ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)

PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 2: Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT EMI Measurements

RTR/PLT-00037

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 05-Feb-2012
• Technical Committee: PLT - Powerline Telecommunications
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 06-Feb-2012
• Completion Date: 06-Feb-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Report
PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT);
MIMO PLT;
Part 2: Setup and Statistical Results of
MIMO PLT EMI Measurements
2 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)

Reference
RTR/PLT-00037
Keywords
MIMO, powerline
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ETSI
3 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Symbols . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
3.2.1 Abbreviations used for feeding styles . 8
4 Major Project Phases . 8
5 Motivation . 9
6 Measurement Description. . 9
6.1 Introduction . 9
6.2 General Requirements for the Measurements. 11
6.3 Radiation Measurements (k-factor) . 11
6.3.1 Set-Up . 11
6.3.2 Calibration of NWA. 13
6.3.3 Signal Injection . 15
6.3.4 Calculation of the Final k-Factor . 18
6.4 Subjective Evaluation of the Interference to Radio Broadcast . 20
6.4.1 General . 20
6.4.2 Verification and Calibration . 21
6.4.3 Measurement Procedure . 21
6.5 General Equipment List . 22
6.5.1 Coaxial Cables . 22
6.5.2 Network Analyzer . 23
6.5.3 Probes to Connect to the LVDN . 23
6.5.4 Amplifier . 23
6.5.5 Filter to Isolate Measurement Devices from Mains . 24
7 Statistical Evaluation of Results . 24
7.1 k-Factor . 24
7.2 Interference Threshold of FM Radio Broadcasts. 30
Annex A: Alternative Procedure for NWA Calibration if Amplifier Output Power is too high
for NWA Input . . 33
Annex B: Software for Automatic File Naming . 34
B.1 General . 34
B.2 Main Dialog . 34
B.3 Antenna Location Description Dialog . 35
B.4 Feed Point Description Dialog . 36
B.5 Help for Injection Types. 37
B.6 File Formats . 37
B.7 Creation of Data for the FTP Server . 38
ETSI
4 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
Annex C: Bibliography . 39
History . 40

