ETSI TR 105 174-6 V1.1.1 (2015-03)

Integrated broadband cable telecommunication networks (CABLE); Broadband Deployment and Energy Management; Part 6: Cable Access Networks

DTR/CABLE-00006

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 08-Mar-2015
• Technical Committee: CABLE WG3 - Engineering, Efficiency and Sustainability
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 03-Apr-2015
• Completion Date: 09-Mar-2015
• Mandate: M/462

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 105 174-6 V1.1.1 (2015-03)






TECHNICAL REPORT
Integrated broadband cable
telecommunication networks (CABLE);
Broadband Deployment and Energy Management;
Part 6: Cable Access Networks

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2 ETSI TR 105 174-6 V1.1.1 (2015-03)



Reference
DTR/CABLE-00006
Keywords
broadband, energy efficiency
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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Cable Access Network Infrastructure . 11
4.1 Classical network, generic reference model . 11
4.2 Fibre deep access network . 12
4.3 Network convergence with CCAP . 13
4.4 Network evolution . 14
5 Measurement KPIs . 16
5.1 Defining Energy Performance . 16
5.2 Energy Performance Global KPI . 16
5.2.1 Definition . 16
5.2.2 Impact of Plant Density on Energy Performance Global KPI. 17
5.3 Comparable Work in Area of Energy Intensity of Data Transmission . 17
5.4 Equipment KPIs . 18
5.5 Hub and Data Centre Facility Sites . 18
6 CAN Equipment Power Consumption Metrics . 19
6.1 Usage of Power Consumption Metrics . 19
6.2 CMTS Power Consumption Metrics . 19
6.2.1 Metrics to Compare Supplier Equipment. 19
6.2.2 Metrics for Field Implementation . 21
6.3 Edge-QAM Power Metrics . 21
6.4 Head-end Optics - Transmitter Power Metrics . 21
6.5 Head-end Optics - Receivers Power Metrics . 21
7 Power Metrics of Field Deployed Access Network Elements . 22
7.1 Existing Energy Metrics for Field Deployed Equipment . 22
7.2 OSP Power Supplies Power Metrics . 22
7.3 Fibre Node Power Metrics. 23
7.4 RF Amplifiers Power Metrics . 23
7.5 Passives and Cable . 23
8 Improving Energy Efficiency in the Access Network . 24
8.1 Concept of Benchmarking . 24
8.2 Plant Benchmarking . 24
8.3 Mechanisms for Improving Access Network Energy Efficiency . 25
8.3.1 Power Supply Loading. 25
8.3.2 Improving Load with better Power Supply Selection . 27
8.3.3 Power Supply Consolidation. 28
8.3.4 Plant Voltage and Distribution Losses . 29
8.3.5 Access Network Equipment Improvement . 29
9 Calculation of data throughput . 29
9.1 Parameters Impacting Data Throughput . 29
9.2 Types of channels delivered to customers . 30
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9.3 Assumed bit rates for delivering those channels . 30
9.4 Amount of viewing time a customer is watching the different types of channels . 31
History . 32

