ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)

Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Overview of Emergency Communications Network Resilience and Preparedness

RTR/EMTEL-00061

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Technical Committee: EMTEL - Emergency Communications
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 20-Apr-2023
• Completion Date: 25-Apr-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL REPORT
Emergency Communications (EMTEL);
Overview of Emergency Communications
Network Resilience and Preparedness

2 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)

Reference
RTR/EMTEL-00061
Keywords
diversity, emergency
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ETSI
3 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Modal verbs terminology . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 8
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 13
3.1 Terms . 13
3.2 Symbols . 13
3.3 Abbreviations . 14
4 Network preparedness and resilience (P&R) concepts. 17
4.1 Overview . 17
4.2 Component level resilience concept . 19
4.3 Multiple component operation concept . 19
4.4 Path/route diversity and separation concepts . 20
4.5 Void . 20
4.6 Fault-tolerant concepts . 20
4.7 Disaster Recovery (DR) concepts . 21
4.8 Service diversity . 21
4.9 Network segmentation . 21
4.10 Isolated operation (network, grid, satellite) . 21
4.11 Planning/enhancing preparedness and resilience . 21
5 Void . 22
6 Void . 22
7 Technologies analysis for Preparedness and Resilience (P&R) . 22
7.1 Introduction . 22
7.2 Potential risks and guidelines for preparedness and resilience against these risks . 23
7.2.1 Natural events . 23
7.2.1.1 Earthquake . 23
7.2.1.2 Volcanic eruptions . 23
7.2.1.3 Wildfires . 24
7.2.1.4 Severe weather conditions . 25
7.2.1.5 Geomagnetic storms . 25
7.2.2 Technical triggered events (unintended) . 26
7.2.2.1 Software related risks . 26
7.2.2.2 Technical Network failure or damage . 27
7.2.2.3 Outage of underlying or related infrastructure . 28
7.2.3 Human triggered events (intended) . 29
7.2.3.1 Cyber-security attack on critical infrastructure . 29
7.2.3.2 Radio jamming . 30
7.2.3.3 Electromagnetic pulse . 30
7.2.3.4 Intentional destruction of terrestrial infrastructure . 31
7.3 Preparedness and resilience guidelines for physical dependencies . 31
7.3.1 Wired Networks . 31
7.3.2 Wireless Networks . 32
7.3.3 Satellite Services . 33
7.3.4 Electrical Power . 35
7.3.5 Buildings . 35
7.3.6 Equipment . 35
ETSI
4 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
8 Preparedness and resilience for Enabling Technologies . 36
8.1 Overview . 36
8.2 Cellular access/WWAN (2G to future 6G), WLAN . 36
8.3 Wired connectivity for IMS. 37
8.4 Internet of Things (IoT) devices and platforms . 38
8.5 Satellite Communication and Navigation Services . 38
8.6 Wireless mesh networks . 39
8.7 Drones/UAS to support Emergency Communications . 39
8.8 Security . 40
8.9 Virtualization and Cloud . 40
8.10 Public Internet connection . 41
8.11 Artificial Intelligence (AI) . 42
8.12 Over the top apps for voice and data communication, video distribution, video conferencing . 43
8.13 Smart grid, power and utility distribution . 43
9 Preparedness and resilience for ECS between individuals/devices and PSAPs . 44
9.1 Overview . 44
9.2 Core elements of the NG112 architecture . 44
9.3 NG112 Emergency Services IP network (ESInet) . 45
9.4 IMS Emergency Services . 46
9.5 Pan-European Mobile Emergency Application (PEMEA) . 47
9.6 Advanced Mobile Location (AML) . 47
9.7 eCall . 48
9.8 Cospas-Sarsat . 49
9.9 Multimedia communication services . 49
9.10 Legacy 112 (wireless) . 50
9.11 Legacy 112 (landlines) . 50
9.12 Legacy 112 (campus & private venues) . 51
10 Preparedness and resilience for Public Warning ECS . 52
10.1 Overview . 52
10.2 Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) and alert message encapsulation . 52
10.3 Cellular Public Warning System (PWS) . 52
10.4 IoT Public Warning Service . 53
10.5 Public Terrestrial Broadcast . 54
10.6 Public Satellite Broadcast . 54
10.7 Navigation satellite broadcast . 55
10.8 Sirens, VMS . 55
11 Preparedness and resilience for communications between emergency service teams . 56
11.1 Overview . 56
11.2 Private Mobile Radio (PMR). 56
11.3 Mission critical communications and services through Public Mobile Networks . 57
12 Preparedness and resilience for ECS amongst individuals . 58
12.1 Overview . 58
12.2 Open data. 59
12.3 Social networks . 59
Annex A: Basic architecture. 60
A.1 Graphical representation. 60
A.2 Local packet exchange/mobile switch to PSAP . 61
A.3 PSAP functional components and inter-/intra-PSAP communication . 61
A.4 ECC functional components . 62
A.5 PSAP/ECC integration/separation . 62
Annex B: Technologies involved in emergency communication services . 63
B.0 Introduction . 63
B.1 Emergency communications between individuals/devices and PSAPs . 63
ETSI
5 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
B.2 Communications from authorities/organizations to individuals, groups, or the general public
(public warning) . 68
B.3 Communications between emergency services (authorities/organizations) . 71
B.4 Communications amongst individuals . 73
B.5 Enabling technologies . 74
B.6 Related Topics . 76
History . 78

ETSI
6 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The declarations
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, are publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be
found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to
ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the
ETSI Web server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI Directives including the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation regarding the essentiality of IPRs,
including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not
referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become,
essential to the present document.
