ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)

PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 3: Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT Channel and Noise Measurements

DTR/PLT-00028

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 05-Feb-2012
• Technical Committee: PLT - Powerline Telecommunications
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 06-Feb-2012
• Completion Date: 06-Feb-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Report
PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT);
MIMO PLT;
Part 3: Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT Channel and
Noise Measurements
2 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)

Reference
DTR/PLT-00028
Keywords
MIMO, noise, powerline
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ETSI
3 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Symbols . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
3.2.1 Abbreviations Used for Feeding Styles . 8
4 Major Project Phases . 8
5 Motivation . 9
6 Measurement Description. . 9
6.1 Introduction . 9
6.2 Couplers to Connect Measurement Equipment to the LVDN . 12
6.3 General Set-up Before Starting Measurements . 12
6.4 Channel Transfer Function Measurements (S ) . 12
6.4.1 Set-Up . 12
6.4.2 Calibration of NWA. 13
6.4.3 Functional Test Before Starting Channel Transfer Function Measurements . 13
6.4.3.1 Functional Test of the Δ Interfaces . 14
6.4.3.1.1 Slide Switch Positions . 14
6.4.3.1.2 Typical Insertion Loss for All Three Channels . 14
6.4.3.2 Functional Test of the Star Interfaces. 14
6.4.3.3 Functional Test of the Common Mode Interface . 15
6.4.3.3.1 Typical Insertion Loss . 15
6.4.4 Coupler Configuration for Transfer Function Measurements . 16
6.4.4.1 Transmitter Side Coupler Configuration for Transfer Function Measurements . 16
6.4.4.1.1 Slide Switch Positions . 16
6.4.4.2 Receiver Side Coupler Configuration for Transfer Function Measurements . 16
6.4.5 Conducting Channel Transfer (S ) Measurements . 17
6.5 Reflection (S ) Measurements . 17
6.5.1 Measurement Principle . 17
6.5.2 Set-Up . 18
6.5.3 Calibration of NWA. 18
6.5.4 Functional Test Before Starting Reflection (S ) Measurements . 19
6.5.4.1 Slide Switch Positions . 19
6.5.4.2 Typical Return Loss for Inputs P-N; N-E and E-P . 19
6.5.5 Conducting Reflection (S ) Measurements. 20
6.6 Set-Up for Noise Measurements . 20
6.6.1 Set-Up . 20
6.7 General Equipment List . 22
6.7.1 Coaxial Cables . 22
6.7.2 Network Analyzer . 22
6.7.2.1 Agilent E5071B . 23
6.7.2.2 Agilent E5071C . 23
6.7.2.3 Rohde & Schwarz ZVB4 . 24
6.7.2.4 CM Choke Absorber between Coupler and NWA . 24
6.7.3 Digital Sampling Oscilloscope . 25
6.7.3.1 Tektronix DPO4104 . 25
6.7.3.2 Tektronix DPO7254 . 26
ETSI
4 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
6.7.3.3 LeCroy WaveRunner 64Xi VL . 26
6.7.3.4 Agilent DSO8104A . 27
6.7.4 Amplifiers for Noise Measurements . 28
6.7.5 LISN or Filter to Isolate Measurement Devices from Mains . 29
6.7.6 Mains Filter . 30
6.7.6.1 Schematic Diagram . 30
6.7.6.2 Typical Impedances of Decoupling Components . 30
6.7.6.2.1 R / L Combinations - Mains Side . 30
6.7.6.2.2 Common Mode Choke - Instrument (NWA) Side (4 turns) . 30
6.7.6.3 Images of Mains Filter . 31
6.7.7 Ground Plane . 31
7 Statistical Evaluation of Results . 32
7.1 Channel Transfer Function . 32
7.2 Reflection (S ) Measurements . 44
7.3 Noise . 53
7.3.1 Frequency Domain Noise Statistics . 53
7.3.2 Time Domain Noise Statistics . 62
7.4 Channel Capacity, Spatial Correlation and Singular Values . 67
7.4.1 Singular Values and Spatial Correlation . 67
7.4.2 Channel Capacity . 69
Annex A: Useful Information to perform Field Tests . 73
A.1 Equipment List used for Field Tests . 73
A.2 Check Lists to Monitor progress at field tests . 74
A.3 Data Format to save Recorded Measurements . 74
History . 76

