ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)

Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Advanced satellite based scenarios and architectures for beyond 3G systems

DTR/SES-00288

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 18-Mar-2010
• Technical Committee: SES MSS - SES WG on Mobile Satellite Systems
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 25-Mar-2010
• Completion Date: 19-Mar-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
Technical Report


Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);
Advanced satellite based scenarios and
architectures for beyond 3G systems

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2 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)



Reference
DTR/SES-00288
Keywords
3G, architecture, MSS, satellite
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3 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 9
Foreword . 9
Introduction . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 References . 10
2.1 Normative references . 10
2.2 Informative references . 10
3 Abbreviations . 28
4 Overview on future Mobile Satellite Systems . 33
4.1 Aims . 33
4.2 Future Mobile Satellite System Architectures . 34
4.2.1 Medium-Term Architecture . 34
4.2.2 Long-Term Architecture . 36
4.3 Land Mobile Satellite Channel Modelling . 37
4.3.1 Summary of Models and Conclusions . 37
5 Analysis of Medium-Term MSS Architecture . 38
5.1 QoS Requirements . 38
5.2 Signal Processing and Diversity Techniques for Improving the Performance of Mobile Satellite Systems . 39
5.2.1 Signal Detection Technique for Multi-User CDMA systems, Spatially/Polarized multiplexed MIMO
and Inter-Spotbeam Interference Suppression . 40
5.2.2 Diversity and MIMO Techniques . 41
5.2.3 Adaptive Beamforming . 41
5.2.4 State-of-the-art Error Correction Codes . 42
5.2.5 Time Interleavers . 42
5.2.6 Conclusions on Signal Processing and Diversity Techniques for Improving the Performance of
Mobile Satellite Systems . 42
5.3 Upper-Layer Error Control Techniques . 43
5.3.1 Introduction. 43
5.3.2 Upper-Layer Coding and Interleaving . 43
5.3.3 Feedback-based Schemes . 43
5.3.3.1 ARQ . 43
5.3.3.2 Hybrid ARQ . 44
5.3.4 Satellite Reliable Multicast Transport Protocols. 44
5.3.4.1 Reliable Multicast over Unidirectional Satellite Link (RMUS) . 44
5.3.4.2 Satellite Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (SRMTP) . 45
5.3.4.3 SATellite Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (SAT-RMTP) . 45
5.3.5 Conclusions on Upper-Layer Error Control Techniques . 45
5.4 Existing satellite systems and standards . 45
5.4.1 Fixed and Broadcast satellite systems and standards . 46
5.4.1.1 DVB-SH, DVB-S/S2 and DVB-RCS . 46
5.4.1.2 SATMODE . 46
5.4.1.3 Conclusions on existing fixed and broadcast satellite systems and standards . 46
5.4.2 Mobile satellite standards . 47
5.4.2.1 Existing mobile satellite systems and standards . 47
5.4.2.2 New and emerging mobile satellite systems and standards . 47
5.4.2.3 Conclusion on mobile satellite systems and standards . 47
5.5 New existing mobile Terrestrial Standards . 48
5.5.1 IEEE Mobile WiMAX . 48
5.5.2 3GPP evolutions including LTE (Long Term Evolution of UMTS). 49
5.5.3 Conclusions on New existing mobile Terrestrial Standards . 50
6 Analysis of Long-Term MSS Architecture . 50
6.1 4G concepts . 50
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4 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
6.2 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing and Cognitive Radio . 55
6.2.1 Introduction. 55
6.2.2 Existing Examples of Dynamic Spectrum Access . 56
6.2.3 Cognitive Radios for Realising Opportunistic Spectrum Access . 58
6.2.4 Interference Mitigation Techniques . 60
6.2.5 Conclusions on Dynamic Spectrum Sharing and Cognitive Radio . 61
6.3 Radio Relays and Co-Operative Transmission Techniques . 62
6.3.1 Introduction. 62
6.3.2 Cooperative Techniques in the IEEE 802.16 [i.333] Standard (a.k.a Wimax) . 63
6.3.3 Conclusions on Radio Relays and Co-Operative Transmission Techniques . 65
6.4 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks . 65
6.4.1 Introduction. 65
6.4.2 Ad-hoc Networking Capability in IEEE 802 Standards. 67
6.4.2.1 IEEE 802.11s . 67
6.4.2.2 IEEE 802.15 [i.279] . 68
6.4.2.3 IEEE 802.16 [i.333] . 68
6.4.3 Conclusions on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks . 69
7 Candidate System Architecture for Beyond 3G or 4G Satellite Component . 69
7.1 Overview . 69
7.2 Examples of candidate system architecture . 70
7.2.1 Application examples . 70
7.2.2 Possible services . 70
7.2.3 System requirements . 71
7.2.3.1 Integrated satellite and terrestrial system case . 71
7.2.3.2 Hybrid satellite and terrestrial system case . 72