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oneM2M Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association. ®
BLUETOOTH is a trademark registered and owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Special Committee Emergency Communications (EMTEL).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The concept of Emergency Telecommunications (EMTEL) addresses a broad spectrum of aspects related to the
provisioning of communication services in emergency situations.
In emergency situations, efficient and effective communications are critical. The enabling communication technologies
need to perform in a robust and reliable manner, providing the requisite functionality to guaranteed service levels.
Network and other emergency communication services resilience and preparedness are important factors in that aim.
The objective of the present document is to provide guidelines and recommendations to maximize the level of
preparedness and resilience of emergency communication services based on identified risks for involved technologies.
ETSI
7 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
Clause 4 provides an overview of several key technical concepts that can be employed to enhance the preparedness and
resilience of emergency communication networks and services. The four main Emergency Communication Service
(ECS) areas considered in the present document include communications from individuals with public
authorities/organizations, communications between authorities/organizations (including mission critical
communications), communications from authorities/organizations to the individuals (including public warning) and
communications amongst individuals.
The analysis in clause 7 starts with a study of the potential threats that may affect these ECS, complemented by general
guidelines to address these risks. In a second step, the analysis summarizes common physical dependencies for the
technologies enabling ECS and provides generic recommendations to prevent failures and malfunctions.
Clause 8 provides a detailed analysis of the enabling technologies that support the different components involved in
ECS. This detailed analysis includes for each enabling technology: the list of risks that may directly affect that
technology, specific measures that may be taken for that technology, in addition to those already described in clause 4
and in clause 7, and the list of underlying infrastructures that may have an impact on that technology. This analysis is
completed by the identification of the main physical dependencies that may directly affect each technology. For clarity
reasons only risks with the potential to directly affect technologies are considered; indirect threats can be traced via the
physical dependencies and underlying infrastructure chains.
Clauses 9 to 12 provide similar detailed analysis for the different components of each of the four main ECS areas
considered in the present document.
Annex A introduces the main entities/roles and typical communication channels involved for fully deployed
management of large-scale incidents.
Annex B includes a short presentation of each of the components contributing to the ECS for the four main ECS areas
listed above, a short presentation of the enabling technologies analysed in clause 8, and ends with a summary of several
external activities addressing preparedness and resilience.
The concepts and analysis in the present document are expected to be useful to emergency services authorities and
decision-makers when setting-up or updating their communication networks and services, as well as to other interested
stakeholders. Readers are recommended to start with clauses 4 and 7, as the majority of guidelines is provided in these
two clauses. They may then select their topics of interest in clauses 8 to 12, as well as in annexes A and B, for a
complete information.
ETSI
8 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
1 Scope
The present document presents resilience concepts and considers their application within technical systems enabling
emergency communications. Furthermore, it considers preparedness of emergency communication services and
proposes guidelines for specialized systems and capabilities.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 102 180: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Basis of requirements for
communication of individuals with authorities/organizations in case of distress (Emergency call
handling)".
[i.2] ETSI TS 102 181: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Requirements for communication
between authorities/organizations during emergencies".
[i.3] ETSI TS 102 182: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Requirements for communications
from authorities/organizations to individuals, groups or the general public during emergencies".
