ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
DEN/ERM-TGTLPR-0114-1
Elektromagnetna združljivost in zadeve v zvezi z radijskim spektrom (ERM) - Naprave kratkega dosega (SRD) - Oprema radarjev za ugotavljanje ravni tekočine (LPR), ki delujejo v frekvenčnih območjih od 6 GHz do 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz do 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz do 64 GHz in od 75 GHz do 85 GHz - 1. del: Tehnične karakteristike in preskusne metode
Ta dokument določa zahteve za uporabo radarja za ugotavljanje ravni tekočine (LPR), zasnovanega na pulznem RF, FMCW ali podobnih širokopasovnih tehnikah.
LPR vrste radijske opreme so zmožne delovati v vseh ali katerem koli delu frekvenčnih pasov, kot so navedeni v preglednici 1.
Preglednica 1: Frekvenčni pasovi, namenjeni radarjem za ugotavljanje ravni tekočine (LPR)
Preglednica 1 prikazuje seznam frekvenčnih pasov, ki so namenjeni radarjem za ugotavljanje ravni tekočine v osnutku odločitve CEPT/ECC o pogojih za usklajeno postavitev industrijskih radarjev za ugotavljanje ravni tekočine (LPR) [i.1], znanih ob datumu objave tega dokumenta.
LPR se uporabljajo v mnogih industrijah, ki se ukvarjajo z nadzorom procesov za merjenje količine različnih snovi (predvsem tekočin ali granulatov). LPR se uporabljajo v širokem razponu, kot so nadzor procesov, merjenje prenosa skrbništva (vladne pravne meritve), nadzor vode in drugih tekočin, preprečevanje politja in druge industrijske uporabe. Glavni nameni uporabe LPR so:
• povečati zanesljivost s preprečevanjem nesreč;
• povečati industrijsko učinkovitost, kakovost in nadzor procesov;
• izboljšati okoljske pogoje in proizvodne procese.
LPR so vedno sestavljeni iz kombiniranega oddajnika in sprejemnika in uporabljeni z vgrajeno ali namensko anteno. Oprema LPR je namenjena strokovnim uporabam, za katere inštalacijo in vzdrževanje izpeljejo samo strokovno usposobljeni posamezniki.
OPOMBA: Antene LPR so vedno antene z določeno usmeritvijo in nikoli niso uporabljene omniusmerjene antene LPR. To je pomembno tudi zato, da se omeji osvetljeno območje, in za nadzor in omejitev razprševanja, ki ga povzročajo robovi površine.
Področje uporabe je omejeno na LPR, ki delujejo kot naprave kratkega dosega.
Uporabe LPR v tem dokumentu niso predvidene za namene komunikacij.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the
frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz,
57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TGTLPR-0114-1
Keywords
EHF, radar, regulation, SHF, short range, SRD,
testing, UWB
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3 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 9
2.2 Informative references . 9
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Definitions . 10
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 General requirements specifications . 11
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 11
4.2 Choice of model for testing . 12
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 12
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) . 12
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification . 12
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information . 12
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 13
4.6 RF waveguides . 13
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators . 14
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 14
4.7.1 Introduction. 14
4.7.2 Signal identification . 15
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 15
4.8 Preamplifier . 16
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results . 16
4.9.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 17
4.10 Other emissions from device circuitry . 18
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 18
5.1 Normal test conditions . 18
5.2 External test power source. 19
5.3 Normal test conditions . 19
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 19
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 19
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 19
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power source . 19
5.3.2.3 Other power sources . 19
6 General conditions . 20
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements . 20
6.2 Conducted measurement arrangements . 20
6.3 Shielded anechoic chamber . 20
6.4 Measuring receiver . 21
7 LPR methods of measurement and limits . 22
7.1 Frequency band of operation . 22
7.1.1 Definition . 22
7.1.2 Method of measurement . 22
7.1.3 Limits . 24
7.2 Maximum value of mean power spectral density (within main beam) . 24
7.2.1 Definition . 24
7.2.2 Method of measurement . 24
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4 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
7.2.3 Limits . 26
7.3 Maximum value of peak power . 27
7.3.1 Definition . 27
7.3.2 Method of measurement . 27
7.3.3 Limits . 29
7.4 LPR antenna characteristics . 29
7.4.1 Definition . 29
7.4.2 Method of measurement . 29
7.4.3 Limits . 31
7.5 Range of modulation parameters . 31
7.6 Other Emissions (OE) . 31
7.6.1 Definition . 31
7.6.2 Method of measurement . 31
7.6.3 Limits . 32
7.7 Mitigation techniques . 33
7.7.1 Shielding effects . 33
7.7.2 Frequency domain mitigation . 33
7.7.3 Activity Factor (AF) . 34
7.7.4 Thermal radiation . 34
7.7.5 Adaptive Power Control (APC) . 34
7.7.5.1 Definition and description of the APC . 34
7.7.5.2 Method of measurement for APC . 34
7.7.5.3 APC Range Limits . 36
7.7.6 Equivalent mitigation techniques . 36
8 Methods of measurement and limits for receiver parameters . 36
8.1 Receiver spurious emissions. 36
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 37
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 37
A.1.1 Anechoic Chamber . 37
A.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane . 38
A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 39
A.1.4 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 40
A.1.5 Test antenna . 42
A.1.6 Substitution antenna . 42
A.1.7 Measuring antenna . 42
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 42
A.2.1 Verification of the test site . 42
A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 43
A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 43
A.2.4 Range length . 43
A.2.5 Site preparation . 44
A.3 Coupling of signals . 44
A.3.1 General . 44
A.4 Standard test methods . 44
A.4.1 Calibrated setup . 44
A.4.2 Substitution method . 45
Annex B (normative): Conducted measurements . 47
Annex C (informative): Installation of Level Probing Radar (LPR) Equipment in the
proximity of Radio Astronomy sites . 48
Annex D (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 49
Annex E (informative): Practical test distances for accurate measurements . 50
E.1 Introduction . 50
E.2 Conventional near-field measurements distance limit . 50
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5 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
Annex F (normative): Range of modulation parameters . 51
F.1 Pulse modulation . 51
F.1.1 Definition . 51
F.1.2 Operating parameters . 52
F.2 Frequency modulated continuous wave . 52
F.2.1 Definition . 52
F.2.2 Operating parameters . 53
Annex G (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 54
G.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 54
G.2 Material dependent attenuations . 56
History . 58
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6 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the Vote phase of the
ETSI standards Two-step Approval Procedure.
For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz, as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
Proposed national transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doa
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 6 months after doa
Introduction
Clauses 1 and 3 provide a general description on the types of equipment covered by the present document and the
definitions and abbreviations used.
Clause 2 provides the information on normative and informative reference documentation.
Clause 4 provides a guide as to the number of samples required in order that tests may be carried out, and any markings
on the equipment which the provider should provide. It also includes the general testing requirements and gives the
maximum measurement uncertainty values.
Clauses 5 and 6 give guidance on the test and general conditions for testing of the LPR device.
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7 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
Clause 7 specifies the LPR spectrum utilization parameters which are required to be measured. The clauses provide
details on how the equipment should be tested and the conditions which should be applied. It also includes information
on applicable interference mitigation techniques for LPR.
• Annex A (normative) provides specifications concerning radiated measurements.
• Annex B (normative) provides specifications concerning conducted measurements.
• Annex C (informative) provides specifications concerning the installation requirements for LPR.
• Annex D (informative) covers information on recommended Measurement antenna and preamplifier
specifications.
• Annex E (informative) contains information on the practical test distances for accurate measurements.
• Annex F (normative) provides the range of modulation schemes for LPR.
• Annex G (informative) contains information on atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations
In the frequency range between 40 GHz and 246 GHz.
• Annex H (informative) Bibliography covers other supplementary information.
Test and measurement limitations
The ERA report 2006-0713 [i.7] has shown that there are practical limitations on measurements of RF radiated
emissions. The minimum radiated levels that can be practically measured in the lower GHz frequency range by using a
radiated measurement setup with a horn antenna and pre-amplifier are typically in the range of about -70 dBm/MHz to
-75 dBm/MHz (e.i.r.p.) to have sufficient confidence in the measured result (i.e. EUT signal should be at least 6 dB
above the noise floor of the spectrum analyser and the measurement is performed under far-field conditions at a
onemetre distance).
The present document therefore recognizes these difficulties and provides a series of radiated test methods suitable for
the different LPR technologies.
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8 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Level Probing Radar (LPR) applications based on pulse RF,
FMCW, or similar wideband techniques.
LPR radio equipment types are capable of operating in all or part of the frequency bands as specified in table 1:
Table 1: Frequency bands designated to Level Probing Radars (LPR)
Frequency Bands/frequencies
(GHz)
Transmit and Receive 6 to 8,5
Transmit and Receive 24,05 to 26,5
Transmit and Receive 57 to 64
Transmit and Receive 75 to 85
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated to Level Probing Radars in the draft CEPT ECC Decision on
harmonised deployment conditions for industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) [i.1] as known at the date of publication
of the present document.