ETSI
5 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Powerline Telecommunications (PLT).
The present document is part 3 of a multi-part deliverable covering the MIMO PLT as identified below:
Part 1: "Measurement Methods of MIMO PLT";
Part 2: "Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT EMI Measurements";
Part 3: "Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT Channel and Noise Measurements".
Introduction
The STF 410 (Special Task Force) was set up in order to study and compare MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
characteristics of the LVDN network in different countries. The present document is one of three parts of TR 101 562
which contain the findings of STF 410 research.
ETSI
6 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
1 Scope
MIMO PLT Channel and noise is reviewed and statistical analysis performed, which takes into account earthing
variations, country variation, operator differences, phasing and distribution topologies, domestic, industrial and
residential types, as well as local network loading.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this document were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot
guarantee their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Sartenaer, T. & Delogne, P., "Powerline Cables Modelling for Broadband Communications",
ISPLC 2001, pp. 331-337.
[i.2] R. Hashmat, P. Pagani, A; Zeddam, T. Chonavel, "MIMO Communications for Inhome PLC
Networks: Measurements and Results up to 100 MHz", IEEE International Symposium on Power
Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), Rio, Brasil, March 2010.
[i.3] A. Schwager, "Powerline Communications: Significant Technologies to become Ready for
Integration" Doctoral Thesis at University of Duisburg-Essen, May 2010.
[i.4] CISPR 16-1-1: "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus".
[i.5] ETSI TR 101 562-1 (V1.3.1): "Powerline Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 1:
Measurement Methods of MIMO PLT".
[i.6] ETSI TR 101 562-2 (V1.2.1): "PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 2: Setup
and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT EMI Measurements".
[i.7] Paulraj, A., Nabar, R. & Gore, D.: "Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications";
Cambridge University Press, 2003.
ETSI
7 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
B Bandwidth
C Channel Capacity
D Diagonal Matrix
f Frequency
k kilo, most used at kilo Ohms
H Channel Matrix
Hz Hertz
I Current
L Inductance
Singular Value or Eigen Value
λ
nF nanoFarads
R Resistor
U,V unitary matrices
uH micro Henry
Z Impedance
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AC Alternating Current
ADC Analog to Digital Converter
AGC Automatic Gain Control
AMN Artificial Mains Network
AMP Amplifier
AWG Arbitrary Waveform Generator
BG Band Gap
BNC Bayonet Nut Connector
C-CDF Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (1-CDF)
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CM Common Mode
CSV Comma Separated Values
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
DC Direct Current
DM Differential Mode
DSO Digital Storage Oscilloscope
E Protective Earth Contact
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI Electro Magnetic Interference
FD Frequency Domain
FM Frequency Modulation
HD-TV High Definition Television
HP High Pass
IF Intermediate frequency
LCZC Line Cycle Zero Crossing
LISN Line Impedance Stabilization Network
LP Low Pass
LVDN Low Voltage Distribution Network
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MS Mega Sample
N Neutral contact
N Number of Receive ports
R
ETSI
8 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
N Number of Transmit ports
T
NWA Network Analyzer
P Phase or life contact
PE Protective Earth
PLC PowerLine Communication
PLT PowerLine Telecommunications
PSD Power Spectral Density
PWR Power
RCD Residual Current Device
Rx Receiver
S , S Scattering parameters, reflection, transmission
11 21
SBF-FM Stop Band Frequency- Frequency Modulation
SISO Single Input Single Output
SMA SubMiniature version A
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
STF Special Task Force
SVD Singular Value Decomposition
SW Short Wave
T Transformer
TD Time Domain
Tx Transmitter
UK United Kingdom
Z Impedance Differential Mode
DM
3.2.1 Abbreviations Used for Feeding Styles
APN Signal feed mode: Dual wire feed (version C of clause 7.1.4.5 in [i.5]) to input P||N E in figure 28
of [i.5]
CM Signal feed mode: Common mode, P, N, E terminated to ground
EP Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between E and P, PN and NE terminated
EP-NET Signal feed mode: Differential between E and P, only NE terminated
EPNT Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between E and P, PN and NE not terminated
NE Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between N and E, PN and EP terminated
NE-EPT Signal feed mode: Differential between N and E, only EP terminated
NENT Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between N and E, PN and EP not terminated
PN Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between P and N, NE and EP terminated
PNE Signal feed mode: Dual wire feed (version C of clause 7.1.4.5 in [i.5]) to input PN in figure 28 of
[i.5]
PNNT Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between P and N, NE and EP not terminated (SISO)
4 Major Project Phases
Table 1
No. Period Topic Event
01 Sept. 2010 Project organization STF 410 Preparatory Meeting
Definition of targets, what and how to Stuttgart, Germany
measure
02 Nov 2010 Setup of MIMO PLT measurements (EMI, Several STF 410 phone conferences.
Channel and Noise) Drafting of measurement specification
st
03 Dec. 2010 Coupler to send and receive MIMO PLT
1 version of the STF410 couplers
signals developed
04 Jan 2011 and later Verification of couplers and filters Couplers are used by STF410 experts in
developed for STF410.14 identical couplers field measurements in private homes
are manufactured and shipped to the STF
experts
05 March 2011 Agreement on STF410 logistics, when and
where to perform field measurements
st
06 April 2011 ETSI PLT#59
Approval of 1 TR on STF410 couplers
ETSI
9 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
No. Period Topic Event
07 March 2011 to Field measurements in Spain, Germany,
June 2011 France, Belgium and the United Kingdom
08 June 2011 Statistical evaluation of results Several STF 410 phone conferences
nd
09 July 2011 ETSI PLT #60
Approval of 2 TR on EMI results
10 Oct. 2010 to Evaluation of worldwide presence of PE
August 2011 wire
11 June to August Drafting and STF 410 review and approval
2011 process
12 Sept. 2011 Presentation of channel and noise ETSI PLT #61
measurement to ETSI PLT plenary
13 Oct 2011 Revision and rearrangement of TR content
for all 3 parts
14 Nov 2012 Approval of all 3 parts of TR 101 562 ETSI PLT #62