[i.4] Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI): "Responding to Terrorist Incidents;
Developing Effective Command and Control; Supplementary Guidance - Communication
Technology", March 2023.
[i.5] ISO 22301:2019 (October 2019): "Security and resilience -- Business continuity management
systems -- Requirements".
[i.6] ETSI TR 102 410: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Basis of requirements for
communications between individuals and between individuals and authorities whilst emergencies
are in progress".
[i.7] WHO guidance for business continuity planning, WHO/WHE/CPI/2018.60 (2018).
[i.8] Government of Canada, Minister of Public Works and Government Services: "A Guide to
Business Continuity Planning", ISBN 0-662-33764-6.
[i.9] Directive (EU) 2022/2557 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on
the resilience of critical entities and repealing Council Directive 2008/114/EC.
[i.10] ETSI TS 103 479: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Core elements for network
independent access to emergency services".
[i.11] ETSI TS 122 101: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Service
aspects; Service principles (3GPP TS 22.101)".
ETSI
9 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
[i.12] ETSI TS 122 173: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem
(IMS) Multimedia Telephony Service and supplementary services; Stage 1 (3GPP TS 22.173)".
[i.13] ETSI TS 123 167: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS) emergency sessions (3GPP TS 23.167)".
[i.14] ETSI TS 124 229: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; 5G; IP multimedia call control protocol based
on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP); Stage 3 (3GPP
TS 24.229)".
[i.15] ETSI TS 103 478: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Pan-European Mobile Emergency
Application".
[i.16] ETSI TS 103 755: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); PEMEA ESInet Shared Services".
[i.17] ETSI TS 103 625: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Transporting Handset Location to
PSAPs for Emergency Communications - Advanced Mobile Location".
[i.18] TS 17184:2018: "Intelligent transport systems - eSafety - eCall High level application Protocols
(HLAP) using IMS packet switched networks" (produced by CEN).
[i.19] EN 16062:2015: "Intelligent transport systems - Esafety - eCall high level application
requirements (HLAP) using GSM/UMTS circuit switched networks" (produced by CEN).
[i.20] EN 15722:2015: "Intelligent transport systems - Esafety - eCall minimum set of data" (produced
by CEN).
[i.21] IETF RFC 8147: "Next-Generation Pan-European eCall".
[i.22] ETSI TS 126 267: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); eCall data transfer; In-band modem solution;
General description (3GPP TS 26.267)".
nd
[i.23] ETSI CTI Plugtests Report V 1.0 (2017-04): "2 NG112 Emergency Services Plugtest".
st
[i.24] ETSI CTI Plugtests Report V0.0.3: "1 NG112 Emergency Services Plugtest".
rd
[i.25] ETSI CTI Plugtests Report V1.0 (2019-01): "3 NG112 Emergency Services Plugtest".
th
[i.26] ETSI CTI Plugtests Report V0.4 (2021-05) "4 NG112 Emergency Services Plugtests",
nd th
22 February to 5 March 2021.
[i.27] C/S G.003 "Introduction to the Cospas-Sarsat System".
[i.28] ETSI TS 101 470: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Total Conversation Access to
Emergency Services".
[i.29] ETSI TR 103 201: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Total Conversation for emergency
communications; implementation guidelines".
[i.30] ETSI TS 103 698: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Lightweight Messaging Protocol for
Emergency Service Accessibility (LMPE)".
[i.31] ETSI TS 103 756: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); PEMEA Instant Message Extension".
[i.32] ETSI TS 129 002: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM) ;Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS); LTE; 5G; Mobile Application Part (MAP)
specification (3GPP TS 29.002)".
[i.33] Recommendation ITU-T Q.700: "Introduction to CCITT Signalling System No. 7".
[i.34] Europe's Digital Decade: digital targets for 2030.
[i.35] ETSI TR 103 708: "Human Factors (HF); Real-Time Text (RTT) in Multiparty Conference
Calling".
ETSI
10 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
[i.36] NIST Special Publication 800-39: "Managing Information Security Risk; Organization, Mission,
and Information System View", March 2011.
[i.37] ETSI TS 103 871: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); PEMEA Real-Time Text Extension".
[i.38] ETSI TS 103 872: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); PEMEA Service Discovery
Extension".
[i.39] European Commission COM/2022/551: "Council recommendation on a coordinated approach by
the Union to strengthen the resilience of critical infrastructure", 18.10.2022.