LPRs are used in many industries concerned with process control to measure the amount of various substances (mostly
liquids or granulates). LPRs are used for a wide range of applications such as process control, custody transfer
measurement (government legal measurements), water and other liquid monitoring, spilling prevention and other
industrial applications. The main purposes of using LPRs are:
• to increase reliability by preventing accidents;
• to increase industrial efficiency, quality and process control;
• to improve environmental conditions in production processes.
LPR always consist of a combined transmitter and receiver and are used with an integral or dedicated antenna. The LPR
equipment is for professional applications to which installation and maintenance are performed by professionally
trained individuals only.
NOTE: LPR antennas are always specific directive antennas and no LPR omnidirectional antennas are used. This
is also important in order to limit the illuminated surface area as well as to control and limit the scattering
caused by the edges of the surface.
The scope is limited to LPRs operating as Short Range Devices.
The LPR applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
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9 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[2] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[3] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and
evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[4] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Draft CEPT ECC Decision of [Day Month Year] on harmonised deployment conditions for
industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) in frequency bands 6-8.5 GHz, 24.05-26.5 GHz,
57-64 GHz and 75-85 GHz.
[i.2] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1755: "Characteristics of ultra-wideband technology".
[i.3] CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01 (2005): "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain".
[i.4] Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio
equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their
conformity (R&TTE Directive).
[i.5] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of Ultra-wideband transmissions".
[i.6] ETSI TS 103 051: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Expanded
measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated electromagnetic fields; EMU".
[i.7] ERA Report 2006-0713: "Conducted and radiated measurements for low level UWB emissions".
[i.8] FCC: "Revision of part 15 of the Commission"s Rules Regarding Ultra- Wideband Transmission
Systems, ET Docket No. 98-153, First Report and Order, April 2002".
[i.9] ITU-R Recommendation P.526-10 (02/07): "Propagation by diffraction".
[i.10] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
[i.11] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5: "Attenuation by atmospheric gases", 2001.
[i.12] CEPT ECC Report 139: "Impact of Level Probing Radars Using Ultra-Wideband Technology on
Radiocommunications Services, Rottach-Egern, February 2010".
[i.13] ETSI TR 102 601: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System
reference document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detecting Movement using Ultra
Wide Band (UWB) radar sensing technology; Level Probing Radar (LPR)-sensor equipment
operating in the frequency bands 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz; 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz; 57 GHz to 64 GHz
and 75 GHz to 85 GHz".
[i.14] European Commission Decision 2009/343/EC Commission Decision 2009/343/EC amending
Decision 2007/131/EC on allowing the use of the radio spectrum for equipment using
ultra-wideband technology in a harmonised manner in the Community.
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10 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
[i.15] ETSI TR 102 215: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Recommended approach, and possible limits for measurement uncertainty for the measurement of
radiated electromagnetic fields above 1 GHz".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
Activity Factor (AF): See annex F for definition and explanation.
Adaptive Power Control (APC): automatic function implemented to offer a dynamic power control that delivers
maximum power only during deep fading; in this way for most of the time the interference is reduced
dedicated antenna: antenna that is designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Duty Cycle (DC): See annex F for definition and explanation on duty cycle.
Equipment Under Test (EUT): LPR under test
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power transmitted, assuming an isotropic radiator
NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power into the antenna" and "antenna gain". e.i.r.p. is used for
both peak and average power.
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar: radar where the transmitter power is fairly constant but
possibly zero during periods giving a big duty cycle (such as 0,1 to 1)
NOTE: The frequency is modulated in some way giving a very wideband spectrum with a power versus time
variation which is clearly not pulsed.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated
power spectral density (psd): amount of the total power inside the measuring receiver bandwidth expressed in
dBm/MHz
pulsed radar (or here simply "pulsed LPR"): radar where the transmitter signal has a microwave power consisting of
short RF pulses
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRF variations
radiated measurements: measurements that involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
radiation: signals emitted intentionally for level measurements
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
f Frequency
f Frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
C
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
t Time
k Boltzmann constant
T Temperature
G Efficient antenna gain of radiating structure
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11 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
G Declared measurement antenna gain
a
d Largest dimension of the antenna aperture of the LPR
d Largest dimension of the EUT/dipole after substitution (m)
d Largest dimension of the test antenna (m)
D Duty cycle
λ Wavelength
dB deciBel
dBi antenna gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AF Activity Factor
DC Duty Cycle
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
emf electromagnetic field
EMU Expanded Measurement Uncertainty
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FH Frequency Hopping
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FSL Free Space Loss
IF Intermediate Frequency
LO Local Oscillator
LPR Level Probing Radar
OATS Open Area Test Site
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
SFCW Stepped Frequency Carrier Wave
SRD Short Range Device
Tx Transmitter
UWB Ultra-WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 General requirements specifications
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
The provider shall submit one or more samples of the equipment as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
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12 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the
presentation of equipment for testing purposes (clause 4), conditions of testing (clauses 5 and 6) and the measurement
methods (clause 7).
The provider shall offer equipment complete with any auxiliary equipment needed for testing.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on one sample of the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to create the highest
unintentional emissions.
In addition, when a device has the capability of using different dedicated antennas or other features that affect the RF
parameters, at least the worst combination of features from an emission point of view as agreed between the provider
and the test laboratory shall be tested.
Where the transmitter is designed with adjustable output power, then all transmitter parameters shall be measured using
the highest maximum mean power spectral density level, as declared by the provider. The duty cycle of the transmitter
as declared by the provider shall not be exceeded. The actual duty cycle used during the measurements shall be
recorded in the test report.
The choice of model(s) for testing shall be recorded in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification)
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. Where this is not possible
due to physical constraints, the marking shall be included in the user's manual.
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information
All necessary set-up information shall accompany the LPR equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of modulation technology implemented in the LPR equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the LPR transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels in the
main beam;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the LPR radio equipment;
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13 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
• for FMCW, FH and FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the
modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important
parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation
(Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating, hopping or stepped frequency hopping;
• the implementation of any mitigation techniques;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repitition Frequency (PRF) is to be stated.
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~ 0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
ETSI
14 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-12)
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Band Frequency Designations Internal Designations of frequently used
dimensions of flanges
waveguide
UG-XXX/U
MIL- 153- RCSC in MIL-F-
in GHz EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
W-85 IEC (British) inches 3922
(reference)
Ka 26,5 - 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x 54-006 UG-559/U Rectangular
3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 - 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
2,84 0,112
U 40,0 - 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
2,388 0,094
V 50,0 - 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 0,148 x
67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879 0,074
E 60,0 - 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 0,122 x
67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549 0,061
W 75,0 - 110,0 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 0,100 x
67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
1,270 0,050
As waveguides are rigid, it is inpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators
Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input
powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle
corresponding powers.
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 26,5/67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers.
Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too
complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the Local Oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower Intermediate
Frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency ran
...
ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
European Standard
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the
frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz,
57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TGTLPR-0114-1
Keywords
EHF, radar, regulation, SHF, short range, SRD,
testing, UWB
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
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Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
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Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2011.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS , TIPHON , the TIPHON logo and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered
for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
LTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI currently being registered
for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
3 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 9
2.2 Informative references . 9
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Definitions . 10
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 General requirements specifications . 11
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 11
4.2 Choice of model for testing . 12
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 12
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) . 12
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification . 12
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information . 12
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 13
4.6 RF waveguides . 13
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators . 14
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 14
4.7.1 Introduction. 14
4.7.2 Signal identification . 15
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 15
4.8 Preamplifier . 16
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results . 16
4.9.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 17
4.10 Other emissions from device circuitry . 18
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 18
5.1 Normal test conditions . 18
5.2 External test power source. 18
5.3 Normal test conditions . 19
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 19
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 19
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 19
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power source . 19
5.3.2.3 Other power sources . 19
6 General conditions . 19
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements . 19
6.2 Conducted measurement arrangements . 20
6.3 Shielded anechoic chamber . 20
6.4 Measuring receiver . 21
7 LPR methods of measurement and limits . 22
7.1 Frequency band of operation . 22
7.1.1 Definition . 22
7.1.2 Method of measurement . 22
7.1.3 Limits . 24
7.2 Maximum value of mean power spectral density (within main beam) . 24
7.2.1 Definition . 24
7.2.2 Method of measurement . 24
ETSI
4 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
7.2.3 Limits . 26
7.3 Maximum value of peak power . 27
7.3.1 Definition . 27
7.3.2 Method of measurement . 27
7.3.3 Limits . 29
7.4 LPR antenna characteristics . 29
7.4.1 Definition . 29
7.4.2 Method of measurement . 29
7.4.3 Limits . 31
7.5 Range of modulation parameters . 31
7.6 Other Emissions (OE) . 31
7.6.1 Definition . 31
7.6.2 Method of measurement . 31
7.6.3 Limits . 32
7.7 Mitigation techniques . 33
7.7.1 Shielding effects . 33
7.7.2 Frequency domain mitigation . 33
7.7.3 Activity Factor (AF) . 34
7.7.4 Thermal radiation . 34
7.7.5 Adaptive Power Control (APC) . 34
7.7.5.1 Definition and description of the APC . 34
7.7.5.2 Method of measurement for APC . 34
7.7.5.3 APC Range Limits . 36
7.7.6 Equivalent mitigation techniques . 36
8 Methods of measurement and limits for receiver parameters . 36
8.1 Receiver spurious emissions. 36
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 37
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 37
A.1.1 Anechoic Chamber . 37
A.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane . 38
A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 39
A.1.4 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 40
A.1.5 Test antenna . 42
A.1.6 Substitution antenna . 42
A.1.7 Measuring antenna . 42
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 42
A.2.1 Verification of the test site . 42
A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 43
A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 43
A.2.4 Range length . 43
A.2.5 Site preparation . 44
A.3 Coupling of signals . 44
A.3.1 General . 44
A.4 Standard test methods . 44
A.4.1 Calibrated setup . 45
A.4.2 Substitution method . 45
Annex B (normative): Conducted measurements . 47
Annex C (informative): Installation of Level Probing Radar (LPR) Equipment in the
proximity of Radio Astronomy sites . 48
Annex D (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 49
Annex E (informative): Practical test distances for accurate measurements . 50
E.1 Introduction . 50
E.2 Conventional near-field measurements distance limit . 50
ETSI
5 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
Annex F (normative): Range of modulation parameters . 51
F.1 Pulse modulation . 51
F.1.1 Definition . 51
F.1.2 Operating parameters . 52
F.2 Frequency modulated continuous wave . 52
F.2.1 Definition . 52
F.2.2 Operating parameters . 53
Annex G (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 54
G.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 54
G.2 Material dependent attenuations . 56
History . 58
ETSI
6 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and
Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz, as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
National transposition dates
Date of adoption of this EN: 9 May 2011
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 August 2011
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 29 February 2012
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 29 February 2012
Introduction
Clauses 1 and 3 provide a general description on the types of equipment covered by the present document and the
definitions and abbreviations used.
Clause 2 provides the information on normative and informative reference documentation.
Clause 4 provides a guide as to the number of samples required in order that tests may be carried out, and any markings
on the equipment which the provider should provide. It also includes the general testing requirements and gives the
maximum measurement uncertainty values.
Clauses 5 and 6 give guidance on the test and general conditions for testing of the LPR device.
ETSI
7 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
Clause 7 specifies the LPR spectrum utilization parameters which are required to be measured. The clauses provide
details on how the equipment should be tested and the conditions which should be applied. It also includes information
on applicable interference mitigation techniques for LPR.
• Annex A (normative) provides specifications concerning radiated measurements.
• Annex B (normative) provides specifications concerning conducted measurements.
• Annex C (informative) provides specifications concerning the installation requirements for LPR.
• Annex D (informative) covers information on recommended Measurement antenna and preamplifier
specifications.
• Annex E (informative) contains information on the practical test distances for accurate measurements.
• Annex F (normative) provides the range of modulation schemes for LPR.
• Annex G (informative) contains information on atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations
In the frequency range between 40 GHz and 246 GHz.
• Annex H (informative) Bibliography covers other supplementary information.
Test and measurement limitations
The ERA report 2006-0713 [i.7] has shown that there are practical limitations on measurements of RF radiated
emissions. The minimum radiated levels that can be practically measured in the lower GHz frequency range by using a
radiated measurement setup with a horn antenna and pre-amplifier are typically in the range of about -70 dBm/MHz to
-75 dBm/MHz (e.i.r.p.) to have sufficient confidence in the measured result (i.e. EUT signal should be at least 6 dB
above the noise floor of the spectrum analyser and the measurement is performed under far-field conditions at a
onemetre distance).
The present document therefore recognizes these difficulties and provides a series of radiated test methods suitable for
the different LPR technologies.
ETSI
8 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Level Probing Radar (LPR) applications based on pulse RF,
FMCW, or similar wideband techniques.
LPR radio equipment types are capable of operating in all or part of the frequency bands as specified in table 1.
Table 1: Frequency bands designated to Level Probing Radars (LPR)
Frequency Bands/frequencies
(GHz)
Transmit and Receive 6 to 8,5
Transmit and Receive 24,05 to 26,5
Transmit and Receive 57 to 64
Transmit and Receive 75 to 85
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated to Level Probing Radars in the draft CEPT ECC Decision on
harmonised deployment conditions for industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) [i.1] as known at the date of publication
of the present document.
LPRs are used in many industries concerned with process control to measure the amount of various substances (mostly
liquids or granulates). LPRs are used for a wide range of applications such as process control, custody transfer
measurement (government legal measurements), water and other liquid monitoring, spilling prevention and other
industrial applications. The main purposes of using LPRs are:
• to increase reliability by preventing accidents;
• to increase industrial efficiency, quality and process control;
• to improve environmental conditions in production processes.
LPR always consist of a combined transmitter and receiver and are used with an integral or dedicated antenna. The LPR
equipment is for professional applications to which installation and maintenance are performed by professionally
trained individuals only.
NOTE: LPR antennas are always specific directive antennas and no LPR omnidirectional antennas are used. This
is also important in order to limit the illuminated surface area as well as to control and limit the scattering
caused by the edges of the surface.
The scope is limited to LPRs operating as Short Range Devices.
The LPR applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
ETSI
9 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[2] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[3] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and
evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[4] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Draft CEPT ECC Decision of [Day Month Year] on industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) in
frequency bands 6-8.5 GHz, 24.05-26.5 GHz, 57-64 GHz and 75-85 GHz (ECC/DEC/(11)BB).
[i.2] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1755: "Characteristics of ultra-wideband technology".
[i.3] CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01 (2005): "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain".
[i.4] Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio
equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their
conformity (R&TTE Directive).
[i.5] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of Ultra-wideband transmissions".
[i.6] Void.
[i.7] ERA Report 2006-0713: "Conducted and radiated measurements for low level UWB emissions".
[i.8] FCC: "Revision of part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra- Wideband Transmission
Systems", ET Docket No. 98-153, First Report and Order, April 2002.
[i.9] ITU-R Recommendation P.526-10 (02/07): "Propagation by diffraction".
[i.10] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
[i.11] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5: "Attenuation by atmospheric gases", 2001.
[i.12] CEPT ECC Report 139: "Impact of Level Probing Radars Using Ultra-Wideband Technology on
Radiocommunications Services", Rottach-Egern, February 2010.
[i.13] ETSI TR 102 601: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System
reference document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detecting Movement using Ultra
Wide Band (UWB) radar sensing technology; Level Probing Radar (LPR)-sensor equipment
operating in the frequency bands 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz; 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz; 57 GHz to 64 GHz
and 75 GHz to 85 GHz".
[i.14] European Commission Decision 2009/343/EC Commission Decision 2009/343/EC amending
Decision 2007/131/EC on allowing the use of the radio spectrum for equipment using
ultra-wideband technology in a harmonised manner in the Community.
ETSI
10 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
[i.15] ETSI TR 102 215: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Recommended approach, and possible limits for measurement uncertainty for the measurement of
radiated electromagnetic fields above 1 GHz".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
Activity Factor (AF): See annex F for definition and explanation.
Adaptive Power Control (APC): automatic function implemented to offer a dynamic power control that delivers
maximum power only during deep fading; in this way for most of the time the interference is reduced
dedicated antenna: antenna that is designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Duty Cycle (DC): See annex F for definition and explanation on duty cycle.
Equipment Under Test (EUT): LPR under test
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power transmitted, assuming an isotropic radiator
NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power into the antenna" and "antenna gain". e.i.r.p. is used for
both peak and average power.
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar: radar where the transmitter power is fairly constant but
possibly zero during periods giving a big duty cycle (such as 0,1 to 1)
NOTE: The frequency is modulated in some way giving a very wideband spectrum with a power versus time
variation which is clearly not pulsed.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated
power spectral density (psd): amount of the total power inside the measuring receiver bandwidth expressed in
dBm/MHz
pulsed radar (or here simply "pulsed LPR"): radar where the transmitter signal has a microwave power consisting of
short RF pulses
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRF variations
radiated measurements: measurements that involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
radiation: signals emitted intentionally for level measurements
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
f Frequency
f Frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
C
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
t Time
k Boltzmann constant
T Temperature
G Efficient antenna gain of radiating structure
ETSI
11 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
G Declared measurement antenna gain
a
d Largest dimension of the antenna aperture of the LPR
d Largest dimension of the EUT/dipole after substitution (m)
d Largest dimension of the test antenna (m)
D Duty cycle
λ Wavelength
dB deciBel
dBi antenna gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AF Activity Factor
APC Adaptive Power Control
DC Duty Cycle
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FH Frequency Hopping
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FSL Free Space Loss
IF Intermediate Frequency
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
LO Local Oscillator
LPR Level Probing Radar
OATS Open Area Test Site
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
SFCW Stepped Frequency Carrier Wave
SRD Short Range Device
Tx Transmitter
UWB Ultra-WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 General requirements specifications
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
The provider shall submit one or more samples of the equipment as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
ETSI
12 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the
presentation of equipment for testing purposes (clause 4), conditions of testing (clauses 5 and 6) and the measurement
methods (clause 7).