ETSI
5 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Powerline Telecommunications (PLT).
The present document is part 2 of a multi-part deliverable covering the MIMO PLT as identified below:
Part 1: "Measurement Methods of MIMO PLT";
Part 2: "Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT EMI Measurements";
Part 3: "Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT Channel and Noise Measurements".
Introduction
The STF 410 (Special Task Force) was set up in order to study and compare MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
characteristics of the LVDN network in different countries. The present document is one of three parts of TR 101 562
which contain the findings of the STF 410 research.
ETSI
6 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
1 Scope
MIMO PLT EMI is a review and statistical analysis which takes into account such matters as earthing variation, country
variation, operator differences, phasing and distribution topologies, domestic, industrial and housing types along with
local network loading.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Sartenaer, T. & Delogne, P., "Powerline Cables Modelling for Broadband Communications",
ISPLC 2001, pp. 331-337.
[i.2] R. Hashmat, P. Pagani, A; Zeddam, T. Chonavel, "MIMO Communications for Inhome PLC
Networks: Measurements and Results up to 100 MHz", IEEE International Symposium on Power
Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), Rio, Brasil, March 2010.
[i.3] A. Schwager, "Powerline Communications: Significant Technologies to become Ready for
Integration" Doctoral Thesis at University of Duisburg-Essen, May 2010.
[i.4] ETSI TR 102 175 (V1.1.1): "PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); Channel characterization and
measurement methods".
[i.5] ETSI TR 101 562-1 (V1.3.1): "Powerline Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT;
Part 1: Measurement Methods of MIMO PLT".
TM
[i.6] ETSI TR 102 616 (V1.1.1): "PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); Report from Plugtests
2007 on coexistence between PLT and short wave radio broadcast; Test cases and results".
[i.7] ITU-R Recommendation BS.1284: "General methods for the subjective assessment of sound
quality".
[i.8] SCHWARZBECK MESS - ELEKTRONIK; EFS 9218: "Active Electric Field Probe with
Biconical Elements and built-in Amplifier 9 kHz . 300 MHz".
NOTE: See http://www.schwarzbeck.de/Datenblatt/m9218.pdf.
[i.9] ETSI TR 101 562-3 (V1.1.1): "PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 3: Setup
and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT Channel and Noise Measurements".
ETSI
7 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
[i.10] R&S®HFH2-Z2: "Loop Antenna Broadband active loop antenna for measuring the magnetic
field-strength; 9 kHz - 30 MHz".
NOTE: See http://www2.rohde-
schwarz.com/en/products/test_and_measurement/emc_field_strength/emc_accessories/.
[i.11] CISPR 11 (Ed. 5.0): "Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement".
[i.12] CISPR 22 (Ed. 6.0): "Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics -
Limits and methods of measurement".
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
A or Att Attenuation in dB
E Electrical Field strength in dBµV/m
H Magnetic field in dBµA/m
k Coupling factor in dB(µV/m)-dBm
P Power in dBm
PSD Power Spectral Density in dBm/Hz
s Scattering parameter in dB
xy
U Voltage in dBµV
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AF Antenna Factor
AM Amplitude Modulation
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BNC Bayonet Nut Connector
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CM Common Mode
CSV Comma Separated Values
DC Direct Current
DM Differential Mode
E Protective Earth Contact
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI Electro Magnetic Interference
FD Frequency Domain
FM Frequency Modulation
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GPS Global Positioning System
HF High Frequency
HIFI High Fidelity
IF Intermediate Frequency
LCZC Line Cycle Zero Crossing
LISN Line Impedance Stabilization Network
LVDN Low Voltage Distribution Network
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
N Neutral Contact
NOTE: Used as decoupling filter.
NWA Network Analyser
ETSI
8 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
P Phase or Live Contact
PC Personal Computer
PE Protective Earth
PLC PowerLine Communication
PLT PowerLine Telecommunications
PSD Power Spectral Density
RF Radio Frequency
Rx Receiver
SINPO Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation, Overall
SISO Single Input Single Output
STF Special Task Force
TD Time Domain
Tx Transmitter
VHF Very High Frequency
3.2.1 Abbreviations used for feeding styles
APN Signal feed mode: Dual wire feed (version C of clause 7.1.4.5 in [i.5]) to input P||N E in figure 28
in [i.5]
CM Signal feed mode: Common mode, P, N, E terminated to ground
EP Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between E and P, PN and NE terminated
EP-NET Signal feed mode: Differential between E and P, only NE terminated
EPNT Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between E and P, PN and NE not terminated
NE Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between N and E, PN and EP terminated
NE-EPT Signal feed mode: Differential between N and E, only EP terminated
NENT Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between N and E, PN and EP not terminated
PN Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between P and N, NE and EP terminated
PNE Signal feed mode: Dual wire feed (version C of clause 7.1.4.5 in [i.5]) to input P||N E in figure 28
in [i.5]
PNNT Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between P and N, NE and EP not terminated (SISO)
4 Major Project Phases
Table 1
No. Period Topic Event
01 Sept. 2010 Project organization STF 410 Preparatory Meeting
Definition of targets, what and how to Stuttgart, Germany
measure
02 Nov 2010 Setup of MIMO PLT measurements (EMI, Several STF 410 phone conferences.
Channel and Noise) Drafting of measurement specification
st
03 Dec. 2010 Coupler to send and receive MIMO PLT
1 version of the STF410 couplers
signals developed
04 Jan 2011 and later Verification of couplers and filters Couplers are used by STF410 experts in
developed for STF410.14 identical couplers field measurements in private homes
are manufactured and shipped to the STF
experts
05 March 2011 Agreement on STF410 logistics, when and
where to perform field measurements
st
06 April 2011 ETSI PLT#59
Approval of 1 TR on STF410 couplers
07 March 2011 to Field measurements in Spain, Germany,
June 2011 France, Belgium and the United Kingdom
08 June 2011 Statistical evaluation of results Several STF 410 phone conferences
nd
09 July 2011 ETSI PLT #60
Approval of 2 TR on EMI results
10 Oct. 2010 to Evaluation of worldwide presence of PE
August 2011 wire
11 June to August Drafting and STF 410 review and approval
2011 process
12 Sept. 2011 Presentation of channel and noise ETSI PLT #61
measurement to ETSI PLT plenary
ETSI
9 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
No. Period Topic Event
13 Oct 2011 Revision and rearrangement of TR content
for all 3 parts
14 Nov 2012 Approval of all 3 parts of TR 101 562 ETSI PLT #62