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Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Integrated broadband cable
telecommunication networks (CABLE).
The present document is part 6 of a multi-part deliverable. Full details of the entire series can be found in part 1 [i.1].
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The increasing interaction between the different elements of the Information Communication Technology (ICT) sector
(hardware, middleware, software and services) supports the concept of convergence in which:
• multi-service packages can be delivered over a common infrastructure;
• a variety of infrastructures is able to deliver these packages;
• a single multi-service-package may be delivered over different infrastructures.
As a result of this convergence, the development of new services, applications and content has resulted in an increased
demand for bandwidth, reliability, quality and performance, with a consequent increase in the demand for energy which
has implications for cost and, in some cases, availability. It is therefore important to maximize the energy efficiency of
all the network elements necessary to deliver the required services.
New technologies and infrastructure strategies are expected to enable operators to decrease the energy consumption, for
a given level of service, of their existing and future infrastructures thus decreasing their costs. This requires a common
understanding among market participants that only standards can produce.
The present document analyses the work on fixed broadband cable access networks whilst details of each of the other
parts of the document set can be found in Part 1 [i.1]. It offers a contribution to the required standardization process by
establishing an initial basis for determining the main energy consuming elements of the operators' broadband cable
access network and defining indicators to measure their energy consumption and performance in terms of the work done
by the network to transfer a volume of data.
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6 ETSI TR 105 174-6 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
Clearly the energy efficiencies of Operator Sites, Data Centres, the Core Networks and Customer Network
Infrastructures are also important in maximizing the end-to-end energy efficiency of broadband communications and
these issues will be covered in other parts of the document set. However, Access Networks differ from the other
network components in that they are likely to include a very large number of locations each consuming a relatively low
amount of energy. Not only do such small installations tend to be inefficient in their power utilization but when
multiplied by their number, their total energy usage becomes considerable. Thus any energy saving which can be
achieved becomes significant when the number of sites is taken into account.
The present document provides a basis for defining network key performance indicators as a bench mark that may assist
network developers to measure energy metrics with progressive state of art., designs with the aim to reduce the overall
energy consumption of the network. When complete, the documents will contain information to present principle
metrics and approaches to calculate the broadband cable access network infrastructure energy performance. Innovative
cable access architectures describe how these progress the broadband cable access network towards energy efficient
infrastructures whilst continuing to meet year by year ever increasing demand for consumer multimedia services, voice,
video and data.
Cable Operators across Europe and North America are defining metrics to measure the energy performance of their
access network. In North America, the U.S. based SCTE [i.19] is in the process of defining the CAN in terms of energy
consumption and metrics.
Through the cooperation agreement between ETSI TC CABLE and SCTE EMS-004 group [i.19], development of
energy efficiency infrastructures for the broadband cable access network are expected to be defined along with metrics
to support improvement measures in the energy consumption. Collaboration between the two organizations would
ensure consistency and alignment as well as encourage sharing of information to optimize resources for standardization.
NOTE: DOCSIS® is a registered Trade Mark of Cable Television Laboratories, Inc., and is used in the present
document with permission.
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7 ETSI TR 105 174-6 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
1 Scope
The present document describes the cable access network, and progressive network access architectures that reduce the
network energy consumption and the metrics required to benchmark the network and its components to support and
enable the proper implementation of services, applications and content on an energy efficient infrastructure and describe
measures that may improve the energy efficiency of cable access networks.
Within the present document:
• clause 4 presents the schematic for cable access network infrastructures, the evolution of the network
architectures to meet consumer capacity demand and bandwidth growth and the main components of the cable
access network energy consuming elements;
• clause 5 presents measurement key performance indicators to baseline and measure network energy