5 Motivation
PLT systems available today use only one transmission path between two outlets. It is the differential mode channel
between the phase (or live) and neutral contact of the mains. These systems are called SISO (Single Input Single
Output) modems. In contrast, MIMO PLT systems make use of the third wire, PE (Protective Earth), which provides
several transmission combinations for feeding and receiving signals into and from the LVDN. Various research
publications [i.1], [i.2] or [i.3] describe that up to 8 transmission paths might be used simultaneously.
Further description of:
• motivation for MIMO PLT;
• installation types and the existence of the PE wire in private homes;
• measurement Setup description to record throughput communication parameters and their results;
can be found in [i.5] and [i.6].
6 Measurement Description
6.1 Introduction
At the beginning of the measurement campaign, different strategies were discussed on how to best measure a set of
desired properties. The main question was if LVDN properties should be recorded in Time- (TD) or Frequency Domain
(FD). Each method has pros and cons. Please read the comparison chart below for an overview.
ETSI
10 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
Table 2: Comparison of TD and FD Measurements
Channel TD FD
Measurements
Concept Full MIMO Channel has to be calculated from Full MIMO Channel is derived by superposition
reference symbols of individual sweeps
Fast during field measurements Individual paths are measured sequentially
Tools Arbitrary Waveform Generator + Dig. Storage scope Network Analyzer
AGC? AGC needs to be tuned No AGC
Dynamic Limited to resolution of DSO (usually 8 bit) Huge: > 100 dB
Range
Size of Data Amount of data to be collected is huge (f(Sample) + Depends on number of points (1 601 / sweep)
duration of record)
Sync to LCZC Synchronization with AC line cycle at AWG Synchronization with AC line cycle is difficult
with NWA
Frequent sync with receiver necessary Record channel on LCZC
Uncertainties Accuracy is better, measurement uncertainty is
less
Noise Noise information is free (in a limited dynamic range) Using NWA, noise might cause errors, without
the operator noticing
Noise measurements in dependency of LCZC in TD
to record phase of the 4 paths possible