5 Motivation
PLT systems available today use only one transmission path between two outlets. It is the differential mode channel
between the phase (or live) and neutral contact of the mains. These systems are called SISO (Single Input Single
Output) modems. In contrast, MIMO PLT systems make use of the third wire, PE (Protective Earth), which provides
several transmission combinations for feeding and receiving signals into and from the LVDN. Various research
publications [i.1], [i.2] or [i.3] describe that up to 8 transmission paths might be used simultaneously.
Further description of:
• motivation for MIMO PLT;
• installation types and the existence of the PE wire in private homes;
• measurement Setup description to record throughput communication parameters and their results;
• can be found in [i.5] and [i.9].
6 Measurement Description
6.1 Introduction
EMI properties of the LVDN can be recorded in Time- (TD) or in Frequency Domain (FD). The pros and cons of each
measure were evaluated early on by STF 410. It was concluded that the FD approach is better suited for the following
reasons.
Most of the earlier EMC measurements relating to PLC were performed in FD. Thus the comparison between the results
obtained by STF 410 and those of the past is much easier in FD.
The human ear is essentially an FD analyser.
Interferences assessed by human ears like the SINPO measurements use Consumer Electronic devices like AM or FM
radio receivers. Such measurements were performed in [i.6] and [i.7]. MIMO test signals are fed to all Tx paths
simultaneously or sequentially. These investigations are conducted with a pulsed signal to allow recognition by the
human ear-brain-chain.
NOTE: See http://stason.org/TULARC/radio/shortwave/08-What-is-SINPO-SIO-Shortwave-radio.html.
Field levels are monitored with a calibrated antenna, which is straight forward to process in FD. EMI measurements in
TD have the risk that periodicities in the transmitted PN-sequence may cause additional spurs. Furthermore, the
measurement dynamic does not seem to be adequate in TD. EMI principally occurs during transmissions of PLC
modems and is considered in statistical evaluations.
FD measurements can be done using a comb generator and spectrum (or EMI) analyser. This setup has the benefit that
transmitter and receiver do not need to be synchronized. On the other hand the dynamic range or frequency resolution is
limited due to the feeding energy of the comb generator needing to be shared among all signal carriers.
Alternatively, a sweeping source like a network analyser (NWA) might be used. Special care must be taken with signals
received by the antenna, as they can be influenced by additional signals being picked up through the long cables
connecting the antenna to the NWA. To minimize this effect, double shielded cables, common mode absorption devices
(CMADs) and ferrites have to be installed. This measurement method has been selected by STF 410 due to the faster
recoding time of a frequency sweep and the high dynamic range.
ETSI
10 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
To increase the number of measurements recorded, STF 410 is split into several teams operating in parallel in various
countries. Measurement campaigns where conducted in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, France and Spain. To
guarantee comparability of the individually recorded data each team is equipped with identical probes or PLT couplers.
The antenna was shipped to each team in turn. The actual measurements were performed with a general purpose NWA.
A commercially available, small biconical antenna (with built-in amplifier) was used because of its frequency range of
up to 100 MHz. In one location the loop antenna (limited to frequencies up to 30 MHz) is used for a comparison of this
field tests with earlier measurement campaigns. Figure 1 shows the measurement equipment used for EMI
measurements.
Biconical Active Electric Field Probe [i.8] AM, FM radio receiver: Sony® ICF-SW1000T

