless industrial applications using technologies different
from Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)
2 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)

Reference
DTR/ERM-TG28-0429-2
Keywords
radio, SRD
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ETSI
3 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Executive Summary . 5
Introduction . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 8
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Comments on the System Reference Document . 11
4.1 Statements by ETSI members . 11
5 Market information. 12
5.1 Market evolution and potential . 12
5.1.1 The socio-economic benefits . 14
5.1.2 Views from the international user association of automation technology in process industries . 15
5.2 Information for sharing and compatibility studies . 15
6 Technical information . 17
6.1 Presentation of the system or technology . 17
6.2 Detailed technical description . 18
6.3 Technical parameters and implications on spectrum . 21
6.3.1 Status of technical parameters . 21
6.3.1.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations . 21
6.3.1.2 Sharing and compatibility studies (if any) already available . 21
6.3.1.3 Sharing and compatibility issues still to be considered . 21
6.3.2 Transmitter parameters . 22
6.3.2.1 Transmitter Output Power/Radiated Power . 22
6.3.2.2 Antenna Characteristics . 22
6.3.2.3 Operating Frequency . 22
6.3.2.4 Bandwidth . 22
6.3.2.5 Unwanted emissions. 22
6.3.3 Receiver parameters . 22
6.3.3.1 Spurious emissions . 22
6.3.3.2 Receiver sensitivity . 22
6.3.3.3 Other receiver parameters . 22
6.3.4 Channel access parameters . 22
6.4 Information on relevant standard(s) . 23
7 Radio spectrum request and justification . 23
7.1 General . 23
7.2 The current situation . 23
7.3 The new proposal . 24
7.3.1 Critical wireless links in industrial applications . 24
7.3.2 Non-critical wireless links in industrial applications . 24
7.3.3 Proposed candidate frequency bands . 24
8 Regulations . 25
8.1 Current Regulations . 25
8.2 Proposed Regulation and justification . 25
8.3 Requested ECC and EC actions . 25
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4 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Annex A: Detailed market information - Market size, Applications and requirements . 26
A.1 Range of applications . 26
A.1.1 Overview . 26
A.1.2 Category A: Low latency applications . 27
A.1.2.1 Robotic arms . 28
A.1.2.2 Rotating tables/storages . 29
A.1.2.3 Overhead conveyer systems . 30
A.1.2.4 Other moving parts applications . 30
A.1.2.5 Changing tools in an assembly line . 31
A.1.3 Category B: Reliable and secure applications . 31
A.1.3.1 Driverless autonomous transportation systems . 31
A.1.3.2 High rack warehouse . 31
A.1.3.3 Crane control . 32
A.1.3.4 Clean rooms . 33
A.1.3.5 Hazardous locations . 33
A.1.3.6 Refinery . 35
History . 37

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5 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee on Electromagnetic compatibility and
Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document is part 2 of a multipart deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); System Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD), as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics for SRD equipment for wireless factory/industrial applications using
ultra-wideband technologies";
Part 2: "Technical characteristics for SRD equipment for wireless industrial applications using
technologies different from Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)".
Executive Summary
Industrial automation requires "robust" wireless technologies to be used for their critical wireless links in industrial
applications.
The advantages of wireless are beneath savings of often complex and expensive cables, cable protection and plugs, the
increased mobility and flexibility as well as the wear and tear free transmission medium. These advantages are
particularly high in the area of:
• monitoring and mobile worker communication;
• wireless sensors and actuators at moving parts;
• setups that require flexility in terms of tool or machine reconfigurations.
Different functions can be mastered substantially more efficient by a wireless network of data acquisition terminals,
robotic type equipment or automated guided vehicles.
For the sensor and actuator type of applications in industrial automation, the main requirement is the real time
behaviour:
• Determinism for process industry.
• Low latency and determinism for factory automation.
Real time means a maximum response time defined by the type of application.
E.g. on the factory floor of discrete manufacturing, very short latencies of a few ms and a very high availability (high
robustness) is necessary in order to avoid interruptions in the manufacturing process.
In higher levels of the automation hierarchy e.g. at the control or enterprise level, the data volume rises, so throughput,
security and availability becomes more important, but real–time communication requirements decrease.