Channel measurements are conducted in FD due to the larger dynamic range and better accuracy. Also, noise is
recorded in TD.
In order to increase the number of measurements recorded, STF 410 was split into several teams operating in parallel in
various countries. Measurement campaigns where conducted in Belgium, Germany, France, Spain and the United
Kingdom. To guarantee comparability of the individually recorded data, each team is equipped with identical probes or
PLT couplers. The measurements themselves are performed with general purpose equipment like NWA (Network
Analyzers) and DSO (Digital Storage Oscilloscopes).
Figure 1 shows each team's measurement equipment.
ETSI
11 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
NWA (top), Spectrum Analyzer, Amplifier and NWA (left) DSO top, Spectrum analyzer, power
isolation transformer (bottom), LISN (right) supply and filters for noise recording

DSO and filter bank mounted to ground plane,

Equipment of the team in Germany Equipment of the team in Belgium / Germany / UK

DSO, amplifiers and filters: Noise measurement

NWA:
NWA performing an EMI measurement, here:

Equipment of the team in Spain Equipment of the team in France

Figure 1: Measurement Equipment used by Individual Teams
ETSI
12 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
6.2 Couplers to Connect Measurement Equipment to the LVDN
The MIMO PLC couplers for feeding and receiving signals are specified in [i.5].
6.3 General Set-up Before Starting Measurements
The power supply for measurement equipment has to be prepared prior to starting measurements. The supply must be
clean and maximally separated from the grid of the residential unit being tested. It is recommended that the power
supply be taken from a neighboring flat, a backup power supply or a least a plug far away from the installation to be
assessed. This mains should be filtered using the AMN [i.4]. To prevent the RCD from failing, an insolation
transformer may be used. For the safety of the operating team and measurement equipment, grounding of the AMN at
e.g. the heating of the building is recommended.
Completing the measurement protocol from clause A.2 helps to not any operation when performing field measurements.
Select outlets to be measured. Check location of the phase and label the outlets and phase location using a sticker. In a
multi-level building, use the first digit of the plug number for the floor level and the second digit for numbering the
outlet.
The list of equipment used may be found in clause A.1 of the present document.
6.4 Channel Transfer Function Measurements (S )
6.4.1 Set-Up
The measurement set-up basically consists of a NWA connected to coupler A and coupler B to the mains. The power
supply of the NWA is isolated from the LVDN being tested by a filter with > 1 kΩ differential mode- and > 1 kΩ
common mode impedance.
LVDN
Tx
Coupler A
Coupler B
Network
Analyzer
Rx
Isolation
Filter for
DM + CM
(e.g. LISN)
Power Supply
Figure 2: General Measurement Set-up for Channel Transfer Function Measurements (S )
NWA is operated using the following settings:
• Start Frequency: 1 MHz
• Stop Frequency: 100 MHz
• Number of measurement points per sweep: 1 601
• IF Bandwidth: 1 kHz
ETSI
13 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
• Feeding Power: +10 dBm
• Data are recorded in a CSV format including 3 columns: frequency, Real part, Imaginary part
• Measurement format: S
Feeding and receiving signals should be performed as described in clause 7.1.4.2 in [i.5]. (This is MIMO differential
transmitting and MIMO star style plus CM receiving).
The file name convention is ('F' for feed and 'R' for receive, which are the connectors from STF410 coupler).
Pt_F_Pr_R_xx.xx.CSV where:
• 't' is the number of the transmitting plug. The last digit in the number is an arbitrary number of the outlet. The
first digit should be equivalent to the floor level where the outlet is located.