Biconical Antenna on wooden tripod Loop Antenna (magnetic field) [i.10]
ETSI
11 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)

NWA, Spectrum Analyser, Amp, Isolation Transformer, NWA, Amp, mounted Antenna, and double shielded
LISN and power filters cables
NOTE: Sony® ICF-SW1000T is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given
for the convenience of users of the present document and does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of
this product.
Figure 1: Measurement Equipment Used by Individual Teams
6.2 General Requirements for the Measurements
The power supply for measurement equipment has to be prepared prior to starting measurements. The supply must be
clean and maximally separated from the grid of the residential unit being tested. It is recommended that the power
supply be taken from a neighboring flat, a backup power supply or a least a plug far away from the installation to be
assessed. If there is a connection to the electricity grid, the power supply must be filtered. A filtering device for phase,
neutral and the protective earth is documented in [i.5]. Additionally, an isolation transformer is used to filter protective
earth as most power filters today do not filter the protective earth wire. This is also true for the embedded filters in the
measurement equipment used.
The test signals for all EMI measurements are fed using the MIMO PLC couplers specified in [i.5].
6.3 Radiation Measurements (k-factor)
6.3.1 Set-Up
The measurement setup basically consists of a NWA connected with coupler A to the mains. The power supply of the
NWA is isolated from the LVDN being tested, by a filter providing CM- and DM impedances, seen from the LVDN, of
> 1 kΩ. To enhance the dynamic range of the setup, the NWA is connected to an amplifier and the amplified signal is
fed into the MIMO Coupler. On the other side, the antenna is connected through a cable with ferrites to a high-pass and
the receiving end of the NWA. The HPF-002 described in [i.9], clause 6.6.1 (Noise Measurement Set-up) can be used as
a high-pass filter. It attenuates signals below 2 MHz. In a few cases signals below 2 MHz have been identified, reducing
the dynamic range of the NWA. This is why they have to be filtered.
For years experts claimed that NWA k-factor measurements using coaxial cables to connect the couplers were
unacceptable, because of the resulting "loop". Thus the measurement setup described herein was validated by
comparative measurements with a setup using a fiber-optical link between the antenna and the NWA. No difference
could be detected. Thus, the optical link was not further used, because of its limited dynamic range, higher noise and
more cumbersome installation.
ETSI
12 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)