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6 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
To meet these requirements, both application categories require specific wireless technologies for specialised
sensor/actuator networks in combination with specific spectrum for industrial SRDs. Non-critical links can continue to
use the existing spectrum for generic SRDs like those listed in clause 6.1.
Industrial automation equipment are typically designed in a way that it is not interfered by other wireless applications
present in the industrial environment. If a critical wireless link of an industrial application would be interrupted
(interfered), or not respond instantaneously, safety measures beyond communication take effect immediately, according
to EN/IEC 61508 [i.14] (listed under the Machinery Directive) and EN/IEC 61784-3-series [i.15].
To achieve the required performances for different industrial wireless applications, it is important to achieve either short
latencies or high throughput, in addition to range and availability, etc. Therefore, industrial users very much depend on
the chosen technical solutions for their seamless operational procedures, i.e. a high dependability is envisaged.
In addition, the manufacturing processes require often to use more than one wireless technology simultaneously within
the same area or environment.
All the specific needs identified above complicate the selection of frequencies to be used for such applications as
availability of the spectrum, and the predictability and efficiency of the communication links is of key importance for
the automatic manufacturing process hence why the usual SRD bands are not adequate for these applications.
The intent of the present document is to have spectrum identified and an appropriate regulation developed where these
wireless automation devices can operate as intended without being hindered by other applications operating in
intensively used SRD bands. This means that, for the industrial applications, frequency bands different from the
2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz band have to be identified as the usage of an adequate spectrum sharing mechanism to be
implemented by the equipment, as mandated by the European Commission for using the 2,4 GHz band for power levels
above 10 mW, is in conflict with the nature of these applications.
For industrial automation, having the same frequency bands available in different countries/regions across the globe is
also a very important aspect and an essential requirement, as in today's global economy, machines or parts of a machine
are built and tested (already with a wireless system being part of it) in different countries around the world and then
finally assembled in another country. After a model change (e.g. automotive), the production equipment might be sent
to yet another country for further production.
As explained above, the focus in industrial automation is on achieving robustness, determinism and predictability for
the manufacturing processes. However it is understood that, for the industrial applications using critical wireless links,
operation in overcrowded bands like the 2,4 GHz band cannot be achieved. This is caused by the mandatory use of
adequate spectrum sharing mechanisms to be implemented by the equipment, as mentioned above.
So while the non-critical links could use existing spectrum and existing ETSI standards, including the 2,4 GHz up to
2,4835 GHz band, new frequencies (outside the 2,4 GHz band) need to be identified for the critical links of industrial
applications. The preference is to have this new spectrum close to or adjacent to bands which are globally already
available and for which industrial wireless technology has already be developed.
To address the specific needs for wireless industrial applications, the following requirements are identified:
• The use of specific technologies in order to be robust in a dynamic and multi-path environment.
• Frequency bands (and corresponding requirements according to clauses 6, 7 and 8), which are globally
available or adjacent to globally available bands as to use existing technology developed for these bands.
• Frequency bands above 1,5 GHz to avoid interferencefrom welding machines and below 6 GHz due to the
quasi optical propagation behaviour above and requirement for non-line-of-sight wireless communications.
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7 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Introduction
The present document has been developed to support the co-operation between ETSI and the Electronic
Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT).
The present document describes spectrum and operational key requirements for the wireless industrial applications.
Wireless industrial applications allow further optimization of production processes resulting in lower cost, lower energy
consumption, increased productivity and safety, in industrial facilities.
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8 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
1 Scope
The present document describes the technical characteristics and applications specific radio spectrum requirements for
SRD equipment in the industrial environment using technologies different from ultra-wide band, which may require a
change of the present frequency designation/utilization within the EU or CEPT.
Non-critical wireless links for industrial applications could use existing spectrum regulation and existing ETSI
standards, including the 2,4 GHz up to 2,4835 GHz band, however new frequencies (outside the 2,4 GHz band) need to
be identified for the critical wireless links of industrial applications. The present document includes the necessary
information to support the co-operation between ETSI and the ECC including:
• Market information (see clause 5).
• Technical information including expected sharing and compatibility issues (see clause 6).