performance;
• clause 6 explains power consumption metrics of the CAN;
• clause 7 describes and gives consideration to power metrics of field deployed access network elements;
• clause 8 describes the electrical powering of the CAN components and the distributed usage of the electrical
power. This clause explains ways to improve the power consumption and benchmarking the HFC CAN plant;
• clause 9 considers the calculations to measure the data throughput of a CAN.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 105 174-1-1: "Access and Terminals (AT); Relationship between installations, cabling
and communications systems; Standardization work published and in development;
Part 1: Overview, common and generic aspects; Sub-part 1: Generalities, common view of the set
of documents".
[i.2] ETSI TR 102 881 (V1.1.1): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Cable
Network Handbook".
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[i.3] ETSI EN 302 878-2: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Third
Generation Transmission Systems for Interactive Cable Television Services - IP Cable Modems;
Part 2: Physical Layer; DOCSIS 3.0".
[i.4] ETSI TR 101 546: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Integrated
broadband Cable and Television Networks; Converged Cable Access Platform Architecture".
[i.5] ETSI EN 302 878 (all parts): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Third
Generation Transmission Systems for Interactive Cable Television Services - IP Cable Modems".
[i.6] ETSI EN 300 429 (V1.2.1): "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel
coding and modulation for cable systems".
[i.7] ETSI TS 103 311 (all parts) (V1.1.1): "Integrated broadband cable telecommunication networks
(CABLE); Fourth Generation Transmission Systems for Interactive Cable Television Services - IP
Cable Modems".
[i.8] EC Mandate M/462 (May 2010): "Standardisation mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and
ETSI in the field of Information and Communication Technologies to enable efficient energy use
in fixed and mobile information and communication networks. European Commission, DG
Enterprise and Industry".
[i.9] Coroama, Vlad C., Lorenz M. Hilty, Ernst Heiri, and Frank M. Horn. 2013. "The Direct Energy
Demand of Internet Data Flows." Journal of Industrial Ecology, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/jiec.12048.
[i.10] Chan, Chien A., André F. Gygax, Elaine Wong, Christopher A. Leckie, Ampalavanapillai
Nirmalathas, and Daniel C. Kilper. 2013: "Methodologies for Assessing the Use-Phase Power
Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Telecommunications Network Services."
Environmental Science & Technology 47 (1): 485-92. doi:10.1021/es303384y.
[i.11] Hinton, K., J. Baliga, M.Z. Feng, R.W.A. Ayre, and RodneyS. Tucker. 2011. "Power Consumption
and Energy Efficiency in the Internet." IEEE Network 25 (2): 6-12.
doi:10.1109/MNET.2011.5730522.
[i.12] Coroama, Vlad C., and Lorenz M. Hilty. 2014. "Assessing Internet Energy Intensity: A Review of
Methods and Results." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 45 (February): 63-68.
doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.12.004.
[i.13] Malmodin, Jens, Dag Lundén, Åsa Moberg, Greger Andersson, and Mikael Nilsson. 2014a. "Life
Cycle Assessment of ICT." Journal of Industrial Ecology, May, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/jiec.12145.
[i.14] Schien, Daniel, Vlad C. Coroama, Lorenz M. Hilty, and Chris Preist. 2015. "The Energy Intensity
of the Internet: Edge and Core Networks." In ICT Innovations for Sustainability, edited by Lorenz
M. Hilty and Bernard Aebischer, 157-70. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 310.
Springer International Publishing.
NOTE: Available at http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-09228-7_9.
[i.15] Coroama, Vlad C., Daniel Schien, Chris Preist, and Lorenz M. Hilty. 2015: "The Energy Intensity
of the Internet: Home and Access Networks." In ICT Innovations for Sustainability, edited by
Lorenz M. Hilty and Bernard Aebischer, 137-55. Advances in Intelligent Systems and
Computing 310. Springer International Publishing.
NOTE: Available at http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-09228-7_8.
[i.16] ETSI ES 205 200-2-4: "Integrated broadband cable telecommunication networks (CABLE);
Energy management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 2: specific requirements; Sub-
part 4: Cable Access Networks".
[i.17] ETSI ES 205 200-2-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 2: Specific requirements;
Sub-part 1: Data centres".
[i.18] "Harmonizing Global Metrics for Data Centers Energy Efficiency, Global Taskforce Reaches
Agreement Regarding Data Center Productivity," Green Grid, March 13, 2014.
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NOTE: Available at http://www.thegreengrid.org/Global/Content/Regulatory-
Activities/HarmonizingGlobalMetricsForDataCenterEnergyEfficiency_DCeP.
[i.19] Society of Cable Telecommunication Engineers (SCTE).
NOTE: Available at http://www.scte.org/.
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
EdgeQAM: head-end or hub device that receives packets of digital video or data from the operator network,
re-packetizes the video or data into an MPEG transport stream and digitally modulates that transport stream onto a