Figure 2: General Measurement Set-up for Radiated EMI

Figure 3: General Measurement Set-up to Record the k-Factor
Outlets used for feeding signals are arbitrarily selected from within the building. The antenna is positioned at a distance
of 10 m or 3 m from the exterior wall outside the building. Some antenna points are also selected within the building.
Several antenna locations may be selected and the radiation recorded. If the measurement dynamic is not sufficient
(signal has to be at least 10 dB above noise floor, i.e. the signal indicated by the NWA without the signal injection
connected) an RF amplifier is placed in the line between the NWA generator and the signal injection box. Care should
be taken, that the output power does not exceed 1 W to avoid damaging the injection boxes and disturbing the
appliances connected to the mains grid. If there is a risk of this happening, an attenuator of 30 dB has to be inserted
between the cable connectors for calibration. To calculate the k-factor, the 30 dB has to be subtracted from that derived
from Eq.1.
NWA is operated using the following settings:
• Start Frequency: 1 MHz
• Stop Frequency: 100 MHz
• Number of measurement points per sweep: 1 601
• IF Bandwidth: 1 kHz
• Feeding Power: +10 dBm, 0 dBm
• Data are recorded in ASCII format including at least: frequency, Real part, Imaginary part,
absolute value in dB.
ETSI
13 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
Care has to be taken that the amplifier is not saturated.
The file name convention of the EMI record is:
Ptt_Fa_Ayy_Dp_o_xx.xx.CSV where:
st
• 'tt' is the number of the transmitting plug. The 1 digit indicates the level in the building where feeding was
done.
• 'Fa' is the port where signals are fed differentially: EP, PN, NE, EPNT, PNNT, NENT, APN, PNE, EP-NET,
NE-EPT and CM (see figure 6).
• 'yy' identifies the location of the antenna (e.g. A01, A02, …., leading zeros are required).
• 'p' specified the place of the antenna: '0' is for 10m distance, '3' for 3m distance outside the building and 'I' for
indoor.
• 'o' is the orientation of the antenna:
- 'v' or 'h' in case of the biconical antenna. 'h' means the axis from dipole to dipole is parallel to the horizon
and 'v'-direction is vertically. Since this measurement campaign focuses on the radiation produced by
PLT, the measurements are performed with these two polarisations in agreement with typical disturbance
field strength measurements for products as defined in CISPR 11 [i.11] and CISPR 22 [i.12]. The higher
value of the 2 orientations is used as specified in clause 6.3.4.
- 'x', 'z' or 'z' in case of the loop antenna (x means H-field parallel to the building wall; z means H-field
towards ground). It is common practice to measure the magnetic field in three directions (e.g. see
German SchuTSEV). The vector sum of the 3 orientations will give the total H-field as specified in
clause 6.3.4.
• 'xx.xx' is the timing distance to the rising LCZC at Tx coupler in ms when the sweep was recorded. If trigger
of NWA was not in sync with LCZC 'xx.xx' is not applied.
E.g. if the filename is P22_PNNT_A01_D3_v.csv the feed was done between P and N in the delta style and the 2 other
ports (NE and EP) are not terminated. This is the conventional SISO style. The biconical antenna was located at antenna
position 01 in 3 m distance from the outside wall of the building in a vertical orientation.
All antenna measurements are saved in the 'EMI' folder of STF410 repository. The folder tree consists of:
STF 410� Initials of Expert � Name of Location � EMI.
A ground plane is required, at least for the common mode injection. The ground plane must be directly connected (low
inductance) to the coupling box and be at least 1 m in size.
For convenience the file handling tool (see annex B) can be used. This tool also can be a helpful guide when reading
through the measurements.
6.3.2 Calibration of NWA
The NWA needs to be calibrated in order to eliminate the effects caused by the need to use long cables in the building.
A response (thru) calibration is done by shortcutting the endings of both coaxial cables. A conventional adapter (BNC
female to BNC female) is used as a calibration kit.
Prior to starting measurements, the NWA has to be calibrated according to figure 4. To prevent the NWA from being
overloaded with input, the NWA generator setting must be turned down as much as possible (typically -25 dBm).). If
the output power of the amplifier is still too much for the NWA input, refer to the alternative calibration procedure in
annex A. The Analyser will usually automatically correct the calibration data, after the calibration process, when the
feeding power is increased.
ETSI
14 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
cable used for
amplifier signal injection
NWA
antenna cable (with ferrites for suppression of sheat current)

Figure 4: NWA Calibration
During measurements, the cable ends of the NWA have to be connected to the MIMO coupler and the antenna
according to figure 5. The generator output power can be increased to improve the dynamic range of the measurements.
Care must be taken not to exceed an output power of 1 W, in order to prevent overloading the MIMO coupler.
cable used for
amplifier signal injection
MIMO PLT LV-
coupler installation
NWA
s
antenna
antenna cable (with ferrites for suppression of sheat current)