• Regulatory issues (see clauses 7 and 8).
NOTE: The 2,4 GHz band is not considered within the present document as existing regulations and standards
can be used for these applications.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ERC/REC 70-03: "Relating to the use of short range devices (SRD)".
NOTE: Available at: http://www.erodocdb.dk/doks/implement_doc_adm.aspx?docid=1622.
[i.2] ETSI EN 301 489-1 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services;
Part 1: Common technical requirements".
[i.3] EN/IEC 61784-2:2010: "Industrial communication networks - Profiles - Part 2: Additional fieldbus
profiles for real-time networks based on ISO/IEC 8802-3".
[i.4] EN/IEC 62591: "Industrial communication networks - Wireless communication network and
communication profiles - WirelessHART®".
NOTE: WirelessHART technology is a registered trademark of the HART Communication Foundation.
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9 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
[i.5] IEC 62443 (all parts): "Industrial communication networks - Network and system security".
[i.6] IEEE 802.11-1999: "IEEE Standard for Information technology - Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific
requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access, Control (MAC) and Physical Layer,
(PHY) Specifications".
NOTE: Available at: http://www.ieee.org.
[i.7] IEEE 802.15.1-2005: "IEEE Standard for Information technology - Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific
requirements - Part 15.1: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY)
specifications for wireless personal area networks (WPANs)".
NOTE: Available at: http://www.ieee.org.
[i.8] IEEE 802.15.4: "IEEE Standard for Information technology- Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems- Local and metropolitan area networks- Specific requirements
Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for
Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)".
NOTE: Publisher: The VDI/VDE Society for Measurement and Automatic Control (VDI/VDE - GMA
Gesellschaft Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik); Beuth Verlag, December 2009.
[i.9] NAMUR NE124-2009: "Wireless Automation Requirements".
NOTE: Available at: http://www.namur.de/.
[i.10] NAMUR NE133-2010: "Wireless Sensor Networks: Requirements for the Convergence of existing
Standards".
NOTE: Available at http://www.namur.de/.
[i.11] IEC 62657-2: "Industrial communication networks - Wireless communication networks - Part 2:
Coexistence management".
NOTE 1: Available at: http://www.iec.ch/.
NOTE 2: To be published.
[i.12] ERC Recommendation 74-01: "European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC) within the
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT), Unwanted
emissions in the spurious domain".
[i.13] ECC Recommendation (02)05: "European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC) within the
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT), Unwanted
emissions".
[i.14] EN/IEC 61508: "Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related
systems".
[i.15] EN/IEC 61784-3-series: "Industrial communication networks - Profiles - Part 3: Functional safety
fieldbuses".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
alarms: fixed or portable device that uses radio communication for indicating an alert condition at a distant location
blacklisting: ability of a device to avoid part of the available spectrum
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10 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
channel: small frequency sub-band within the operating frequency band into which a Radio Signal fits
dependability: availability of relations between different behaviors
duty cycle: for the purposes of the Recommendation ERC/REC 70-03 [i.1] the duty cycle is defined as the ratio,
expressed as a percentage, of the maximum transmitter "on" time on one carrier frequency, relative to a one hour period
NOTE 1: For frequency agile devices, the duty cycle limit applies to the total transmission.
NOTE 2: For specific applications with very low duty cycles and very short periods of transmissions, the definition
of duty cycle should be subject to study.
home and building automation: business and residential control and system management by radio communication
industrial: relates to a place or an area where a manufacturing activity takes place
listen before talk: mechanism by which equipment first checks the availability of the channel before transmitting on
that channel
NOTE: Also known as "listen before transmit".
metering: metering (water and energy) by radio communication
Short Range Devices (SRDs): radio devices which provide either unidirectional or bi-directional communication and
which have low capability of causing interference to other radio equipment
NOTE: SRDs use either integral, dedicated or external antennas and all modes of modulation can be permitted
subject to relevant standards. SRDs are normally "license exempt".