The provider shall offer equipment complete with any auxiliary equipment needed for testing.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on one sample of the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to create the highest
unintentional emissions.
In addition, when a device has the capability of using different dedicated antennas or other features that affect the RF
parameters, at least the worst combination of features from an emission point of view as agreed between the provider
and the test laboratory shall be tested.
Where the transmitter is designed with adjustable output power, then all transmitter parameters shall be measured using
the highest maximum mean power spectral density level, as declared by the provider. The duty cycle of the transmitter
as declared by the provider shall not be exceeded. The actual duty cycle used during the measurements shall be
recorded in the test report.
The choice of model(s) for testing shall be recorded in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification)
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. Where this is not possible
due to physical constraints, the marking shall be included in the user's manual.
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information
All necessary set-up information shall accompany the LPR equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of modulation technology implemented in the LPR equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the LPR transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels in the
main beam;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the LPR radio equipment;
ETSI
13 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
• for FMCW, FH and FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the
modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important
parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation
(Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating, hopping or stepped frequency hopping;
• the implementation of any mitigation techniques;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repitition Frequency (PRF) is to be stated.
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~ 0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
ETSI
14 ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Band Frequency Designations Internal Designations of frequently used
dimensions of flanges
waveguide
UG-XXX/U
MIL- 153- RCSC in MIL-F-
in GHz EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
W-85 IEC (British) inches 3922
(reference)
Ka 26,5 - 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x 54-006 UG-559/U Rectangular
3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 - 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
2,84 0,112
U 40,0 - 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
2,388 0,094
V 50,0 - 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 0,148 x
67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879 0,074
E 60,0 - 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 0,122 x
67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549 0,061
W 75,0 - 110,0 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 0,100 x
67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
1,270 0,050
As waveguides are rigid, it is inpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators
Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input
powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle
corresponding powers.
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 26,5/67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers.
Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too
complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the Local Oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower Intermediate
Frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than
with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high
IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for
conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal.
To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the i
...
Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
European Standard
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the
frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz,
57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TGTLPR-0114-1
Keywords
EHF, radar, regulation, SHF, short range, SRD,
testing, UWB
ETSI
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Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
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© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2011.
All rights reserved.
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ETSI
3 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 9
2.2 Informative references . 9
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Definitions . 10
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 General requirements specifications . 11
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 11
4.2 Choice of model for testing . 12
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 12
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) . 12
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification . 12
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information . 12
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 13
4.6 RF waveguides . 13
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators . 14
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 14
4.7.1 Introduction. 14
4.7.2 Signal identification . 15
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 15
4.8 Preamplifier . 16
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results . 16
4.9.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 17
4.10 Other emissions from device circuitry . 18
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 18
5.1 Normal test conditions . 18
5.2 External test power source. 18
5.3 Normal test conditions . 19
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 19
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 19
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 19
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power source . 19
5.3.2.3 Other power sources . 19
6 General conditions . 19
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements . 19
6.2 Conducted measurement arrangements . 20
6.3 Shielded anechoic chamber . 20
6.4 Measuring receiver . 21
7 LPR methods of measurement and limits . 21
7.1 Frequency band of operation . 21
7.1.1 Definition . 21
7.1.2 Method of measurement . 22
7.1.3 Limits . 24
7.2 Maximum value of mean power spectral density (within main beam) . 24
7.2.1 Definition . 24
7.2.2 Method of measurement . 24
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4 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
7.2.3 Limits . 26
7.3 Maximum value of peak power . 27
7.3.1 Definition . 27
7.3.2 Method of measurement . 27
7.3.3 Limits . 29
7.4 LPR antenna characteristics . 29
7.4.1 Definition . 29
7.4.2 Method of measurement . 29
7.4.3 Limits . 31
7.5 Range of modulation parameters . 31
7.6 Other Emissions (OE) . 31
7.6.1 Definition . 31
7.6.2 Method of measurement . 31
7.6.3 Limits . 32
7.7 Mitigation techniques . 33
7.7.1 Shielding effects . 33
7.7.2 Frequency domain mitigation . 33
7.7.3 Activity Factor (AF) . 34
7.7.4 Thermal radiation . 34
7.7.5 Adaptive Power Control (APC) . 34
7.7.5.1 Definition and description of the APC . 34
7.7.5.2 Method of measurement for APC . 34
7.7.5.3 APC Range Limits . 36
7.7.6 Equivalent mitigation techniques . 36
8 Methods of measurement and limits for receiver parameters . 36
8.1 Receiver spurious emissions. 36
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 37
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 37
A.1.1 Anechoic Chamber . 37
A.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane . 38
A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 39
A.1.4 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 40
A.1.5 Test antenna . 42
A.1.6 Substitution antenna . 42
A.1.7 Measuring antenna . 42
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 42
A.2.1 Verification of the test site . 42
A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 43
A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 43
A.2.4 Range length . 43
A.2.5 Site preparation . 44
A.3 Coupling of signals . 44
A.3.1 General . 44
A.4 Standard test methods . 44
A.4.1 Calibrated setup . 44
A.4.2 Substitution method . 45
Annex B (normative): Conducted measurements . 47
Annex C (informative): Installation of Level Probing Radar (LPR) Equipment in the
proximity of Radio Astronomy sites . 48
Annex D (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 49
Annex E (informative): Practical test distances for accurate measurements . 50
E.1 Introduction . 50
E.2 Conventional near-field measurements distance limit . 50
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5 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
Annex F (normative): Range of modulation parameters . 51
F.1 Pulse modulation . 51
F.1.1 Definition . 51
F.1.2 Operating parameters . 52
F.2 Frequency modulated continuous wave . 52
F.2.1 Definition . 52
F.2.2 Operating parameters . 53
Annex G (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 54
G.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 54
G.2 Material dependent attenuations . 56
History . 58
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6 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This final draft European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the Vote phase of the ETSI standards Two-
step Approval Procedure.
For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz, as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
Proposed national transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doa
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 6 months after doa
Introduction
Clauses 1 and 3 provide a general description on the types of equipment covered by the present document and the
definitions and abbreviations used.
Clause 2 provides the information on normative and informative reference documentation.
Clause 4 provides a guide as to the number of samples required in order that tests may be carried out, and any markings
on the equipment which the provider should provide. It also includes the general testing requirements and gives the
maximum measurement uncertainty values.
Clauses 5 and 6 give guidance on the test and general conditions for testing of the LPR device.
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7 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
Clause 7 specifies the LPR spectrum utilization parameters which are required to be measured. The clauses provide
details on how the equipment should be tested and the conditions which should be applied. It also includes information
on applicable interference mitigation techniques for LPR.
• Annex A (normative) provides specifications concerning radiated measurements.
• Annex B (normative) provides specifications concerning conducted measurements.
• Annex C (informative) provides specifications concerning the installation requirements for LPR.
• Annex D (informative) covers information on recommended Measurement antenna and preamplifier
specifications.
• Annex E (informative) contains information on the practical test distances for accurate measurements.
• Annex F (normative) provides the range of modulation schemes for LPR.
• Annex G (informative) contains information on atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations
In the frequency range between 40 GHz and 246 GHz.
• Annex H (informative) Bibliography covers other supplementary information.
Test and measurement limitations
The ERA report 2006-0713 [i.7] has shown that there are practical limitations on measurements of RF radiated
emissions. The minimum radiated levels that can be practically measured in the lower GHz frequency range by using a
radiated measurement setup with a horn antenna and pre-amplifier are typically in the range of about -70 dBm/MHz to
-75 dBm/MHz (e.i.r.p.) to have sufficient confidence in the measured result (i.e. EUT signal should be at least 6 dB
above the noise floor of the spectrum analyser and the measurement is performed under far-field conditions at a
onemetre distance).
The present document therefore recognizes these difficulties and provides a series of radiated test methods suitable for
the different LPR technologies.
ETSI
8 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Level Probing Radar (LPR) applications based on pulse RF,
FMCW, or similar wideband techniques.
LPR radio equipment types are capable of operating in all or part of the frequency bands as specified in table 1.
Table 1: Frequency bands designated to Level Probing Radars (LPR)
Frequency Bands/frequencies
(GHz)
Transmit and Receive 6 to 8,5
Transmit and Receive 24,05 to 26,5
Transmit and Receive 57 to 64
Transmit and Receive 75 to 85
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated to Level Probing Radars in the draft CEPT ECC Decision on
harmonised deployment conditions for industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) [i.1] as known at the date of publication
of the present document.