Figure 5: Use of NWA and Set-up for the Measurements
ETSI
15 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
6.3.3 Signal Injection
For the coupling modes, the following switch settings for the boxes are to be used.
Coupling mode Switch setting
PNNT
DELTA (differential) mode PN,
NE and EP NOT terminated
(standard SISO PN)
(see clause 7.1.4.1 of [i.5])
EPNT
DELTA (differential) mode EP,
PN and NE NOT terminated (SISO EP)
(principle shown in clause 7.1.4.1 of
[i.5])
NENT
DELTA (differential) mode NE,
EP and PN NOT terminated
(SISO NE)
(principle shown in clause 7.1.4.1 of
[i.5])
ETSI
16 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
Coupling mode Switch setting
PN
DELTA (differential) mode PN,
NE and EP terminated (MIMO)
(principle shown in clause 7.1.4.2 of
[i.5])
EP
DELTA (differential) mode EP,
PN and NE terminated (MIMO)
(principle shown in clause 7.1.4.2 of
[i.5])
NE
DELTA (differential) mode NE,
EP and PN terminated (MIMO)
(see clause 7.1.4.2 of [i.5])
ETSI
17 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
Coupling mode Switch setting
EP-NET
partial delta type injection,
signal between P and E,
N-E terminated,
P-N not terminated
(MIMO) (see clause 7.1.4.3 of [i.5])
(MIMO Asymmetric Transmit)
NE-EPT
partial delta type injection,
signal between N and E,
P-E terminated,
P-N not terminated
(MIMO) (see clause 7.1.4.3 of i.5])
(MIMO Asymmetric Transmit)
CM
Common mode
(see clause 7.1.4.4 of [i.5])
ETSI
18 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
Coupling mode Switch setting
APN
Dual wire, input P||N - E
(see clause 7.1.4.5 (version C) of [i.5])

PNE
Dual wire input PN
(see clause 7.1.4.5 (version C) of [i.5])

Figure 6: PLT Coupler Switch Settings
The figures shown on the right side of figure 6 are screen shots of the software supporting the measurements. This
software is described in annex B of the present document.
6.3.4 Calculation of the Final k-Factor
To evaluate the radiation of buildings the coupling factor (k-factor) is defined by:
k = E − P
E,H antenna max,feed
= U + AF − P + A
Receiver max,amp _ output PLT _Coupler
(Eq. 1)
= P + 107(dBμV - dBm) + AF − P + A
Receiver max,amp _ output PLT _Coupler
= s + 107(dBμV - dBm) + AF + A
21 PLT _Coupler
with:
E : the field strength received at the location of the antenna, unit: dB(µV/m).
antenna
ETSI
19 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
P : signal at the output of the PLT coupler (in case of terminated output), unit dBm.
max,feed
P : signal at the output of the amplifier provided at the cable end (in case of termination), unit dBm.
max,amp_output
A : Attenuation of the PLT coupler as described in [i.5], unit dB.
PLT_Coupler
U : voltage at the output of the antenna, unit dB(µV).
Receiver
P : power from the output of the antenna, unit dBm.
Receiver
AF: antenna factor of the antenna, unit dB(1/m).
s : scattering parameter as measured by the network analyser with valid calibration, unit dB.
NOTE: If the alternative calibration procedure of annex A is used, the corrected s values have to be used in
Eq. 1.
k : k-factor with regard to the electric field component (k ) or magnetic field component (k ),
E,H E H
unit dB(µV/m)-dBm.
The k-factor is used first in [i.4]. The formula above says: If a signal is fed with 0 dBm into the mains of a building an
electrical field of E dBµV/m is recorded outside the building.
From the recorded values s of the network analyser, the k-factor can be derived using Eq.1. Depending on the antenna
used and the coupling, different values have to be used for A .
PLT_Coupler
Table 2: Coupling Types
Coupling type A
PLT_Coupler
EPNT, PNNT, NENT Values taken from clause 7.1.4.1 of [i.5]
EP, PN, NE Values taken from clause 7.1.4.2 of [i.5]
APN, PNE Values taken from clause 7.1.4.5 of [i.5]
EP-NET, NE-EPT Values taken from clause 7.1.4.3 of [i.5]
CM Values taken from clause 7.1.4.4 of [i.5]