• 'F' is the port where signals are fed differentially: EP, PN, NE, APN, PNE
The individual feeding styles are introduced in clauses 7.1.4.2 and 7.1.4.5 of [i.5]. The feeding possibilities
where unused coupler Tx ports are unterminated are not measured during channel measurements.
• 'r' is the number of the receiving plug.
• 'R' is the port where signals are received in star mode or common mode: P, E N or CM. See clause 7.1.4.2 of
[i.5].
• 'xx.xx' is the timing distance to the rising LCZC at Tx coupler in ms when the sweep was recorded. If trigger
of NWA was not in sync with LCZC 'xx.xx' should not be applied.
E.g. if the filename is P2_NE_P12_P_03.45.csv feeding was done at Plug number 2 on port NE (differentially between
Neutral and Protective Earth) and receiving was done at Plug number 12 in star style on Phase. The trigger occurred
3,45 ms after the rising edge of the LCZC at Tx coupler.
The receiving coupler is connected to a ground plane with a surface of ~1 m . The function of this ground plane is to
establish a capacitive coupling path that provides a low impedance connection for the common mode signals to ground.
The ground plane must be large enough to reduce measurement errors at lower frequencies. Proof that the ground plane
is of a sufficient size is the fact that an increase in size has a negligible effect upon the measured data. If human touch
on measurement equipment does not cause any change in the measurement results, the size of the ground plane is large
enough.
All Channel Transfer (S ) measurements should be saved in the 'S ' folder of the STF410 data repository.
21 21
6.4.2 Calibration of NWA
To eliminate effects cause by long cables used in the building, the NWA needs to be calibrated. A response (thru)
calibration should be done by shortcutting the endings of both coaxial cables. A conventional adapter (BNC female to
BNC female) should be used as a calibration kit.
In the measurements recorded here the MIMO PLT couplers [i.5] are considered to be part of the PLT channel. If a
reader of the recorded data wants to eliminate the attenuation of couplers from the channel measurements, he will find
the verification data where 2 couplers were just connected using the 19,2 dB pad in clause 7.1.6 of [i.5].
6.4.3 Functional Test Before Starting Channel Transfer Function
Measurements
From time to time, one should perform functional tests with the calibration pad in order to make sure that everything
still works properly, before starting transfer function measurements on the LVDN. When equipment like cables,
connectors, etc. is used in the field, there is some risk of damage. Frequent repetition of functional tests enables early
detection of any damage.
ETSI
14 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
6.4.3.1 Functional Test of the Δ Interfaces
This test should be performed in the SISO mode, because it is best to check the Delta mode transmission.
19.2 dB 19.2 dB 19.2 dB
Test pad Test pad Test pad
E N N E N
N P P E N P
P E P E N P E
S4
S6 S4 S6 S4 S6
S4 S6 S4 S4 S6
S6
S7 S7
S7 S7 S7 S7
S1 S3 S1 S3
S1 S3 S1 S3
S3 S1 S3
S1
SISO
SISO
SISO
P-N
E-P
N-E
NE
NE EP PN NE
EP EP PN PN
EP NE
PN
PN IN slide switch NE IN IN EP OUT
PN OUT NE EP slide switch
slide switch OUT
lever position
lever position
lever position
Figure 3: Coupler Configuration: Feed and Receive Differentially
6.4.3.1.1 Slide Switch Positions
Table 3: Switch Positions of Functional Test at Δ Interface
PN Feed & Receive NE Feed & Receive EP Feed & Receive
P E N CM P E N CM P E N CM
(S4) (S5) (S6) (S7) (S4) (S5) (S6) (S7) (S4) (S5) (S6) (S7)
off off off on
off off off on off off off on
E-P P-N N-E
E-P P-N N-E
E-P P-N N-E
(S1) (S2) (S3)
(S1) (S2) (S3)
(S1) (S2) (S3)
off off on
off on off
on off off
6.4.3.1.2 Typical Insertion Loss for All Three Channels
Table 4: Insertion Loss of Functional Test at Δ Interface
MHz
10 30 80
- S dB
22 22 23
6.4.3.2 Functional Test of the Star Interfaces