7.2.4 Specific features . 73
7.2.4.1 Integrated satellite and terrestrial system case . 73
7.2.4.2 Hybrid satellite and terrestrial system case . 75
7.2.5 Possible technical issues . 76
7.2.5.1 Integrated satellite and terrestrial system case . 76
7.2.5.1.1 Mobility between terrestrial and satellite coverage . 76
7.2.5.1.2 Mobility between terrestrial system and MSS integrated satellite and terrestrial case . 77
7.2.5.1.3 Terminal architectures . 77
7.2.5.1.4 Application of long term techniques. 77
7.2.5.2 Hybrid satellite and terrestrial system case . 77
7.2.6 Example of proposed beyond 3G system . 77
8 Spectrum Requirements . 78
9 Conclusions . 80
9.1 Medium-Term Architecture. 80
9.2 Long-Term Architecture . 80
10 Recommendations . 81
Annex A: Detailed Review of Land Mobile Satellite Channel Models . 82
A.1 Empirical Models . 82
A.2 Statistical Models . 83
A.2.1 Single-State Narrowband (stationary) Models . 83
A.2.2 Second order statistics of single-state models . 85
A.2.3 Multi-State Narrowband Models . 86
A.2.4 Wideband Models. 88
A.2.4.1 Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Channel Models . 89
A.3 Physical and Physical-Statistical Models . 94
A.3.1 MIMO (multi-satellite and dual-polarized) . 95
Annex B: Detailed Review of Multi-Signal Detection Techniques . 96
B.1 DS-CDMA up-link model and the formulation of the classical Multi-User Detection Problem . 96
B.1.1 Equivalence with the Spatially Multiplexed MIMO Equalization and Inter-Spotbeam Interference
Suppression Problems . 97
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5 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
B.2 Review of MUD Methods and Algorithms . 97
Annex C: Detailed Review of Diversity Techniques and MIMO . 101
C.1 Types of Diversity . 101
C.1.1 Frequency Diversity . 101
C.1.2 Time Diversity . 101
C.1.3 Space diversity . 102
C.1.4 Polarization diversity . 102
C.2 Receive Diversity Combining Techniques . 103
C.2.1 Switch diversity/Selection Diversity . 103
C.2.2 Maximal Ratio and Equal Gain Combining . 103
C.2.3 Space-Time Coding . 103
Annex D: Review of Optimal Combining and Direction of Arrival Algorithms for
Beamforming . 105
D.1 Optimal Combining Algorithms . 105
D.2 Direction of Arrival (DoA) Estimation . 106
Annex E: Detailed Review of State-of-the-Art Error Correcting Codes . 108
E.1 Turbo Codes . 108
E.2 LDPC Codes . 110
E.2.1 Optimal Maximum Likelihood Decoding . 111
E.2.2 Bit-Flipping Algorithms . 111
E.2.3 The Belief Propagation Algorithm . 111
Annex F: Review of Upper-Layer FEC Codes and Upper-Layer Interleaving . 114
F.1 Characteristics of Small and Large FEC Codes . 114
F.2 Common FEC Codes . 115
F.2.1 Reed Solomon (RS) . 115
F.2.2 Low Density Generator Matrix (LDGM) . 116
F.2.3 Raptor Codes . 118
F.2.4 Other FEC Codes . 118
F.3 Interleaving . 119
F.3.1 Block Interleaving . 119
F.3.2 Convolutional Interleaving . 120
F.3.3 Random Interleaving . 120
Annex G: Review of Mobile WiMAX . 121
G.1 Physical Layer Aspects . 121
G.1.1 Scalable OFDMA . 121
G.1.2 TDD Frame Structure . 122
G.1.3 Advanced Physical Layer Features . 123
G.1.4 MIMO Techniques . 124
G.2 MAC Layer . 126
G.2.1 Quality of Service (QoS) Support . 126
G.2.2 MAC Scheduling Service . 127
G.3 Mobility Management . 128
G.3.1 Power Saving Features . 128
G.3.2 Handoff . 128
G.4 Security. 129
G.5 Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS) . 129
G.6 End-to-End WiMAX Architecture . 130
G.6.1 Support for Services and Applications . 131
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6 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
G.6.2 Interworking and Roaming . 131
G.6.3 Network-Level Mobility Handover . 133
Annex H: Review of UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) . 134
H.1 LTE System Architecture . 134
H.2 Protocol Architecture . 136
H.3 Mobility Management . 139
H.4 Evolved MBMS . 140
H.5 Physical Layer of LTE UMTS . 141
H.5.1 Downlink . 142
H.5.2 Uplink . 145
Annex I: Detailed Analysis of LTE and WiMAX air interfaces over satellite links . 148
I.1 Application Scenarios. 148
I.1.1 Considered OFDM Numerology . 148
I.1.2 Reference signals patterns . 148
I.1.3 Broadcasting scenario - Physical Layer Configuration . 149
I.1.3.1 End-to-end simulation cases . 150
I.1.4 Two-Way communications - Physical Layer Configuration . 152
I.1.4.1 Forward Link . 152
I.1.4.2 Reverse Link . 153
I.1.5 Simulation Block Diagrams . 155
I.1.5.1 LTE FL and RL . 155
I.1.5.2 WiMAX FL and RL . 156
I.1.5.2.1 Ideal estimation . 156
I.1.6 PHY Time series generation for UL Simulator . 156
I.2 PHY Techniques: Enablers . 159
I.2.1 Inter-TTI interleaving through Forced Retransmission . 159
I.2.2 PAPR Reduction .
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