[i.40] OASIS Standard 200402: "Common Alerting Protocol, v. 1.0"; document identifier: oasis-200402-
cap-core-1.0.
[i.41] ETSI TS 103 337: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite Emergency
Communications; Multiple Alert Message Encapsulation over Satellite (MAMES)".
[i.42] ETSI TS 122 268: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; 5G; Public Warning System (PWS)
requirements (3GPP TS 22.268)".
[i.43] ETSI TS 102 900: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); European Public Warning System
(EU-ALERT) using the Cell Broadcast Service".
[i.44] BoR (20) 115: "BEREC guidelines on how to assess the effectiveness of public warning systems
transmitted by different means") using the Cell Broadcast Service".
[i.45] ETSI TR 118 546: "oneM2M: Study on Public Warning Service Enabler (oneM2M TR-0046
v4.0.0 Release 4)".
[i.46] ETSI TS 123 041: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; 5G; Technical realization of Cell Broadcast
Service (CBS) (3GPP TS 23.041)".
[i.47] European Commission C(2022)9394: "(Draft) Delegated regulation of 16.12.2022 supplementing
Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council with measures to ensure
effective access to emergency services through emergency communications to the single European
emergency number '112'", December 2022.
[i.48] ETSI TS 103 260-1: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Reference scenario for the
deployment of emergency communications; Part 1: Earthquake".
[i.49] ETSI TS 103 260-2: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Reference scenario for the
deployment of emergency communications; Part 2: Mass casualty incident in public
transportation".
[i.50] ETSI EN 300 392-1: "Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Part 1:
General network design".
[i.51] ETSI EN 300 392-2: "Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Part 2: Air
Interface (AI)".
[i.52] TETRAPOL PAS 0001-1-1: "TETRAPOL Specifications; Part 1: General Network Design; Part 1:
Reference Model".
[i.53] TIA TSB-102-D: "Project 25 TIA-102 Documentation Suite Overview".
[i.54] ETSI TS 102 658: "Digital Private Mobile Radio (dPMR) using FDMA with a channel spacing of
6,25 kHz".
[i.55] ETSI TS 102 361 (parts 1 - 4): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) Systems".
[i.56] ETSI TS 122 179: "LTE; 5G; Mission Critical Push to Talk (MCPTT); Stage 1 (3GPP
TS 22.179)".
ETSI
11 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
[i.57] ETSI TS 122 280: "LTE; 5G; Mission Critical Services Common Requirements (MCCoRe);
Stage 1 (3GPP TS 22.280)".
[i.58] ETSI TS 123 283: "LTE; Mission Critical Communication Interworking with Land Mobile Radio
Systems (3GPP TS 23.283)".
[i.59] ETSI TS 123 180: "LTE; Mission critical services support in the Isolated Operation for Public
Safety (IOPS) mode of operation (3GPP TS 23.180)".
[i.60] 3GPP TR 23.700-24: "Study on support of the 5G MSG (Message) Service".
[i.61] ETSI TS 123 289: "5G; Mission Critical services over 5G System; Stage 2 (3GPP TS 23.289)".
[i.62] ETSI TS 129 500: "5G; 5G System; Technical Realization of Service Based Architecture; Stage 3
(3GPP TS 29.500 Release 16)".
[i.63] ETSI GR MEC 031: "Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) MEC 5G Integration".
[i.64] ETSI TS 123 558: "5G; Architecture for enabling Edge Applications (3GPP TS 23.558)".
[i.65] ETSI TS 123 479: "LTE; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; UE MBMS
APIs for Mission Critical Services; (3GPP TS 23.479)".
[i.66] 3GPP TR 23.792: "Study on MBMS APIs for Mission Critical Services".
TM
[i.67] GSMA white paper: "Network 2020: Mission Critical Communications", January 2018.
[i.68] ITU Study Group 2 Question 5: "Utilizing telecommunications/information and communication
technologies for disaster risk reduction and management", 2021.
TM
[i.69] GSMA : Emergency Communication Version 1.0.
[i.70] ETSI TR 103 582: "EMTEL; Study of use cases and communications involving IoT devices in
provision of emergency situations".
[i.71] ETSI TR 103 166: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite Emergency
Communications (SatEC); Emergency Communication Cell over Satellite (ECCS)".
TM
[i.72] IEEE 802.11s : "IEEE Standard for Information Technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
specifications Amendment 10: Mesh Networking".
[i.73] Meshtastic project.
[i.74] ETSI TS 122 125: "5G; Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) support in 3GPP (3GPP TS 22.125)".