P E N P E N
coupler A coupler A
P E N
coupler A 19.2 dB 19.2 dB
coupler B
coupler B
coupler B
19.2 dB
Test pad
Test pad
OUT OUT
Test pad 50 50
50 50
OUT
50 50
Delta Delta
P E N P E N
Delta
P E N
to to
to
S4
S4 S6
S6 Star
S4 S6 Star S4 S6
S4
S6 S7
S4 S6 Star S7 S7
S7
S7 S7
S1 S3
S1 S3
S3 S1 S3
S1
P-N in
P-N in
S1 S3
S3
S1
N out
P-N in E out
PN NE
PN NE EP
EP NE
EP NE EP
NE
P out EP PN
EP NE
slide switch EP
slide switch PN IN
PN IN
PN IN slide switch lever position
lever position
lever position
Figure 4: Repeat the Test with Couplers A and B Interchanged
ETSI
CM
CM
CM
CM
CM CM
CM
CM
CM
CM
CM
CM
15 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
Table 5 shows Slide Switch Positions to be set for the functional tests.
Table 5: Switch Positions of Functional Test at Star Interface
Coupler A:   for all configurations
P E N CM
(S4) (S5) (S6) (S7)
off off off on
E-P P-N N-E
(S1) (S2) (S3)
off on off
Coupler B:  P out Coupler B:  N out Coupler B:  E out
P E N CM P E N CM P E N CM
(S4) (S5) (S6) (S7) (S4) (S5) (S6) (S7) (S4) (S5) (S6) (S7)
on on on on On on on on on on on on
E-P P-N N-E E-P P-N N-E E-P P-N N-E
(S1) (S2) (S3) (S1) (S2) (S3) (S1) (S2) (S3)
off off off Off off off off off off

Table 6 shows Typical Insertion Loss to be measured at functional test at Star interface.
Table 6: Insertion Loss of Functional Test at Star Interface
MHz
10 30 80
- S P-out 24 24 25
- S N-out 24 24 25 MHz
- S E-out > 40 > 40 > 40 dB
6.4.3.3 Functional Test of the Common Mode Interface

Schuko plug
Slide Switch Positions
"P" respectively "N"
connected to box
Coupler A for all configurations
IN
P E N CM
P E N
Star
(S4) (S5) (S6) (S7)
to
OUT
on off off on
S4 S6
CM
S7
E-P P-N N-E
S3
S1
(S1) (S2) (S3)
off off off
NE
EP PN
Figure 5: Coupler Configuration: Feed into Single Conductor and Receive CM
6.4.3.3.1 Typical Insertion Loss
Table 7: Insertion Loss of Functional Test of the CM Interface
3 10 30 MHz
"P"
- S respectively 2,5 to 2,8 2,5 to 2,8 3,0 to 4,0 dB
"N"
to out
NOTE: Only connect "P" respectively "N" to the box, isolate the other one.

ETSI
CM
16 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
6.4.4 Coupler Configuration for Transfer Function Measurements
6.4.4.1 Transmitter Side Coupler Configuration for Transfer Function Measurements

LVDN LVDN LVDN
N N
P E P E
TX side P E N
TX side TX side
Delta
Delta Delta
S4
S6 S4 S6
S4
S6
sym. sym.
S7 sym.
S7
S7
N-E
P-N
S1 S3 S3 E-P
S1
S3
S1
50 50
slide switch 50 50 NE
EP 50 50
slide switch
lever position slide switch
IN
EP
NE
EP PN IN lever position
IN
lever position
PN NE
PN
Figure 6: Coupler Configuration: Feed Differentially
6.4.4.1.1 Slide Switch Positions
Table 8: Switch Positions of Transfer Function Measurements
Feed PN Feed NE Feed EP
P E N CM P E N CM P E N CM
(S4) (S5) (S6) (S7) (S4) (S5) (S6) (S7) (S4) (S5) (S6) (S7)
off off off on off Off off on off off off on
E-P P-N N-E E-P P-N N-E E-P P-N N-E
(S1) (S2) (S3) (S1) (S2) (S3) (S1) (S2) (S3)
on on on on On on on on on
6.4.4.2 Receiver Side Coupler Configuration for Transfer Function Measurements