The combinations of different antenna polarisations or orientations are antenna dependent. The following calculations
apply to derive a single k-factor per injection-plug - antenna location combination.
Table 3: Calculation of Resulting k-Factor in Dependence of Antenna Type
Antenna type Calculation of the resulting k-factor
biconical
k = max()k ,k
res horizontal vertical
loop
2 2
k = k + k + k
res x y z
These calculations are performed individually for each frequency in each record.
ETSI
20 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
6.4 Subjective Evaluation of the Interference to Radio
Broadcast
6.4.1 General
Subjective evaluations of interference to AM radio reception in the HF bands were performed by ETSI STF 332
TM
(Plugtests on coexistence between PLT and short wave radio broadcast) and are documented in [i.6]. Performing
identical tests with all MIMO feeding possibilities would deliver unstable results, because the variance of received
signal level (fading in time domain) is more dynamic than an operator might be able to test. During a MIMO test, the
interference from all MIMO feeding possibilities should be compared. The signal level is usually never stable in HF
bands. [i.3] describes dynamic changes in the HF signal level received caused by reflections on the ionosphere.
Broadcasting conditions in VHF are by far more stable over time, allowing a comparison of levels recorded over a
period of a few minutes.
Portable PC
Ext.
Power
Supply
R&S SMY01
Audio
FM-Signal Modulator
MIMO PLT
CM LVDN
Filter
Coupler
Step
Attenuator
Mains
Filter
Figure 7: Basic Set-up for FM Interference Tests
How to feed the interference signal to the mains is described in clause 6.3.3. The source of the signal is a broadband
noise generator or frequency generator with the option of frequency modulation with variable frequency excursion
(e.g. Rohde&Schwarz® SMY, see note 2). This generator is modulated with a noise signal.
NOTE 1: The noise signal can be generated via sound output from a laptop or PC using the scope software
(http://www.zeitnitz.de/Christian/scope_de).
NOTE 2: Rohde&Schwarz® SMY is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is
given for the convenience of users of the present document and does not constitute an endorsement by
ETSI of this product.
The 3 dB-bandwidth of the modulated signal is at least 240 kHz for the evaluation of radio interference in the ultra short
wave bands (FM-Bands).
The generator can be switched on and off, in order to distinguish the disturbed and undisturbed states. A blanking input
controlled with a rectangular signal (a few Hertz) is preferable. A sweep in the shape of a sine wave can be inserted into
the audio signal, which is to be FM modulated, with the use of a software tool like the one described above. The
sweeping tone makes it easier to single out the source of this interference from several interferences when listening to
sensitive FM broadcastings, as the tone can be detected by the human ear. The FM modulated signal will be injected as
an interfering signal to the mains.
An example of the spectrum realized with the noise source for the FM-Bands is shown in figure 8.
ETSI
21 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
99 99.5 100 100.5 101
frequency in MHz
Figure 8: Output Spectrum obtained with the SMY Generator (frequency modulated with noise)
obtained with a Spectrum Analyzer at Resolution Bandwidth of 200 Hz in Clear-Write Modus
6.4.2 Verification and Calibration
Prior to the test, the disturbance signal has to be analyzed with a measurement receiver or spectrum analyzer to
document the 3 dB bandwidth. As a first step, the amplification between the generator output level and the signal
injected into the BNC-plug of the MIMO PLT coupler has to be determined. This is done by connecting the feed cable
via an attenuator of 30 dB (protection of the measurement receiver) to the measurement receiver input.
Setting of the measurement receiver:
Detector: Average
Bandwidth: 120 kHz for measurement frequency above 30 MHz
Attenuation: Auto
Measurement time: 1 000 ms
Feeding level of signal generator is U .
max_feed
6.4.3 Measurement Procedure
After the calibration of the amplification has been done, the measurement can be performed. The output of the RF
generator is connected via a step attenuator to the MIMO PLT coupler (see figure 7).
In preparation a couple of radio stations, which can be received at the receiver's location, are selected.
At each frequency of a selected radio station the level of the RF generator is adjusted to a lower level where no
disturbance at the radio receiver is recognized. (This could be performed easily by e.g. rotating the knobs of the step
attenuator to Att .) From that value, the generator level is increased until a disturbance can barely be recognized. After
SA
that the level of interference signal is verified by connecting
U = U - Att (Eq. 2)
gen max_feed SA
to the measurement receiver input to measure the signal level. The measured value U (in dB(µV)) is recorded in an
gen
Excel sheet.
This procedure is repeated for each:
• coupling type;
• selected frequency;
ETSI
U in dB(uV)
22 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
• feeding outlet (injection point);
• radio receiver;
• radio receiver location.
Furthermore the measurements have to be done when the radio receiver is battery driven and mains powered.