downstream RF carrier using QAM
energy consumption: total consumption of electrical energy by an operational infrastructure
energy management: combination of reduced energy consumption and increased task efficiency, re-use of energy and
use of renewable energy
fixed Cable Access Network: functional elements that enable wired (including optical fibre) communications to
customer equipment
Hybrid Fibre Coax: broadband telecommunications network that combines optical fibre, coaxial cable and active and
passive electronic components
information technology equipment: equipment providing data storage, processing and transport services for
subsequent distribution by network telecommunications equipment
network telecommunications equipment: equipment dedicated to providing direct connection to core and/or access
networks
operational infrastructure: combination of information technology equipment and/or network telecommunications
equipment together with the power supply and environmental control systems necessary to ensure provision of service
operator site: premises accommodating network telecommunications equipment providing direct connection to the
core and access networks and which may also accommodate information technology equipment
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
BR average data rate of an analog channel on the system in Mbps
ANA
BR data rate of an RF channel in Mbps
CH
BR average data rate of an HD channel on the system in Mbps
HD
BR average data rate of an SD channel on the system in Mbps
SD
dB decibel - a unit used to measure the intensity of the power level of an electrical signal by
comparing it with a given level on a logarithmic scale
dB μV decibel relative to one microvolt
dBmV decibels relative to one millivolt
9
Gb unit of Gigabyte (10 Byte)
9
GB unit of Gigabyte (10 Byte)
KPI Global Key Performance Indicator of energy performance
EP
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for downstream CMTS ports
CMTSDS
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for upstream CMTS ports
CMTSUS
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for CMTS
CMTS
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for EQAM
EQAM
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for stand-alone optical transmitter
TXSA
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for CWDM based technology optical transmitter
CWDA
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for stand-alone optical receiver
TXRX
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for fibre node
FN
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KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for RF Amplifier
RFAMP
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for the complete access network i.e. the total access network
ANTOT
KPI Key Performance Indicator metric for RF Amplifier
RFAMP
KPI Key Performance Indicator energy performance metric for broadcast data transmission
EP_broadcast
kWh kilowatt hours
m unit of measurement of length in meters
REF Reference point at the cable headend
HE
REF Reference point at the network interface unit
NIU
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AC Alternating Current
ANA Autonomic Network Architecture
CAN Cable Access Network
CATV Cable Television
CCAP Converged Cable Access Platform
CMTS Cable Modem Termination System
CM Cable Modem
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
CWDM Course wavelength division multiplexing
DC Direct Current
DEMUX De-multiplexer
DEPI Downstream External-PHY Interface
DOCSIS Data over Cable Service Interface Specification
DTV Digital Television
DPI Deep Packet Insertion
DS Downstream
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DVB-C Digital Video Broadcast- Cable
EdgeQAM Edge Quadrature Amplitude Modulator
EMS Energy Management Subcommittee
EUI Energy Unit Intensity
GW Gateway
Fwd Forward
HD High Definition
HE Headend
HFC Hybrid Fibre Coax
HVAC heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
ICT Information Technology Equipment
IP Internet Protocol
KPI Key Performance Indicator
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OS Operator Site
OSP Outside Plant
PBX Private Branch Exchange
PC Personal Computer
POS Point of Sale
PS Power Supply or Power Source
PUE Power Usage Effectiveness
M-CMTS Modular Cable Modem Termination System
MUX Multiplexer
N+0 Node plus no amplifier
N+1 Node plus one amplifier
NC Narrowcast
PHY Physical
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulator
Ret Return
RF Radio Frequency
ROI Return on Investment
SC-QAM Single Carrier-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
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SCTE Society of Cable Telecommunication Engineers
SD Standards Definition
SG Signalling Group
STB Set Top Box
TV Television
US Upstream
U.S United States
VOD Video on Demand
IT Information Technology
LDPC Low Density Parity Check
MAC Medium Access Control
MPEG Motion Pictures Experts Group
VA Volt-Ampere (unit of apparent power)
4 Cable Access Network Infrastructure
4.1 Classical network, generic reference model
The HFC Cable Network is as described by ETSI Cable Handbook [i.2]. Figure 1 presents a schematic of a generic
cable access network infrastructure.

Figure 1: Schematic of HFC classical 'fixed' cable network infrastructures
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