LVDN
Slide Switch Positions
P E N
RX side
P E N CM
Star
OUT
(S4) (S5) (S6) (S7)
+ CM
on on on on
S4 S6
S7
E-P P-N N-E
S1 S3
slide switch
(S1) (S2) (S3)
lever position
off off off
NE
EP PN
When P, E and N are measured CM must
not be terminated. The cable at CM port
must be disconnected.
When CM is measured P, E and N must be
terminated with 50 Ohm.
Figure 7: Coupler Configuration: Receive from Single Conductor and CM
ETSI
CM
CM
CM
CM
17 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
6.4.5 Conducting Channel Transfer (S ) Measurements
If the equipment is set-up and the network analyzer calibrated as described above field measurements can be conducted
in private residential units. A protocol-sheet is prepared in clause A.2 for each measurement site, to be filled out during
field tests.
S have to be measured with every combination of feeding (NE, PN, EP, APN, PNE) and receiving (P, N, E, CM).
To protect the NWA from damage, the coupler should be connected to the outlet before the coaxial wire is connected
and when removing the coupler from the outlet, the coaxial cable should be disconnected first.
6.5 Reflection (S ) Measurements
6.5.1 Measurement Principle
The LVDN is a network with an undefined complex characteristic impedance. The often measured absolute value of the
input impedance has little practical significance. Adding a short piece of mains cable may change the results
considerably.
Thus STF 410 measured the reflection loss S at the 'Delta' terminals of the Universal couplers instead of the
impedance.
TRANSMIT
of Universal coupler
interface (Delta)
E-P T1
balun
NWA
S11
S1 on
200 Ohm
Ohm
P-N
T2
balun
200 Ohm S2 off
Ohm
N-E
T3 balun
S3 off
200 Ohm
Ohm
N P E
to LVDN
Figure 8: Principle for DM Impedance (S ) measurement via the
Baluns of the Universal Couplers (Example: P_N)
ETSI
18 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
6.5.2 Set-Up
At S , reflection measurements signals are fed and received at one and the same coupler.
LVDN
Tx+Rx
Coupler A
Network
Analyzer
Isolation
Filter for
DM + CM
(e.g. LISN)
Power Supply
Figure 9: Set-up S Measurements: Feed and Receive Differentially
The file name convention of reflection (S ) measurements is:
Pt_Fa_Rb_xx.xx.CSV where:
• 't' is the number of the transmitting plug.
• 'Fa' is the port where signals are fed differentially: EP, PN, NE, EPNT, PNNT, NENT, APN, PNE and CM.
When feeding 'NT' is used the two other ports at the delta coupler should not be terminated. This allows a
comparison with SISO PLC.
The individual feeding styles are introduced in clause 6.1.5 in [i.6].
• 'Rb' is the port where signals are received differentially: EP, PN or NE. For reflection (S ) measurements the
identical feeding and receiving port is used. 'a' is identical to 'b'.
• 'xx.xx' is the timing distance to the rising LCZC at the Tx coupler in ms when the sweep was recorded. If the
NWA trigger was not in sync with LCZC 'xx.xx' should not be applied.
E.g. if the filename is P2_PN_PN.csv the reflection was recorded at Plug number 2 differentially between Phase and
Neutral.
All reflection (S ) measurements should be saved in the 'S ' folder of the STF410 data repository.
11 11
6.5.3 Calibration of NWA
The NWA has to be calibrated with a full 1-port reflection calibration at the end of the coaxial wire. As calibration kits
'short', 'open' (do not connect anything) and 'broadband load' (50 Ohm termination) has to be used.
In the measurements recorded here the MIMO PLT couplers [i.5] are considered to be part of the PLT channel.
S is a complex value which is a function of the load impedance and of the characteristic impedance of the
measurement system. In our case the measurement system consists of the network analyzer, which has a characteristic