Figure 9: Radio Reception in a Building with Noise Feeding
6.5 General Equipment List
6.5.1 Coaxial Cables
The coaxial cables used to record k-factor measurements are doubly shielded (e.g. RG214 are recommended due to
10m
their low attenuation). To avoid signal ingress to the cable going back from the antenna or the PLT coupler to the NWA,
the cable has to be surrounded by ferrites. Axial Ferrite Beads are attached to the coaxial cable every 0,15 m. For years
experts claimed that NWA k-factor measurements using coaxial cables to connect the couplers were unacceptable,
because of the resulting "conducting" loop. Thus we validated the measurement setup described herein by comparative
measurements with a setup using a fiber-optical link between the receiving coupler and the NWA. No difference could
be detected. Thus, the optical link was not further used, because of its limited dynamic range, higher noise and more
cumbersome installation.
Figure 10 shows a coaxial cable, Ecoflex 10 (double shielded and connected to the mains coupler), equipped every
0,15 m with attached Suppression Axial Ferrite Beads (Würth-Elektronik part number: 74270056). An RG214 cable
(black colour) is also visible.
ETSI
23 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)

Figure 10: Cable with Ferrites
6.5.2 Network Analyzer
See [i.5] for the list of NWA used for the EMI measurements.
6.5.3 Probes to Connect to the LVDN
The MIMO PLC couplers for feeding and receiving signals are specified in [i.9].
6.5.4 Amplifier
The Amplifier used to increase the measurement dynamic is:
• 50WD1000 (DC - 1 GHz, AR);
• Bonn Elektronik BLWA 0310-1.

NOTE: Bonn Elektronik BLWA 0310-1 is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This
information is given for the convenience of users of the present document and does not constitute an
endorsement by ETSI of this product.
Figure 11: Amplifier
ETSI
24 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (2012-02)
6.5.5 Filter to Isolate Measurement Devices from Mains
Filter as specified in clauses 6.4 and 6.5 (Mains Filter) of [i.5] is used.
7 Statistical Evaluation of Results
7.1 k-Factor
STF 410 measured the k-factor at 15 locations in Spain, France and Germany.
A typical sweep from 1 MHz to 100 MHz of any k-factor measurement is shown in figure 12. Fading characterizes the
shape of a k-factor sweep. In total 1,294 such sweeps were recorded by STF 410.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency
x 10
Figure 12: Typical Sweep of a k-Factor Measurement Outdoors at 10 m Distance
Figure 13 shows the median of all data separated into the individual feeding possibilities. The median value for each
measured frequency and feeding style is calculated individually.
NOTE: This median value is derived from data received from all antenna locations: indoors, outdoors in 3 m and
10 m distance from the building.
Figure 13 shows no tendency of the k-factor over frequency for all symmetrical feeding possibilities. The k-factor of
CM feeding is 5 dB to 15 dB higher than the symmetrical ones and increases by 10 dB over the range of 5 MHz to
100 MHz.
In all results presented here, the attenuation of the CM feeding of the PLT coupler is considered as described in [i.5].
For CM feeding the coupler causes an insertion loss of roughly 5 dB, which is not negligible as it is for all DM
feedings. Hence, from s CM attenuation records of the NWA, this additional attenuation is subtracted in order to
describe the true k-factor.
ETSI
k-factor in dBµV/m-dBm
25 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.2.1 (
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