LPRs are used in many industries concerned with process control to measure the amount of various substances (mostly
liquids or granulates). LPRs are used for a wide range of applications such as process control, custody transfer
measurement (government legal measurements), water and other liquid monitoring, spilling prevention and other
industrial applications. The main purposes of using LPRs are:
• to increase reliability by preventing accidents;
• to increase industrial efficiency, quality and process control;
• to improve environmental conditions in production processes.
LPR always consist of a combined transmitter and receiver and are used with an integral or dedicated antenna. The LPR
equipment is for professional applications to which installation and maintenance are performed by professionally
trained individuals only.
NOTE: LPR antennas are always specific directive antennas and no LPR omnidirectional antennas are used. This
is also important in order to limit the illuminated surface area as well as to control and limit the scattering
caused by the edges of the surface.
The scope is limited to LPRs operating as Short Range Devices.
The LPR applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
ETSI
9 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[2] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[3] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and
evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[4] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Draft CEPT ECC Decision of [Day Month Year] on industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) in
frequency bands 6-8.5 GHz, 24.05-26.5 GHz, 57-64 GHz and 75-85 GHz (ECC/DEC/(11)BB).
[i.2] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1755: "Characteristics of ultra-wideband technology".
[i.3] CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01 (2005): "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain".
[i.4] Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio
equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their
conformity (R&TTE Directive).
[i.5] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of Ultra-wideband transmissions".
[i.6] Void.
[i.7] ERA Report 2006-0713: "Conducted and radiated measurements for low level UWB emissions".
[i.8] FCC: "Revision of part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra- Wideband Transmission
Systems", ET Docket No. 98-153, First Report and Order, April 2002.
[i.9] ITU-R Recommendation P.526-10 (02/07): "Propagation by diffraction".
[i.10] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
[i.11] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5: "Attenuation by atmospheric gases", 2001.
[i.12] CEPT ECC Report 139: "Impact of Level Probing Radars Using Ultra-Wideband Technology on
Radiocommunications Services", Rottach-Egern, February 2010.
[i.13] ETSI TR 102 601: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System
reference document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detecting Movement using Ultra
Wide Band (UWB) radar sensing technology; Level Probing Radar (LPR)-sensor equipment
operating in the frequency bands 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz; 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz; 57 GHz to 64 GHz
and 75 GHz to 85 GHz".
[i.14] European Commission Decision 2009/343/EC Commission Decision 2009/343/EC amending
Decision 2007/131/EC on allowing the use of the radio spectrum for equipment using
ultra-wideband technology in a harmonised manner in the Community.
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10 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
[i.15] ETSI TR 102 215: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Recommended approach, and possible limits for measurement uncertainty for the measurement of
radiated electromagnetic fields above 1 GHz".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
Activity Factor (AF): See annex F for definition and explanation.
Adaptive Power Control (APC): automatic function implemented to offer a dynamic power control that delivers
maximum power only during deep fading; in this way for most of the time the interference is reduced
dedicated antenna: antenna that is designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Duty Cycle (DC): See annex F for definition and explanation on duty cycle.
Equipment Under Test (EUT): LPR under test
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power transmitted, assuming an isotropic radiator
NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power into the antenna" and "antenna gain". e.i.r.p. is used for
both peak and average power.
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar: radar where the transmitter power is fairly constant but
possibly zero during periods giving a big duty cycle (such as 0,1 to 1)
NOTE: The frequency is modulated in some way giving a very wideband spectrum with a power versus time
variation which is clearly not pulsed.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated
power spectral density (psd): amount of the total power inside the measuring receiver bandwidth expressed in
dBm/MHz
pulsed radar (or here simply "pulsed LPR"): radar where the transmitter signal has a microwave power consisting of
short RF pulses
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRF variations
radiated measurements: measurements that involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
radiation: signals emitted intentionally for level measurements
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
f Frequency
f Frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
C
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
t Time
k Boltzmann constant
T Temperature
G Efficient antenna gain of radiating structure
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11 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
G Declared measurement antenna gain
a
d Largest dimension of the antenna aperture of the LPR
d Largest dimension of the EUT/dipole after substitution (m)
d Largest dimension of the test antenna (m)
D Duty cycle
λ Wavelength
dB deciBel
dBi antenna gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AF Activity Factor
DC Duty Cycle
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
emf electromagnetic field
EMU Expanded Measurement Uncertainty
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FH Frequency Hopping
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FSL Free Space Loss
IF Intermediate Frequency
LO Local Oscillator
LPR Level Probing Radar
OATS Open Area Test Site
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
SFCW Stepped Frequency Carrier Wave
SRD Short Range Device
Tx Transmitter
UWB Ultra-WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 General requirements specifications
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
The provider shall submit one or more samples of the equipment as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
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12 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the
presentation of equipment for testing purposes (clause 4), conditions of testing (clauses 5 and 6) and the measurement
methods (clause 7).
The provider shall offer equipment complete with any auxiliary equipment needed for testing.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on one sample of the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to create the highest
unintentional emissions.
In addition, when a device has the capability of using different dedicated antennas or other features that affect the RF
parameters, at least the worst combination of features from an emission point of view as agreed between the provider
and the test laboratory shall be tested.
Where the transmitter is designed with adjustable output power, then all transmitter parameters shall be measured using
the highest maximum mean power spectral density level, as declared by the provider. The duty cycle of the transmitter
as declared by the provider shall not be exceeded. The actual duty cycle used during the measurements shall be
recorded in the test report.
The choice of model(s) for testing shall be recorded in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification)
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. Where this is not possible
due to physical constraints, the marking shall be included in the user's manual.
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information
All necessary set-up information shall accompany the LPR equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of modulation technology implemented in the LPR equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the LPR transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels in the
main beam;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the LPR radio equipment;
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13 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
• for FMCW, FH and FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the
modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important
parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation
(Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating, hopping or stepped frequency hopping;
• the implementation of any mitigation techniques;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repitition Frequency (PRF) is to be stated.
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~ 0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
ETSI
14 Final draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-03)
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Band Frequency Designations Internal Designations of frequently used
dimensions of flanges
waveguide
UG-XXX/U
MIL- 153- RCSC in MIL-F-
in GHz EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
W-85 IEC (British) inches 3922
(reference)
Ka 26,5 - 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x 54-006 UG-559/U Rectangular
3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 - 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
2,84 0,112
U 40,0 - 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
2,388 0,094
V 50,0 - 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 0,148 x
67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879 0,074
E 60,0 - 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 0,122 x
67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549 0,061
W 75,0 - 110,0 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 0,100 x
67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
1,270 0,050
As waveguides are rigid, it is inpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators
Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input
powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle
corresponding powers.
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 26,5/67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers.
Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too
complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the Local Oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower Intermediate
Frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than
with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high
IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the
...
Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the
frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz,
57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TGTLPR-0114-1
Keywords
EHF, radar, regulation, SHF, short range, SRD,
testing, UWB,
ETSI
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Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
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No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2010.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS , TIPHON , the TIPHON logo and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered
for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
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for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
3 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 9
2.2 Informative references . 9
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Definitions . 10
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 General requirements specifications . 11
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 11
4.2 Choice of model for testing . 12
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 12
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) . 12
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification . 12
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information . 12
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 13
4.6 RF waveguides . 13
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators . 14
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 14
4.7.1 Introduction . 14
4.7.2 Signal identification . 15
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 15
4.8 Preamplifier . 16
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results . 16
4.9.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 17
4.10 Other emissions from device circuitry . 18
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 18
5.1 Normal test conditions . 18
5.2 External test power source. 19
5.3 Normal test conditions . 19
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 19
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 19
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 19
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power source . 19
5.3.2.3 Other power sources . 19
6 General conditions . 20
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements . 20
6.2 Conducted measurement arrangements . 20
6.3 Shielded anechoic chamber . 20
6.4 Measuring receiver . 21
7 LPR methods of measurement and limits . 22
7.1 Frequency band of operation . 22
7.1.1 Definition . 22
7.1.2 Method of measurement . 22
7.1.3 Limits . 24
7.2 Maximum value of mean power spectral density (within main beam) . 24
7.2.1 Definition . 24
7.2.2 Method of measurement . 24
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4 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
7.2.3 Limits . 26
7.3 Maximum value of peak power . 27
7.3.1 Definition . 27
7.3.2 Method of measurement . 27
7.3.3 Limits . 29
7.4 LPR antenna characteristics . 29
7.4.1 Definition . 29
7.4.2 Method of measurement . 29
7.4.3 Limits . 31
7.5 Range of modulation parameters . 31
7.6 Other Emissions (OE) . 31
7.6.1 Definition . 31
7.6.2 Method of measurement . 31
7.6.3 Limits . 32
7.7 Mitigation techniques . 33
7.7.1 Shielding effects . 33
7.7.2 Frequency domain mitigation . 33
7.7.3 Activity Factor (AF) . 34
7.7.4 Thermal radiation . 34
7.7.5 Adaptive Power Control (APC) . 34
7.7.5.1 Definition and description of the APC . 34
7.7.5.2 Method of measurement for APC . 34
7.7.5.3 APC Range Limits . 36
7.7.6 Equivalent mitigation techniques . 36
8 Methods of measurement and limits for receiver parameters . 36
8.1 Receiver spurious emissions. 36
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 37
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 37
A.1.1 Anechoic Chamber . 37
A.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane . 38
A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 39
A.1.4 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 40
A.1.5 Test antenna . 42
A.1.6 Substitution antenna . 42
A.1.7 Measuring antenna . 42
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 42
A.2.1 Verification of the test site . 42
A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 43
A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 43
A.2.4 Range length . 43
A.2.5 Site preparation . 44
A.3 Coupling of signals . 44
A.3.1 General . 44
A.4 Standard test methods . 44
A.4.1 Calibrated setup . 44
A.4.2 Substitution method . 45
Annex B (normative): Conducted measurements . 47
Annex C (informative): Installation of Level Probing Radar (LPR) Equipment in the
proximity of Radio Astronomy sites. . 48
Annex D (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 49
Annex E (informative): Practical test distances for accurate measurements . 50
E.1 Introduction . 50
E.2 Conventional near-field measurements distance limit . 50
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5 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
Annex F (normative): Range of modulation parameters . 51
F.1 Pulse modulation . 51
F.1.1 Definition . 51
F.1.2 Operating parameters . 52
F.2 Frequency modulated continuous wave . 52
F.2.1 Definition . 52
F.2.2 Operating parameters . 53
Annex G (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 54
G.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 54
G.2 Material dependent attenuations . 56
History . 58
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6 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the Public Enquiry phase
of the ETSI standards Two-step Approval Procedure.