impedance of 50 Ω and the 1:2 balun inside the Universal coupler, which transforms the 50 Ω to 200 Ω.
S on the 50 Ω side is identical to S on the 200 Ω side, except for a phase shift due to the length of the transmission
11 11
lines inside the balun.
ETSI
19 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
The real and the imaginary parts of S are recorded.
The absolute value is │S │ = sqrt((real(S )^2 + imag(S )^2))
11 11 11
and the phase angle is φ = atan(imag(S )/ real(S ))
11 11
For engineering purposes the absolute value │S │is sufficient in most cases. It allows us to calculate the load
impedance depending on the line length.
Z = Z (1 + │r│) / (1 - │r│)
DMmax o
(- │S │/20)
with Z = 200 Ω and │r│ = 10
o 11
Knowing φ one may calculate Z for each frequency when considering the line length of the balun which is about
DM
x = 0,3 m.
j(φ + βx) j(φ + βx)
Z = Z (1 + │r│* e )/ (1 - │r│* e ) where β = ω / υ  υ: speed of propagation in the balun.
DM o
6.5.4 Functional Test Before Starting Reflection (S ) Measurements
From time to time, one should perform a │S │check, before starting reflection measurements with the LVDN, by
connecting the mains plug of the coupler to the test pad. The characteristic DM-impedance of the pad is 80 Ω.
Ideally │S │ is - 7,4 dB.
Because of loss and impedance mismatch in the coupler and of the Schuko plug the value is somewhat frequency
dependent.
19.2 dB 19.2 dB
19.2 dB
open
open open
Test pad
Test pad Test pad
P E N P E N
Impedance
P E N
Impedance
Impedance
P-N
N-E
S4
S4 S6 S6
E-P
S4
S6
S7
S7
S7
S1 S3
S1 S3
S1 S3
slide switch
slide switch
NE
EP PN
EP NE
slide switch
lever position
lever position EP
PN NE
lever position
PN IN
IN
IN
Figure 10: Coupler Configuration: Feed Differentially
6.5.4.1 Slide Switch Positions
Table 9: Switch Positions of Functional Test for Reflection Measurements
Feed & Receive PN Feed & Receive NE Feed & Receive EP
P E N CM P E N CM P E N CM
(S4) (S5) (S6) (S7) (S4) (S5) (S6) (S7) (S4) (S5) (S6) (S7)
off off off on off off off on off Off off on
E-P P-N N-E E-P P-N N-E E-P P-N N-E
(S1) (S2) (S3) (S1) (S2) (S3) (S1) (S2) (S3)
off off on on Off off
off on off
6.5.4.2 Typical Return Loss for Inputs P-N; N-E and E-P
Table 10: Return Loss of Functional Test for Reflection Measurements
10 30 80 MHz
│S │ 7,2 to 7,5 7,7 to 8,6 7,5 to 10,5 dB
ETSI
CM
CM
CM
20 ETSI TR 101 562-3 V1.1.1 (2012-02)
6.5.5 Conducting Reflection (S ) Measurements
If the equipment is set-up and the network analyzer calibrated as described above, field measurements can be conducted
in private residences. A protocol-sheet is prepared in clause A.2 for each measurement site to be completed during field
tests.
All combinations of feeding and receiving (NE, PN, EP, NENT, PNNT, EPNT, APN, PNE, CM) are recorded. Any
combination where feeding and receiving did not take place on the same port (line conversion reflections) was not
measured by STF410.
To protect the NWA from damage the coupler should be connected to the outlet before the coaxial wire is connected
and when removing the coupler from the outlet the coaxial cable should be disconnected first.
6.6 Set-Up for Noise Measurements
6.6.1 Set-Up
The full setup for noise measurement is given in figure 11.
DSO
PWR SUPPLY
Filters
PROBE
AMP BOARD
Figure 11: Noise Measurement Setup
The MIMO coupler is used in receiver mode in the star configuration. In order to receive signals on 4 ports, including
the CM signal, the P, N and E switches need to be closed and the CM switch left open ('on' position).
The filters are used in 4 different configurations called Band 1 to Band 4 as given in table 11.
Table 11: Filter Configuration for each Frequency Band
Band Filter configuration Comment
Band 1 HPF-002 + LPF-100 2-100 MHz band
Band 2 HPF-002 + LPF-100 + SBF-FM 2-100 MHz band with FM notch
Band 3 4HPF-025
...