ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)

Environmental Engineering (EE); Practical verification of ETSI TS 102 706 V1.2.1

DTR/EE-EEPS002

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Oct-2012
• Technical Committee: EE EEPS - EE Eco Environmental Product Standards
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 07-Nov-2012
• Completion Date: 26-Oct-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Report
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Practical verification of ETSI TS 102 706 V1.2.1

2 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)

Reference
DTR/EE-EEPS002
Keywords
LTE, WCDMA
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© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2012.
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ETSI
3 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 References . 5
2.1 Normative references . 5
2.2 Informative references . 5
3 Abbreviations . 5
4 Practical experiences with TS 102 706 V1.2.1 . 6
4.1 Introduction . 6
4.2 General consideration . 6
4.3 Practical test results from a WCDMA RBS product . 7
4.3.1 Measurement test setup . 7
4.3.2 Measurement test results and analysis . 8
4.3.3 Observation . 10
4.4 Practical test results from an LTE RBS product . 10
4.4.1 Basic measurement test setup . 10
4.4.2 Measurement test results from vendor 1 . 11
4.4.3 Conclusion . 13
5 Impact of physical parameters not covered in TS 102 706 V1.2.1 . 13
5.1 Radio channel challenges . 13
5.2 Fading . 14
5.2.1 Slow fading . 14
5.2.2 Fast fading . 14
5.2.3 Dynamic energy efficiency measurement test (WCDMA) which includes a fading generator . 15
5.2.4 Dynamic energy efficiency measurement test (LTE), which includes a fading generator . 17
5.2.4.1 Test environment description . 18
5.2.5 Conclusion . 23
5.3 Interference and noise . 23
5.4 Measurement test setup including interference and noise . 23
5.4.1 Results and analysis . 24
5.4.2 Conclusion . 24
5.5 The effect of RBS temperature variance related to energy efficiency . 25
5.6 Two or more WCDMA carriers present in dynamic EE test . 25
5.6.1 Introduction. 25
5.6.2 Current standard . 25
5.6.3 Proposed Solution . 25
5.7 GSM dynamic energy efficiency measurement test setup . 26
Annex A: Signal Quality . 27
A.1 The Importance of Linearity in Cellular Systems . 27
A.2 PA Linearity measurements . 29
A.3 Measurement Setup . 30
A.4 Measurement results . 31
A.5 Other studies . 31
A.6 Possible Impact on Standardization . 31
A.7 Conclusion . 33
History . 34
ETSI
4 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
Introduction
The need for a fair comparison of RBSs from different manufactures, in terms of energy efficiency (EE), has been an
important issue for both operators and vendors. ETSI started a work item in 2008 to standardize a measurement method
to measure the energy efficiency of Macro RBSs. The first standard (TS 102 706 [i.2]) was published in August 2009
and provided a static EE measurement method for RBSs. Two years later ETSI published the second version of the
standard (TS 102 706 [i.1]) which includes both static and dynamic EE measurement methods.
The results from the energy efficiency measurements are intended for use by operators for comparison purposes,
enabling the selection of the most energy efficient RBS for installation in a live network. In order to have reliable
measurement results and valid RBS comparisons, the RBS should be tested under conditions which resemble a typical
usage environment.
The present document has highlighted a number of practical issues in the existing released standard and also a number
of items that can evolve the existing approved TS 102 706 [i.1] standard. The result of the present document will be
used as an input when specifying the scope of a possible new work item for Release 3 of TS 102 706 [i.1].
ETSI
5 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
1 Scope
The present document discusses the current energy efficiency measurement method specified in TS 102 706 [i.1].
Practical results obtained by following the specified measurement method as well as the potential need for clarification
of the method are presented. Furthermore, the present document identifies the benefits of methodology enhancements
such as fast fading, interference/noise, energy efficiency measurements related to temperature variances both inside and
outside the RBS, energy efficiency measurements related to signal quality, multi carrier test setup for WCDMA and
dynamic measurement methods for GSM.
The present document may be used as the basis of a possible revision of the TS 102 706 [i.1].
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TS 102 706 (V1.2.1): "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement Method for Energy
Efficiency of Wireless Access Network Equipment".
[i.2] ETSI TS 102 706 (V1.1.1): "Environmental Engineering (EE) Energy Efficiency of Wireless
Access Network Equipment".
3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio
ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CCN Cellular Coaxial Network
DL Down Link
DPD Digital Pre-Distortion
EVM Error Vector Magnitude
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
IM Inter Modulation
IPERF Internet Performance Working Group
LTE-A Long Term Evolution - Advanced
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6 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
MOCN Multi Operator Core Network
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access
PA Power Amplifier
PLMNID Public Land Mobile Network ID
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
RAN Radio Access Network
RBS Radio Base Station
RF Radio Frequency
RX Receiver
SVN Switched Virtual Network
TX Transceiver
UDP User Data Protocol
UE User Equipment
UL Up Link
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
USB Universal Serial Bus
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
4 Practical experiences with TS 102 706 V1.2.1
4.1 Introduction
The static energy efficiency measurement method specified in TS 102 706 [i.1] measures the energy consumption of an
RBS under static load conditions, and is defined for GSM, WCDMA, LTE and WiMax radio access technologies. With
the static measurement method, no traffic model is defined. Instead the RBS is loaded with different loads
corresponding to low, medium and busy hour traffic. The input power and transmitted RF power of the RBS are
measured at each of these load conditions.
The dynamic energy efficiency measurement method specified in the second release of TS 102 706 [i.1] measures the
energy consumption of an RBS while delivering generated data traffic (based on the UDP protocol) to UEs distributed
in the cell. Four UE groups are defined with only one UE present in each group. The UE groups are distributed in the
cell such that Group 1 is closest to the antenna and Group 4 is furthest away (i.e. closest to the cell border).
The simplest way to measure energy consumption of an RBS (and generate an energy efficiency metric) is to follow the
static method. However the static method is insufficient since there is no RBS in a live network that operates in static
mode. For the measurement results to provide true value the RBS should be tested in an environment that more closely
resembles realistic use conditions. The dynamic measurement method in TS 102 706 [i.1] is the first step to this
approach.
4.2 General consideration
After comments received from different group members in the working group we have concluded that the standard
needs to be enhanced by adding more description and rephrasing some text. Some additional explanations may also be
needed.
The current TS 102 706 [i.1] is focusing on Macro base station. There might be a need for further specification to
address other types of base stations.
Energy efficiency measurement methods for both WCDMA and LTE have been tested by two vendors. The results of
these tests are provided in the following clauses.
Efficiency tests carried out according to the static measurement method in TS 102 706 [i.1] were relatively simple and
left little room for different interpretations. However, RF power efficiency is not a suitable efficiency measurement for
radio base stations. The relevant measure is the provided service (delivered bits within the RBS's range) and not the
RBS's transmitted RF power. A more detailed description why RF power alone is insufficient can be found in annex A.
ETSI
7 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
4.3 Practical test results from a WCDMA RBS product
4.3.1 Measurement test setup
A number of energy efficiency measurement tests were performed by vendor 1 to assess the effectiveness of the energy
efficiency method when applied to a WCDMA RBS product. The test setup was based on the TS 102 706 [i.1].