For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz, as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: " Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive ".
Proposed national transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doa
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 6 months after doa
Introduction
Clauses 1 and 3 provide a general description on the types of equipment covered by the present document and the
definitions and abbreviations used.
Clause 2 provides the information on normative and informative reference documentation.
Clause 4 provides a guide as to the number of samples required in order that tests may be carried out, and any markings
on the equipment which the provider should provide. It also includes the general testing requirements and gives the
maximum measurement uncertainty values.
Clauses 5 and 6 give guidance on the test and general conditions for testing of the LPR device.
Clause 7 specifies the LPR spectrum utilization parameters which are required to be measured. The clauses provide
details on how the equipment should be tested and the conditions which should be applied. It also includes information
on applicable interference mitigation techniques for LPR.
• Annex A (normative) provides specifications concerning radiated measurements.
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7 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
• Annex B (normative) provides specifications concerning conducted measurements.
• Annex C (informative) provides specifications concerning the installation requirements for LPR.
• Annex D (informative) covers information on recommended Measurement antenna and preamplifier
specifications.
• Annex E (informative) contains information on the practical test distances for accurate measurements.
• Annex F (normative) provides the range of modulation schemes for LPR.
• Annex G (informative) contains information on atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations
In the frequency range between 40 GHz and 246 GHz.
• Annex H (informative) Bibliography covers other supplementary information.
Test and measurement limitations
The ERA report 2006-0713 [i.7] has shown that there are practical limitations on measurements of RF radiated
emissions. The minimum radiated levels that can be practically measured in the lower GHz frequency range by using a
radiated measurement setup with a horn antenna and pre-amplifier are typically in the range of about -70 dBm/MHz to
-75 dBm/MHz (e.i.r.p.) to have sufficient confidence in the measured result (i.e. EUT signal should be at least 6 dB
above the noise floor of the spectrum analyser and the measurement is performed under far-field conditions at a
onemetre distance).
The present document therefore recognizes these difficulties and provides a series of radiated test methods suitable for
the different LPR technologies.
ETSI
8 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Level Probing Radar (LPR) applications based on pulse RF,
FMCW, or similar wideband techniques.
LPR radio equipment types are capable of operating in all or part of the frequency bands as specified in table 1:
Table 1: Frequency bands designated to Level Probing Radars (LPR)
Frequency Bands/frequencies
(GHz)
Transmit and Receive 6 to 8,5
Transmit and Receive 24,05 to 26,5
Transmit and Receive 57 to 64
Transmit and Receive 75 to 85
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated to Level Probing Radars in the draft CEPT ECC Decision on
harmonised deployment conditions for industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) [i.1] as known at the date of publication
of the present document.
LPRs are used in many industries concerned with process control to measure the amount of various substances (mostly
liquids or granulates). LPRs are used for a wide range of applications such as process control, custody transfer
measurement (government legal measurements), water and other liquid monitoring, spilling prevention and other
industrial applications. The main purposes of using LPRs are:
• to increase reliability by preventing accidents;
• to increase industrial efficiency, quality and process control;
• to improve environmental conditions in production processes.
LPR always consist of a combined transmitter and receiver and are used with an integral or dedicated antenna. The LPR
equipment is for professional applications to which installation and maintenance are performed by professionally
trained individuals only.
NOTE: LPR antennas are always specific directive antennas and no LPR omnidirectional antennas are used. This
is also important in order to limit the illuminated surface area as well as to control and limit the scattering
caused by the edges of the surface.
The scope is limited to LPRs operating as Short Range Devices.
The LPR applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
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9 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[2] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[3] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and
evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[4] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Draft CEPT ECC Decision of [Day Month Year] on harmonised deployment conditions for
industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) in frequency bands 6-8.5 GHz, 24.05-26.5 GHz,
57-64 GHz and 75-85 GHz.
[i.2] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1755: "Characteristics of ultra-wideband technology".
[i.3] CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01 (2005): "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain".
[i.4] Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio
equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their
conformity (R&TTE Directive).
[i.5] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of Ultra-wideband transmissions".
[i.6] ETSI TS 103 051: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Expanded
measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated electromagnetic fields; EMU".
[i.7] ERA Report 2006-0713: "Conducted and radiated measurements for low level UWB emissions".
[i.8] FCC: "Revision of part 15 of the Commission"s Rules Regarding Ultra- Wideband Transmission
Systems, ET Docket No. 98-153, First Report and Order, April 2002".
[i.9] ITU-R Recommendation P.526-10 (02/07): "Propagation by diffraction".
[i.10] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
[i.11] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5: "Attenuation by atmospheric gases", 2001.
[i.12] CEPT ECC Report 139: "Impact of Level Probing Radars Using Ultra-Wideband Technology on
Radiocommunications Services, Rottach-Egern, February 2010".
[i.13] ETSI TR 102 601: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System
reference document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detecting Movement using Ultra
Wide Band (UWB) radar sensing technology; Level Probing Radar (LPR)-sensor equipment
operating in the frequency bands 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz; 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz; 57 GHz to 64 GHz
and 75 GHz to 85 GHz".
[i.14] European Commission Decision 2009/343/EC Commission Decision 2009/343/EC amending
Decision 2007/131/EC on allowing the use of the radio spectrum for equipment using
ultra-wideband technology in a harmonised manner in the Community.
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10 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
[i.15] ETSI TR 102 215: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Recommended approach, and possible limits for measurement uncertainty for the measurement of
radiated electromagnetic fields above 1 GHz".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
Activity Factor (AF): See annex F for definition and explanation.
Adaptive Power Control (APC): automatic function implemented to offer a dynamic power control that delivers
maximum power only during deep fading; in this way for most of the time the interference is reduced
dedicated antenna: antenna that is designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Duty Cycle (DC): See annex F for definition and explanation on duty cycle.
Equipment Under Test (EUT): LPR under test
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power transmitted, assuming an isotropic radiator
NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power into the antenna" and "antenna gain". e.i.r.p. is used for
both peak and average power.
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar: radar where the transmitter power is fairly constant but
possibly zero during periods giving a big duty cycle (such as 0,1 to 1)
NOTE: The frequency is modulated in some way giving a very wideband spectrum with a power versus time
variation which is clearly not pulsed.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated
power spectral density (psd): amount of the total power inside the measuring receiver bandwidth expressed in
dBm/MHz
pulsed radar (or here simply "pulsed LPR"): radar where the transmitter signal has a microwave power consisting of
short RF pulses
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRF variations
radiated measurements: measurements that involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
radiation: signals emitted intentionally for level measurements
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
f Frequency
f Frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
C
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
t Time
k Boltzmann constant
T Temperature
G Efficient antenna gain of radiating structure
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11 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
G Declared measurement antenna gain
a
d Largest dimension of the antenna aperture of the LPR
d Largest dimension of the EUT/dipole after substitution (m)
d Largest dimension of the test antenna (m)
D Duty cycle
λ Wavelength
dB deciBel
dBi antenna gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AF Activity Factor
DC Duty Cycle
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
emf electromagnetic field
EMU Expanded Measurement Uncertainty
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FH Frequency Hopping
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FSL Free Space Loss
IF Intermediate Frequency
LO Local Oscillator
LPR Level Probing Radar
OATS Open Area Test Site
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
SFCW Stepped Frequency Carrier Wave
SRD Short Range Device
Tx Transmitter
UWB Ultra-WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 General requirements specifications
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
The provider shall submit one or more samples of the equipment as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
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12 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the
presentation of equipment for testing purposes (clause 4), conditions of testing (clauses 5 and 6) and the measurement
methods (clause 7).