specific SRDs: SRDs that are used in specific applications (e.g. Applications of ERC/REC 70-03 [i.1], annexes 2 to 13)
tag, transponder: device that responds to an interrogation signal
telegram: data transmitted during one duty cycle
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
E Electrical field strength
f frequency
fc centre frequency
P Power
d distance
t time
λ Wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
DC Direct Current
DCS Distributed Control System
DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropic radiated power
EC European Commission
ERM Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
EU European Union
FSS Fixed Satellite Service
FWA Fixed Wireless Access
IO Input/Output
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical
ITS Intelligent Transport System
LBT Listen Before Talk
LP-AMI Low Power Active Medical Implant
MS Mobile Station
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11 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
NAMUR Association for automation technology in the process industry
P&ID Piping and instrumentation diagram
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
RLAN Radio Local Area Network
SRD Short Range Device
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
WirelessHART Wireless technology of the HART Communication Foundation
WLAN WirelessLocal Area Network
WSAN Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network of the PROFIBUS&PROFINET International
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
Esa Barck, Chairman of TFES comment:
ETSI ERM/MSG TFES develops the Harmonised Standard EN 301 908 [i.2] for IMT technologies covering the range
of frequency bands identified for IMT technology. The frequency band 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz is one band that has
been identified for IMT technology and some countries in Europe have formally made known their plans to issue
national spectrum authorisations across this band for mobile broadband technologies including IMT. In February 2011
ETSI started the Public Enquiry procedure on EN 301 908, Parts 19 and 20 [i.2] covering Mobile WiMAX IMT
technology in the 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz band which is identified as Mobile WiMAX Band Class 1B.
In addition, 3GPP technical specifications also address this frequency range for unpaired UTRA and E-UTRA as Band
identifier e) and 40 respectively.
4.1 Statements by ETSI members
Zarlink Semiconductor comment:
The band 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz is currently allocated to the Fixed, Mobile, and Mobile Satellite (Space to Earth)
services on a Primary basis, and the Radiolocation service on a secondary basis, in ITU Region 1. However, Agenda
Item 1.14 of WRC 12 proposes raising the status of the Radiodetermination Satellite (Space to Earth) service to primary
service in all ITU Regions. There is no mention of how, if this band is to be allocated to industrial control type SRD, the
radiation can be controlled such as to guarantee that there will not be harmful interference outside the industrial
premises. For example, there is a BMW plant in the UK with many houses and main roads within 100 metres of the
plant boundary. Unless very specific steps were taken to prevent radiation, which the plant owners would have little
cognizance of, use of, for example, the Galileo RNSS system within some considerable distance of such an installation
may not be possible.
The band 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz has also been designated by the CEPT for the deployment of Low Power Active
Medical Implants (LP-AMI) because the band is relatively quiet in that there are few actual uses for avoidance of
interference to the Mobile Satellite (Space to earth) service. Although there may in theory be interference from ISM
applications, in practice the vast majority of these radiations have been found to be around 2 435 MHz and lower. The
radiation from such devices is necessarily limited, both on safety grounds, and by Radio Regulation 15.13, and
additionally, does not have a 100 % duty cycle - in the case of microwave ovens, only 50 % when operating, while the
activity factor (actual use) is much lower.
Although the LP AMI application cannot claim any protection for its communications, the use of the band for 100 mW,
high duty cycle devices will effectively prevent the employment of anyone using such a LP-AMI within an industrial
complex where such systems are employed. This is because 100 % (or even high) Duty Cycle operation will mean that
such devices will be operating with receivers in 'partial wake up' mode for extended periods, thus leading to early
battery depletion. Thus the installation of such a system in an industrial complex would lead to such employees having
to have their employment terminated at substantial cost, and companies installing such systems would need to be
warned of this before hand, as well as those neighbouring companies whose employees could also be affected. There
would also be a negative impact on visitors to such sites. Unless very specific steps are taken to minimize radiation
outside the industrial premises, patients with Active Medical Implants in adjacent residential or even hospital areas
could also be adversely affected, and this would result in a degree of legal uncertainty for the owners of such sites.
The result of the effects both on LP-AMI and on the Radiodetermination Service means that the commercial
justification for a system in this band is very much weakened. It would prove extremely difficult to ensure that
re-organisation within a plant did not negate any steps taken to constrain the radiation to within the plant boundaries.