Figure 1: Test setup for dynamic measurement with UEs (example for three sectors)
The distribution of the UEs was based on the received signal strength according to TS 102 706 [i.1] (shown in Table 1).
Table 1: Received signal strength at different UE groups for WCDMA
Received Received Received Received
signal strength at signal strength at signal strength at signal strength at
UE group 1 UE group 2 UE group 3 UE group 4
[dBm] [dBm] [dBm] [dBm]
WCDMA/HSPA -70 -85 -100 -115
Table 2: Transferring and silence times for each UE group for different activity levels
Low traffic (10 %) Medium traffic (40 %) Busy hour traffic (70 %)
T [s] T [s] T [s] T [s] T [s] T [s]
t s t s t s
UE group 1 1 39 4 36 7 33
UE group 2 2 38 8 32 14 26
UE group 3 3 37 12 28 21 19
UE group 4 4 36 16 24 28 12
While performing the tests, it was noted that it was difficult to get stable results with UE group 4 (i.e. at the cell edge)
as UE4 was frequently dropped from the cell. To get stable results, UE4 was removed from subsequent tests.
The generated data traffic was therefore based on the traffic model specified in TS 102 706 [i.1], with UE4 removed.
Some modifications regarding the transferring and silence time for the UE groups were done as follows: the transferring
and silence times setting for UE group 1, UE group 2 and UE group 3 of Table 3 is equal to the transferring and silence
time for UE group 2, UE group 3 and UE group 4 of Table 2. The resulting transferring times and silence times applied
to the remaining three UE groups are shown at Table 3.
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8 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
Table 3: The modified transferring and silence time for each UE group for different activity
levels set at test for WCDMA
Low traffic (10 %) Medium traffic (40 %) Busy hour traffic (70 %)
T [s] T [s] T [s] T [s] T [s] T [s]
t s t s t s
UE group 1 2 38 8 32 14 26
UE group 2 3 37 12 28 21 19
UE group 3 4 36 16 24 28 12
Table 4: Test reference parameters
Parameter Value Unit
1. RBS configuration
1.1 Number of sectors 1
1.2 Number of Carriers per sector 1
1.3 TX diversity 1 (TX path)
1.4 RX diversity 1 (RX path)
1.5 Type of RF signal combining
1.6 Remote Radio Head (Yes/No) Yes
2. Frequency
2.1 Downlink band 2 160 MHz
2.2 Uplink band 1 970 MHz
2.3 Channel bandwidth 5 MHz
3. Environment
°C
3.1 Temperature 26
3.2 Type of air filter N/A
4.3.2 Measurement test results and analysis
For each activity level, the test time is n × 40 s where n = 10 (test time 400 s). Results for a single cycle
(i.e. 40 seconds) are shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 for traffic loads of 10 %, 40 % and 70 % respectively. The sampling
time is 0,5 s. The red curve represents UE1 which is closest to the antenna, green to UE2, blue to UE3. UE4 is not
active during the test.
Figure 2: Test results under 10 % load for WCDMA (Y axis: Throughput (bps) vs. X axis: Time (sec))
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9 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)