The provider shall offer equipment complete with any auxiliary equipment needed for testing.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on one sample of the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to create the highest
unintentional emissions.
In addition, when a device has the capability of using different dedicated antennas or other features that affect the RF
parameters, at least the worst combination of features from an emission point of view as agreed between the provider
and the test laboratory shall be tested.
Where the transmitter is designed with adjustable output power, then all transmitter parameters shall be measured using
the highest maximum mean power spectral density level, as declared by the provider. The duty cycle of the transmitter
as declared by the provider shall not be exceeded. The actual duty cycle used during the measurements shall be
recorded in the test report.
The choice of model(s) for testing shall be recorded in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification)
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. Where this is not possible
due to physical constraints, the marking shall be included in the user's manual.
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information
All necessary set-up information shall accompany the LPR equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of modulation technology implemented in the LPR equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the LPR transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels in the
main beam;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the LPR radio equipment;
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13 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
• for FMCW, FH and FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the
modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important
parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation
(Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating, hopping or stepped frequency hopping;
• the implementation of any mitigation techniques;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repitition Frequency (PRF) is to be stated.
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~ 0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
ETSI
14 Draft ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.1 (2010-08)
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Band Frequency Designations Internal Designations of frequently used
dimensions of flanges
waveguide
UG-XXX/U
MIL- 153- RCSC in MIL-F-
in GHz EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
W-85 IEC (British) inches 3922
(reference)
Ka 26,5 - 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x 54-006 UG-559/U Rectangular
3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 - 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
2,84 0,112
U 40,0 - 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
2,388 0,094
V 50,0 - 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 0,148 x
67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879 0,074
E 60,0 - 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 0,122 x
67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549 0,061
W 75,0 - 110,0 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 0,100 x
67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
1,270 0,050
As waveguides are rigid, it is inpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators
Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input
powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle
corresponding powers.
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 26,5/67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers.
Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too
complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the Local Oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower Intermediate
Frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than
with fundam
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM) - Short Range Devices (SRD) - Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz - Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods33.100.01Elektromagnetna združljivost na splošnoElectromagnetic compatibility in general33.060.01Radijske komunikacije na splošnoRadiocommunications in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 302 729-1 Version 1.1.2SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011en01-julij-2011SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05)European Standard Electromagnetic compatibilityand Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Short Range Devices (SRD);Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz,57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz;Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 2
Reference DEN/ERM-TGTLPR-0114-1 Keywords EHF, radar, regulation, SHF, short range, SRD, testing, UWB ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
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DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTM, TIPHONTM, the TIPHON logo and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. LTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI currently being registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association. SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights . 6 Foreword . 6 Introduction . 6 1 Scope . 8 2 References . 8 2.1 Normative references . 9 2.2 Informative references . 9 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 10 3.1 Definitions . 10 3.2 Symbols . 10 3.3 Abbreviations . 11 4 General requirements specifications . 11 4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 11 4.2 Choice of model for testing . 12 4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 12 4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) . 12 4.3.1.1 Equipment identification . 12 4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information . 12 4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 13 4.6 RF waveguides . 13 4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators . 14 4.7 External harmonic mixers . 14 4.7.1 Introduction. 14 4.7.2 Signal identification . 15 4.7.3 Measurement hints . 15 4.8 Preamplifier . 16 4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results . 16 4.9.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 17 4.10 Other emissions from device circuitry . 18 5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 18 5.1 Normal test conditions . 18 5.2 External test power source. 18 5.3 Normal test conditions . 19 5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 19 5.3.2 Normal test power source . 19 5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 19 5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power source . 19 5.3.2.3 Other power sources . 19 6 General conditions . 19 6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements . 19 6.2 Conducted measurement arrangements . 20 6.3 Shielded anechoic chamber . 20 6.4 Measuring receiver . 21 7 LPR methods of measurement and limits . 22 7.1 Frequency band of operation . 22 7.1.1 Definition . 22 7.1.2 Method of measurement . 22 7.1.3 Limits . 24 7.2 Maximum value of mean power spectral density (within main beam) . 24 7.2.1 Definition . 24 7.2.2 Method of measurement . 24 SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 4 7.2.3 Limits . 26 7.3 Maximum value of peak power . 27 7.3.1 Definition . 27 7.3.2 Method of measurement . 27 7.3.3 Limits . 29 7.4 LPR antenna characteristics . 29 7.4.1 Definition . 29 7.4.2 Method of measurement . 29 7.4.3 Limits . 31 7.5 Range of modulation parameters . 31 7.6 Other Emissions (OE) . 31 7.6.1 Definition . 31 7.6.2 Method of measurement . 31 7.6.3 Limits . 32 7.7 Mitigation techniques . 33 7.7.1 Shielding effects . 33 7.7.2 Frequency domain mitigation . 33 7.7.3 Activity Factor (AF) . 34 7.7.4 Thermal radiation . 34 7.7.5 Adaptive Power Control (APC) . 34 7.7.5.1 Definition and description of the APC . 34 7.7.5.2 Method of measurement for APC . 34 7.7.5.3 APC Range Limits . 36 7.7.6 Equivalent mitigation techniques . 36 8 Methods of measurement and limits for receiver parameters . 36 8.1 Receiver spurious emissions. 36 Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 37 A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 37 A.1.1 Anechoic Chamber . 37 A.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane . 38 A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 39 A.1.4 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 40 A.1.5 Test antenna . 42 A.1.6 Substitution antenna . 42 A.1.7 Measuring antenna . 42 A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 42 A.2.1 Verification of the test site . 42 A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 43 A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 43 A.2.4 Range length . 43 A.2.5 Site preparation . 44 A.3 Coupling of signals . 44 A.3.1 General . 44 A.4 Standard test methods . 44 A.4.1 Calibrated setup . 45 A.4.2 Substitution method . 45 Annex B (normative): Conducted measurements . 47 Annex C (informative): Installation of Level Probing Radar (LPR) Equipment in the proximity of Radio Astronomy sites . 48 Annex D (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 49 Annex E (informative): Practical test distances for accurate measurements . 50 E.1 Introduction . 50 E.2 Conventional near-field measurements distance limit . 50 SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 5 Annex F (normative): Range of modulation parameters . 51 F.1 Pulse modulation . 51 F.1.1 Definition . 51 F.1.2 Operating parameters . 52 F.2 Frequency modulated continuous wave . 52 F.2.1 Definition . 52 F.2.2 Operating parameters . 53 Annex G (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 54 G.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 54 G.2 Material dependent attenuations . 56 History . 58
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 6 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes. The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz, as identified below: Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods"; Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
National transposition dates Date of adoption of this EN: 9 May 2011 Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 August 2011 Date of latest publication of new National Standard or endorsement of this EN (dop/e):
29 February 2012 Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 29 February 2012
Introduction Clauses 1 and 3 provide a general description on the types of equipment covered by the present document and the definitions and abbreviations used. Clause 2 provides the information on normative and informative reference documentation. Clause 4 provides a guide as to the number of samples required in order that tests may be carried out, and any markings on the equipment which the provider should provide. It also includes the general testing requirements and gives the maximum measurement uncertainty values. Clauses 5 and 6 give guidance on the test and general conditions for testing of the LPR device. SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 7 Clause 7 specifies the LPR spectrum utilization parameters which are required to be measured. The clauses provide details on how the equipment should be tested and the conditions which should be applied. It also includes information on applicable interference mitigation techniques for LPR. • Annex A (normative) provides specifications concerning radiated measurements.
• Annex B (normative) provides specifications concerning conducted measurements. • Annex C (informative) provides specifications concerning the installation requirements for LPR. • Annex D (informative) covers information on recommended Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications. • Annex E (informative) contains information on the practical test distances for accurate measurements. • Annex F (normative) provides the range of modulation schemes for LPR. • Annex G (informative) contains information on atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations In the frequency range between 40 GHz and 246 GHz. • Annex H (informative) Bibliography covers other supplementary information. Test and measurement limitations The ERA report 2006-0713 [i.7] has shown that there are practical limitations on measurements of RF radiated emissions. The minimum radiated levels that can be practically measured in the lower GHz frequency range by using a radiated measurement setup with a horn antenna and pre-amplifier are typically in the range of about -70 dBm/MHz to -75 dBm/MHz (e.i.r.p.) to have sufficient confidence in the measured result (i.e. EUT signal should be at least 6 dB above the noise floor of the spectrum analyser and the measurement is performed under far-field conditions at a onemetre distance).