[i.75] 3GPP TR 23.755: "Study on application layer support for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)".
[i.76] Public Safety Digital Transformation: "The Internet of Things (IoT) and Emergency Services.
EENA Technical Committee Document".
[i.77] Recommendation ITU-T Q.3060 (12/2020): "Signalling architecture of the fast deployment
emergency telecommunication network to be used in a natural disaster".
[i.78] Broadband Forum Reports.
[i.79] NEMA member report (01/2021): "Storm Reconstruction Guidebook: Rebuild Smart".
[i.80] ETSI TS 133 401: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE);
Security architecture (3GPP TS 33.401)".
[i.81] ETSI TS 133 501: "5G; Security architecture and procedures for 5G System (3GPP TS 33.501)".
[i.82] Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018
establishing the European Electronic Communications Code.
ETSI
12 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
[i.83] Directive 2009/136/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009
amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic
communications networks and services, Directive 2002/58/EC concerning the processing of
personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector and Regulation
(EC) No 2006/2004 on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement
of consumer protection laws.
[i.84] Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/320 of 12 December 2018 supplementing Directive
2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the application of the
essential requirements set out in Article 3(3)(g) of that Directive in order to ensure caller location
in emergency communications from mobile devices.
[i.85] Recommendation ITU-T E.409 (05/2004): "Incident organization and security incident handling:
Guidelines for telecommunication organizations".
[i.86] ITU-T FG-DR&NRR: "Overview of Disaster Relief Systems, Network Resilience and Recovery".
[i.87] ITU-T Technical Report on Telecommunications and Disaster Mitigation.
[i.88] ITU-T Gap Analysis of Disaster Relief Systems, Network Resilience and Recovery.
[i.89] ITU-T Requirements on the improvement of network resilience and recovery with movable and
deployable ICT resource units.
[i.90] GSMA National Emergency Telecommunications Plans: Enablers and Safeguards. A brief
evaluation guide for policy practitioners.
[i.91] ITU Guidelines for national emergency telecommunication plans.
[i.92] FCC Report and Order for Resilient Networks, July 6, 2022.
[i.93] National Coordinating Center for Communications (NCC): "Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)
Protection and Resilience Guidelines for Critical Infrastructure and Equipment", February 5, 2019.
[i.94] MIL-STD-188-125-1: "Department of Defense Interface Standard. High-Altitude Electromagnetic
Pulse (HEMP) Protection for Ground-Based C4I Facilities Performing Critical, Time-urgent
Missions", 17 July 1998.
[i.95] ETSI TS 122 011: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Service accessibility (3GPP TS 22.011)".
[i.96] United Nations Sendai Framework: "The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030", March 2015.
[i.97] EC COM(2022) 454: "Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on
horizontal cybersecurity requirements for products with digital elements and amending Regulation
(EU) 2019/1020", Brussels, 15.9.2022.
[i.98] Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on
measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, amending Regulation (EU)
No 910/2014 and Directive (EU) 2018/1972, and repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148.
[i.99] ETSI GS NFV-REL 001: "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Resiliency Requirements".
[i.100] ETSI GS NFV-REL 003: "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Reliability; Report on Models
and Features for End-to-End Reliability".
ETSI
13 ETSI TR 102 445 V1.2.1 (2023-04)
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in ETSI TR 102 180 [i.1] and the following apply:
app: any communications application, standalone or in a web browser, running on any kind of device, that a person is
able to use to initiate an emergency communication to request help
application enabler: communication functionality offered to emergency communication applications to support their
execution
call: any type of emergency communication and associated media (analogue or digital) initiated by an individual
towards authorities to request help from them
NOTE: This definition applies to the present document.
common operating picture: single display of information collected from and shared by more than one agency or
organization that contributes to a common understanding of a situation and its associated hazards and risks along with
the position of resources and other overlays of information that support individual and collective decision making
DCF77: longwave time signal and standard-frequency radio station in Mainflingen, Germany, operated by
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
NG112: ESInet networking infrastructure and the associated core elements of the NG112 architecture
NOTE: This definition refers to ETSI TS 103 479 [i.10] and is used as a shortened term in the present document.
preparedness: measures to anticipate and prevent failures and outages, i.e. to reduce the risk of a communication
service outage
NOTE: Examples are redundant hardware, uninterruptible power supplies, hardening of cables, etc. All these
measures increase the availability of a service/system in
...