Figure 3: Test results under 40 % load for WCDMA (Y axis: Throughput (bps) vs. X axis: Time (sec))

Figure 4: Test results under 70 % load for WCDMA (Y axis: Throughput (bps) vs. X axis: Time(sec))
Measured data from the WCDMA tests is given in Table 5. The energy efficiency is calculated for the different load
AverageThr oughput kbps
levels according to the specified formula
EE = ( )
Power W
Gathereddata rate kbit for allThree UEs
where AverageThroughput =
WholeTest Period
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10 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
Table 5: Measured data for WCDMA
Average Throughput(kbps) =
Load Level (Gathered data rate (kbits) for Power Consumption(W) EE(kbps/W)
all three UEs)/400 s
10 % 707,72 210,00 3,37
40 % 2 924,73 223,50 13,09
70 % 4 749,62 237,00 20,04
4.3.3 Observation
• With the attenuation value -115 dBm (required for UE4 with WCDMA), the test could not be finished as UE4
always dropped from the cell.
• Without UE4, all other three UEs work well with the test.
• Even without fading and interference, some variation at received data rate has been observed for each UE
possibly due to the interference at environment (subject to further investigation).
• The loads of different UEs were not equal as originally intended (subject to further investigation).
4.4 Practical test results from an LTE RBS product
4.4.1 Basic measurement test setup
UEs were distributed according to TS 102 706 [i.1], shown in Table 6.
Table 6: Received signal strength at different UE groups for LTE
Received Received Received Received
signal strength at signal strength at signal strength at signal strength at
UE group 1 UE group 2 UE group 3 UE group 4
[dBm] [dBm] [dBm] [dBm]
LTE -70 -85 -100 -115
The generated data traffic is based on the traffic model specified in TS 102 706 [i.1] shown below.

Figure 4a
The load is based on TS 102 706 [i.1] i.e. 10 %, 40 % and 70 % activity loads with transferring time and silence time
stated in Table 7.
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11 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
Table 7: Transferring and silence time for each UE group for different activity levels
Low traffic (10 %) Medium traffic (40 %) Busy hour traffic (70 %)
T [s] T [s] T [s] T [s] T [s] T [s]
t s t s t s
UE group 1 1 39 4 36 7 33
UE group 2 2 38 8 32 14 26
UE group 3 3 37 12 28 21 19
UE group 4 4 36 16 24 28 12
4.4.2 Measurement test results from vendor 1
Table 8: Test reference parameters
Parameter Value Unit
1. RBS configuration
1.1 Number of sectors 1
1.2 Number of Carriers per sector 1
1.3 TX diversity 2 (TX path)
1.4 RX diversity 2 (RX path)
1.5 Type of RF signal combining N/A
1.6 Remote Radio Head (Yes/No) No
2. Frequency
2.1 Downlink band 1 842,5 MHz
2.2 Uplink band 1 747,5 MHz
2.3 Chanel bandwidth 20 MHz
3. Environment
3.1 Temperature 26 °C
3.2 Type of air filter N/A
For each activity level, the test time is n × 40 s where n = 10 s (test period 400 s). The results from a single test cycle
(i.e. 40 seconds) is shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 for traffic loads of 10 %, 40 % and 70 % respectively. The sampling
time is 0,5 s. The blue curve represents UE1 which is closest to the antenna, green represents UE2, purple represents
UE3 and red represents UE4.
Figure 5: Test results under 10 % load for LTE (Y axis:Throughput (kbps) vs X axis:Time(sec))
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12 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)