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12 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Medtronic comment:
Medtronic object to the inclusion of the frequency band 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz. This band is already included in
annex 12 of ERC/REC 70-03 [i.1] for Ultra Low Power Active Medical Implants (ULP-AMI).
Deutscher Amateur-Radio-Club (DARC e.V.) comment:
DARC note that no details of the spectrum access are mechanisms are described. In the case of those applications using
100 % (or near 100 %) duty cycles, the spectrum access mechanism is of necessity pre-emptive, and unless LBT
techniques are used, predatory. This will be especially so in the case of frequency hopping systems, and will therefore
have a distinct probability of causing interference to other systems. Although these systems are envisaged as being
located totally within the factory, it is most unlikely that the radiated signal will be confined solely to the factory
premises - several examples may be found of factories with housing very close to their boundaries. This could lead to
the situation where an amateur station with an e.i.r.p. of +80 dBm was geographically close to such a system,
suggesting that an alternative frequency range is desirable.
DARC also notes the suggestion of the band 2 483,5 MHz and 2 500 MHz being suitable: because of the difficulty of
ensuring that the radiation is confined to factory itself, it is probable that interference to the radio determination satellite
service will occur. Agenda Item 1.18 of the World Radio Conference is proposing the radio determination satellite
service be raised to Primary status on a global basis, which provides a definite chance of incompatibility.
5 Market information
5.1 Market evolution and potential
Wireless Automation is used since a few years in a larger scope, but still at the beginning of its growth phase.

Figure 1: Forst & Sullivan study
Figure 1 is a copy out of the VDI Wireless Conference 2009, "Wireless Solutions in Process and Discrete",
th
March 11 2009.
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13 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)

Figure 2: ARC study
Figure 2 is a copy of a presentation from ARC to the ETSI Board #67, 13 June 2008: "Wireless in Process Automation
Trends and Outlook".
Figures 1 and 2 show the different market estimates, the top one showing the importance of suited technologies in order
to grow and fulfil the end user expectations to improve productivity.
First dedicated technologies have just been developed (WirelessHART technology for process automation, WSAN
activity of PROFIBUS & PROFINET International for the factory automation; see IEC working group IEC
SC65C/WG16 (EN/IEC 62591 [i.4]) and IEC SC65C/MT9 (IEC 61784-2 [i.3]) enabling an even larger growth and
market.
Compared to RFID or more simple SRDs the volume of devices may be lower but their value and effect for production
is much larger as well as the turnovers. A single wireless automation device costs in the range between 200 € to 1 500 €
compared to simple RFID tags which should be significantly below 1 €.
EXAMPLES:
• Process Automation: Currently close to 30 Million field bus devices (mainly single sensors and actuators) are
installed already in process automation. Predominantly (ca. 90 %) the digital information is not used in the
distributed control system (DCS) as only the analogue part is used to control the processes. In today's
environment of a high pressure to improve productivity but especially also due to energy efficiency and
environmental requirements there is a high need to access also the digital part. This is only possible with
additional digital expensive infrastructure (new wires) and bus gateways in the extended process plants. In
total only roughly 15 % of IO devices in process automation are Fieldbus devices, and wireless enables new
use cases at positions not economical so far. So in total there is a large growth potential.
Therefore, it is estimated that within short time (10 years).
• Most of this unused information will be tapped by wireless adapters (25 Mio. pieces).
• A similar amount of new sensors/actuators will be installed predominantly with wireless connection (20 Mio.
pieces.) in order to get much more detailed information from the processes, to better control them and increase
efficiency and lower waste products.
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14 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
• Factory automation: Currently more than 30 Million field bus devices are installed already in factory
automation applications, mainly more complex devices like remote IO boxes with e.g. 8-50 IO each. It can be
estimated that roughly 5 Mio new bus nodes are sold per year. Here always the digital information is directly
used in the control systems. Still all sensors and most actuators (except electrical drives) are typically wired
with single wires and connectors. It is these wires and connectors which are most likely to fail or be a problem
in many installations as many of them are moving or endangeredto be hit by material or service persons. In
average 10 times the amount of field bus devices are connected sensors and actuators:
- If only some of them would be directly wireless in future (the ones with movements or flexibility needs
e.g. ~10 %).