The present document therefore recognizes these difficulties and provides a series of radiated test methods suitable for the different LPR technologies. SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 8 1 Scope The present document specifies the requirements for Level Probing Radar (LPR) applications based on pulse RF, FMCW, or similar wideband techniques. LPR radio equipment types are capable of operating in all or part of the frequency bands as specified in table 1. Table 1: Frequency bands designated to Level Probing Radars (LPR)
Frequency Bands/frequencies (GHz) Transmit and Receive 6 to 8,5
Transmit and Receive 24,05 to 26,5
Transmit and Receive 57 to 64 Transmit and Receive 75 to 85
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated to Level Probing Radars in the draft CEPT ECC Decision on harmonised deployment conditions for industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) [i.1] as known at the date of publication of the present document. LPRs are used in many industries concerned with process control to measure the amount of various substances (mostly liquids or granulates). LPRs are used for a wide range of applications such as process control, custody transfer measurement (government legal measurements), water and other liquid monitoring, spilling prevention and other industrial applications. The main purposes of using LPRs are: • to increase reliability by preventing accidents; • to increase industrial efficiency, quality and process control; • to improve environmental conditions in production processes. LPR always consist of a combined transmitter and receiver and are used with an integral or dedicated antenna. The LPR equipment is for professional applications to which installation and maintenance are performed by professionally trained individuals only. NOTE: LPR antennas are always specific directive antennas and no LPR omnidirectional antennas are used. This is also important in order to limit the illuminated surface area as well as to control and limit the scattering caused by the edges of the surface. The scope is limited to LPRs operating as Short Range Devices. The LPR applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes. 2 References References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 9 2.1 Normative references The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. [1] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics". [2] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus". [3] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties". [4] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference". 2.2 Informative references The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] Draft CEPT ECC Decision of [Day Month Year] on industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) in frequency bands 6-8.5 GHz, 24.05-26.5 GHz, 57-64 GHz and 75-85 GHz (ECC/DEC/(11)BB). [i.2] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1755: "Characteristics of ultra-wideband technology". [i.3] CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01 (2005): "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain". [i.4] Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (R&TTE Directive). [i.5] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of Ultra-wideband transmissions". [i.6] Void. [i.7] ERA Report 2006-0713: "Conducted and radiated measurements for low level UWB emissions". [i.8] FCC: "Revision of part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra- Wideband Transmission Systems", ET Docket No. 98-153, First Report and Order, April 2002. [i.9] ITU-R Recommendation P.526-10 (02/07): "Propagation by diffraction". [i.10] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz". [i.11] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5: "Attenuation by atmospheric gases", 2001. [i.12] CEPT ECC Report 139: "Impact of Level Probing Radars Using Ultra-Wideband Technology on Radiocommunications Services", Rottach-Egern, February 2010. [i.13] ETSI TR 102 601: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System reference document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detecting Movement using Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radar sensing technology; Level Probing Radar (LPR)-sensor equipment operating in the frequency bands 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz; 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz; 57 GHz to 64 GHz and 75 GHz to 85 GHz". [i.14] European Commission Decision 2009/343/EC Commission Decision 2009/343/EC amending Decision 2007/131/EC on allowing the use of the radio spectrum for equipment using ultra-wideband technology in a harmonised manner in the Community. SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 10 [i.15] ETSI TR 102 215: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Recommended approach, and possible limits for measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated electromagnetic fields above 1 GHz". 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: Activity Factor (AF): See annex F for definition and explanation. Adaptive Power Control (APC): automatic function implemented to offer a dynamic power control that delivers maximum power only during deep fading; in this way for most of the time the interference is reduced dedicated antenna: antenna that is designed as an indispensable part of the equipment Duty Cycle (DC): See annex F for definition and explanation on duty cycle. Equipment Under Test (EUT): LPR under test equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power transmitted, assuming an isotropic radiator NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power into the antenna" and "antenna gain". e.i.r.p. is used for both peak and average power. Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar: radar where the transmitter power is fairly constant but possibly zero during periods giving a big duty cycle (such as 0,1 to 1) NOTE: The frequency is modulated in some way giving a very wideband spectrum with a power versus time variation which is clearly not pulsed. integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated power spectral density (psd): amount of the total power inside the measuring receiver bandwidth expressed in dBm/MHz pulsed radar (or here simply "pulsed LPR"): radar where the transmitter signal has a microwave power consisting of short RF pulses Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to cover all PRF variations radiated measurements: measurements that involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field radiation: signals emitted intentionally for level measurements 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: f Frequency fC Frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum fH
Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation fL Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation t Time k Boltzmann constant T Temperature G Efficient antenna gain of radiating structure SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 11 Ga Declared measurement antenna gain d Largest dimension of the antenna aperture of the LPR d1 Largest dimension of the EUT/dipole after substitution (m) d2 Largest dimension of the test antenna (m) D Duty cycle λ Wavelength dB deciBel dBi antenna gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna 3.3 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AF Activity Factor APC Adaptive Power Control DC Duty Cycle DUT Device Under Test e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power ERC European Radiocommunication Committee EUT Equipment Under Test FH Frequency Hopping FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave FSK Frequency Shift Keying FSL Free Space Loss IF Intermediate Frequency LNA Low Noise Amplifier LO Local Oscillator LPR Level Probing Radar OATS Open Area Test Site PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency PRI Pulse Repetition Interval PSD Power Spectral Density R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment RBW Resolution BandWidth RF Radio Frequency RMS Root Mean Square SFCW Stepped Frequency Carrier Wave SRD Short Range Device Tx Transmitter UWB Ultra-WideBand VBW Video BandWidth VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 4 General requirements specifications 4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all frequencies over which it is intended to operate. The provider shall submit one or more samples of the equipment as appropriate for testing. Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be supplied. SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 12 The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the presentation of equipment for testing purposes (clause 4), conditions of testing (clauses 5 and 6) and the measurement methods (clause 7). The provider shall offer equipment complete with any auxiliary equipment needed for testing. The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions. 4.2 Choice of model for testing If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be performed on one sample of the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to create the highest unintentional emissions. In addition, when a device has the capability of using different dedicated antennas or other features that affect the RF parameters, at least the worst combination of features from an emission point of view as agreed between the provider and the test laboratory shall be tested. Where the transmitter is designed with adjustable output power, then all transmitter parameters shall be measured using the highest maximum mean power spectral density level, as declared by the provider. The duty cycle of the transmitter as declared by the provider shall not be exceeded. The actual duty cycle used during the measurements shall be recorded in the test report. The choice of model(s) for testing shall be recorded in the test report. 4.3 Mechanical and electrical design The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services. 4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. Where this is not possible due to physical constraints, the marking shall be included in the user's manual. 4.3.1.1 Equipment identification The marking shall include as a minimum: • the name of the manufacturer or his trademark; • the type designation. 4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information All necessary set-up information shall accompany the LPR equipment when it is submitted for testing. The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer: • the type of modulation technology implemented in the LPR equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed); • the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment; • the intended combination of the LPR transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels in the main beam; • the nominal power supply voltages of the LPR radio equipment; SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 13 • for FMCW, FH and FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation (Hz/s); • the implementation of features such as gating, hopping or stepped frequency hopping; • the implementation of any mitigation techniques; • for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repitition Frequency (PRF) is to be stated. 4.5 General requirements for RF cables All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used: • a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end; • a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB. When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered. All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used in connection with the cables. Table 2: Connector systems Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm SMA 18 GHz (some up to 26 GHz) ~ 0,56 Nm 3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 2,92 mm 40 GHz (some up to 46 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 2,40 mm 50 GHz (some up to 60 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 1,85 mm 65 GHz (some up to 75 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
4.6 RF waveguides Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation. The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on waveguides. SIST EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 729-1 V1.1.2 (2011-05) 14 Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides Band Frequency Designations Internal dimensions of waveguide Designations of frequently used flanges
in GHz MIL-W-85 EIA 153-IEC RCSC (British) in mm in inches MIL-F-3922 UG-XXX/U equivalent (reference) Remarks Ka 26,5 - 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 3,56 0,280 x 0,140 54-006 68-002 67B-005 UG-559/U - UG-381/U Rectangular Rectangular Round Q 33,0 - 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 2,84 0,224 x 0,112 67B-006 UG-383/U Round U 40,0 - 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 2,388 0,188 x 0,094 67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round V 50,0 - 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 1,879 0,148 x 0,074 67B-008 UG-385/U Round E 60,0 - 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 1,549 0,122 x 0,061 67B-009 UG-387/U Round W 75,0 - 110,0 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 1,270 0,100 x 0,050 67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
As waveguides are rigid, it is inpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna. 4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle corresponding powers. 4.7 External harmonic mixers 4.7.1 Introduction Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz. The frequency range is extended from 26,5/67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers. Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these bands for calibrated measurements. In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the Local Oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower Intermediate Frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal. To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal should be as low as possible. For this, the frequency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO frequency ranges are for
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