Figure 6: Test results under 40 % load for LTE (Y axis:Throughput (kbps) vs X axis:Time (sec))

Figure 7: Test results under 70 % load for LTE (Y axis: Throughput(kbps) vs. X axis: Time (sec))
Measured data for LTE is given in Table 9. The energy efficiency is calculated for the different load levels according to
AverageThr oughput kbps
the specified formula EE = ( )
Power W
Gathereddata rate kbit for allfour UEs
where AverageThroughput =
WholeTest Period
Table 9: Measured data for LTE
Load Level Average Throughput(kbps) Power Consumption(W) EE(kbps/W)
10 % 6 671,31 270,00 24,71
40 % 23 302,88 312,00 74,69
70 % 39 410,71 350,00 112,60

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13 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
4.4.3 Conclusion
The conclusion from the test is as follows:
• The test set up for LTE did not present the UE sensitivity problem observed with WCDMA test.
• For the entire test, it is observed that the receiving data time is larger than the transmission time set by Iperf.
This is because of the data stored at buffer of RBS which continue transmitting to UE over the air even the
Iperf stop transmitting data to UE.
5 Impact of physical parameters not covered in
TS 102 706 V1.2.1
5.1 Radio channel challenges
Different conditions present in real radio environments are shown in Figure 8. These conditions impact the radio
channel to a large extent and it is important they are included in an energy efficiency test environment.
TS 102 706 [i.1] standard for radio equipment does not account for the impact of radio aspects (such as fading,
interference and noise). The current test setup connects the radio base station to the UEs with coaxial cables, an "ideal"
medium that is very different compared to transmission over the air.

Figure 8: Radio channel challenges
It is well known by RBS design teams that the power amplifier (PA) in the RBS needs to be designed with high
linearity in order to provide a high quality signal to the receiver in the UE. If the UE receiver has difficulties identifying
the signal, the modulation may have to be reduced or retransmissions may be required because of higher bit errors. In
either case, radio aspects impacting the radio channel between the RBS and the UE will result in lower throughput.
Since energy efficiency is most often defined as transferred bits per Watt of power consumed by the RBS, the EE
measurement is very reliant on a radio link capable of high throughput and thus a realistic radio environment.
PA stages designed with better linearity are less power efficient. Thus, a PA exceeding the 3GPP linearity requirement
(indicated by the ACLR value) is less power efficient than PA stages just fulfilling the 3GPP requirement of -45 dBc.
Further information about signal quality aspects is provided in annex A.
ETSI
14 ETSI TR 103 116 V1.1.1 (2012-10)
5.2 Fading
Fading is an important factor to consider when designing wireless communication systems. A number of factors could
contribute to the total fading experienced by a radio channel, such as slow fading and fast fading. These fading types
result from different types of transmitter and receiver movements and give rise to different fading behaviours of the
channel.
5.2.1 Slow fading
Large-scale fading is caused by shadowing effects. If the propagation environment contains large prominent objects
(e.g. hills, buildings or large vehicles) the received signal power can vary substantially causing relatively slow
variations around the mean power (as determined by the path loss). This assumes that the receiver and/or the shadowing
objects are moving relative to the transmitter (if the receiver and all shadowing object are still, the channel has no time
dependent variations). This type of fading is referred to as shadow fading since it is easy to imagine the receiver as
being shadowed by the object.
The effects of shadow fading and path loss are shown in Figure 9 (i.e. received signal power vs. logarithm of the
distance between the transmitter and the receiver.)
The shadow fading model may be an irrelevant factor when it comes to energy efficiency measurements. However what
may be important in energy efficiency measurements is the fast variations in the receive signal strength which often
occur. The RBS which is fast enough to regulate its output power based on the variations of signal strength is the RBS
which is most energy efficient. Shadow fading will not produce this effect and therefore could be neglected in the test
setup for energy efficiency measurement method.

Figure 9: Fading components
5.2.2 Fast fading
Small variations in the receiver position give rise to more rapid fading behaviour. Due to the multipath propagation and
fast variations in signal strength, a wireless communication system suffers from distortions referred to as fast fading.
The received signal consists of a superposition of multiple signal components, all with different properties dependent on
their respective propagation path. Movement through an environment with many obstacles (i.e. urban areas) leads to
rapid changes in propagation paths between transmitter and receiver, even if the movement itself is small.
The distance between the transmitter and the receiver does not determine the amount of fast fading a receiver may be
subjected to, nor
...