- This gives a minimum estimate of 5 millions wireless devices per year in factory automation.
Payback time of such wireless automation equipment is typically in the range of a few month, which is very short
compared to the life time of the machines and devices. The typical lifetime of such industrial applications is very often
much higher than 10 years.
Therefore, and because the wireless devices help to keep in total European industry competitive, the economic impact
of wireless automation devices in Europe is significantly higher than just the devices value creation itself.
Down the value creation chain, the economic benefit increases significantly, where wireless devices are the enablers:
• Device Manufacturers (innovative and more devices to sell).
• Subsuppliers to machine builders (improved subunits with easy integration).
• Machine builders (improved functionality).
• Plant engineering (easier, faster planning and commissioning).
• Producers (higher productivity, higher availability/less downtime, higher quality).
5.1.1 The socio-economic benefits
Wireless communication in industrial applications has the following benefit for the industrial manufacturing process:
• Increased productivity:
a) Reduced down-time of processes and machinery (due to broken cables/connectors).
b) Improved product quality as wireless allows to reach a higher level of automation.
c) Faster building and commissioning of industrial sites (higher flexibility when using wireless).
d) Lower installation cost compared to wires/connectors (especially in large, difficult to reach, or harsh
environments).
e) More efficient manufacturing process due to increased information flow.
f) Higher flexibility due to easier reconfigurability of manufacturing systems.
• Lower energy consumption due to energy efficient wireless communications versus current loop
(4 mA to 20 mA) devices.
• Wireless will enable new possibilities for manufacturing automation which could not be done via wired
techniques.
• Wireless can also improve the safety in a work environment, where cabling is difficult e.g. in rotating or
moving machines, or in aggressive environment.
ETSI
15 ETSI TR 102 889-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
5.1.2 Views from the international user association of automation
technology in process industries
NAMUR is an example of an international user association of automation technology in process industries. NAMUR
provides "NAMUR Recommendations" for wireless standards, the technology employed and solutions from different
manufacturers, which ensure that these provide the necessary functions and security of investment for sustainable use in
the process industry, see NE 124 [i.9] and NE 133 [i.10].
5.2 Information for sharing and compatibility studies
The majority of the communicating devices do not have line of sight, especially those that are movable or mobile.
Furthermore, the environment can also be characterised by moving obstacles.
Receiver requirements which will be considered to ensure a reliable communication within a manufacturing
environment include receiver sensitivity, interference blocking, adjacent channel selectivity, spurious response
rejection, co-channel rejection, third order intermodulation (IM3) suppression.
Most industrial applications cannot use frequencies above 6 GHz due to the quasi optical propagation behaviour and
requirement for line-of-sight wireless communications.
Additional market information on industrial wireless applications is given in annex A.
For spectrum and sharing studies the following assumptions can be made:
In a larger industrial plant, if a chemical or oil-/and gas industry process plant ("process automation") or e.g. an
automotive discrete manufacturing plant (discrete or "factory automation"), there are and will be always many different
wireless systems and technologies for different functions operating simultaneously in the same area.
With reference to table 1, the subdivision of such systems into three classes can be typically done:
• Cell or subunit automation.
• Factory hall or plant subunit automation.
• Plant level wide applications.
Within these three classes, always several of these wireless systems can be in close proximity, so that they overlap
("interference" range) partially or completely and therefore enough bandwidth space is needed to resolve media access
conflicts not only in one but especially also between several independent similar or different systems.
NOTE 1: Bandwidth space is needed for media access and conflicts resolution either by:
a) LBT on one channel; or
b) Re-transmissions and frequency hopping in case of a collision based system. In both cases a typical
practical limit is at 30 % to 40 % media or channel utilization, where the spectrum efficiency drops
to nearly zero, therefore a lower value of 20 % has been assumed in the bandwidth requirement
estimation for each of the classes, in order to have enough margin for reliability and other
unplanned systems (e.g. bypassing/temporary other wireless systems using the same frequency
band/channels).
Therefore there is a need to have a lower frequency utilisation (see note 2) as a kind of duty cycle for the systems to
ensure reliable communication. Nevertheless, the Master of such a system (1 out of the assumed e.g. 30 wireless
devices) is in ne
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