ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)

Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment

RTS/EE-EEPS00022ed131

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 22-Jul-2013
• Technical Committee: EE EEPS - EE Eco Environmental Product Standards
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 05-Aug-2013
• Completion Date: 23-Jul-2013
• Mandate: M/462

Standards Content (Sample)

.
Technical Specification
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Measurement method for energy efficiency of
wireless access network equipment

2 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)

Reference
RTS/EE-EEPS00022ed131
Keywords
energy efficiency, GSM, LTE, WCDMA
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© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2013.
All rights reserved.
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DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
3 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 8
4 Assessment method . 10
4.1 Assessment levels . 10
4.2 Assessment procedure . 10
5 Calculation method for energy efficiency . 11
5.1 RBS equipment energy consumption . 11
5.1.1 Reference configurations for Static energy consumption . 11
5.1.2 Reference configurations for Dynamic energy consumption . 12
5.2 Calculation method for integrated RBS . 12
5.2.1 Definition of power consumption in static method . 12
5.2.2 Definition of power consumption in dynamic method . 12
5.3 Calculation method for distributed RBS . 13
5.3.1 Definition of power consumption for distributed RBS in static method . 13
5.3.2 Definition of power consumption for distributed RBS in dynamic method . 13
5.4 RBS site power consumption . 13
5.5 Energy efficiency . 16
5.5.1 Energy efficiency for GSM . 16
TM
5.5.2 Energy efficiency for WCDMA/LTE/WiMAX . 17
6 Measurement methods for RBS power consumption . 18
6.1 Measurement basics . 18
6.1.1 General . 19
6.1.2 Measurement and test equipment requirements . 20
6.1.3 UE performance requirements . 21
6.2 Measurement conditions . 22
6.2.1 RBS Configuration . 22
6.2.2 RF output (transmit) power/signal . 22
6.2.3 Environmental conditions . 22
6.2.4 Power supply . 22
6.3 Static measurement procedure . 23
6.3.1 Coverage measurement method . 23
6.4 Dynamic measurement procedure . 24
6.4.1 UE distribution for dynamic test method . 24
6.4.2 Throughput setup . 25
6.4.3 Error tolerance for equal distributed resources . 27
7 Measurement report . 27
Annex A (normative): Measurement Reports . 28
Annex B (normative): RBS site parameters . 32
Annex C (normative): Coverage area definition . 33
Annex D (normative): Reference parameters for GSM/EDGE system . 35
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4 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
Annex E (normative): Reference parameters for WCDMA/HSDPA system . 37
Annex F (normative): Reference parameters for LTE system . 39
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Annex G (normative): Reference parameters for WiMAX system . 42
Annex H (normative): Definition of load level . 44
Annex I (informative): Uncertainty assessment . 46
Annex J (informative): Example assessment . 48
Annex K (informative): Derivation of formula in clause 6.4.3 . 50
History . 53

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5 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
Introduction
Energy efficiency is one of the critical factor of the modern telecommunication systems. The energy consumption of the
access network is the dominating part of the wireless telecom network energy consumption. Hence the core network
and the service network are not considered in the present document. In the access network, the power consumption of
the Radio Base Station node sites (later referred as RBS sites) is dominating and the power consumption of Radio
Network Control nodes (RNC or BSC) are not considered in the present document.
The present document defines harmonized methods to evaluate the energy efficiency of wireless access networks. In
order to do that, the present document provides definitions for the following indicators:
• Average power consumption of RBS equipment in clause 5.1: The RBS average power consumption is based
on measured RBS power consumption under reference configuration, reference environment and under
reference load levels.
• Average power consumption of RBS site in clause 5.2: The RBS site level power consumption is calculated
based on RBS equipment power consumption for reference RBS site configuration using correction factors for
different power supply, cooling and site solutions.
• Performance indicators for network level energy efficiency for wireless systems in clause 5.3: The network
level performance indicators are calculated based on RBS site level reference power consumption as well as
based on RBS coverage area for rural area and RBS capacity for urban area.
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6 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
1 Scope
The present document defines a method to analyse the energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment.
The present document version covers the following radio access technologies:
• GSM.
• LTE.
• WCDMA.
TM
• WiMAX .
As the RBS power consumption is the dominant part of total power consumption of wireless access network, the present
document covers methods which take into account only the RBS site power consumption when defining the total power
consumption of wireless access networks. In the dynamic measurement, functionalities located in RNC or BSC node,
which may have a significant impact on power consumption of base station nodes, are also considered.
The methodology described in the present document to measure energy efficiency consists of two parts. Within the
present document they are referred to as static and dynamic measurements.
The results based on "static" measurements of the RBS power consumption provide a power consumption figure for
RBS under static load and without radio network features activated. The results based on "dynamic" measurements of
the RBS power consumption provide a power consumption figure for RBS with dynamic load and with radio network
features activated, i.e. including the functionalities located in the radio network controller e.g. BSC/RNC.
Energy consumption of terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document.
The scope of the present document is not to define target values for the energy efficiency of equipment or networks.
The results should only be used to assess and compare the efficiency of mobile radio network equipment from different
vendors featuring the same mobile radio standard and frequency band.
The present document does not cover multi RAT. Only Wide Area Base Stations are covered in this version. Other type
of RBS will be considered in a future version of the present document.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] Void.
[2] ETSI TS 125 104: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS)
radio transmission and reception (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.104)".
[3] CENELEC EN 50160: "Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity
networks".
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7 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
[4] ETSI EN 300 132-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment; Part 2: Operated by -48 V direct current (dc)".
[5] Void.
[6] Void.
[7] ETSI TS 125 141: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS)
conformance testing (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.141)".
[8] ETSI TS 125 101: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); User Equipment
(UE) radio transmission and reception (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.101)".
[9] ETSI TS 136 101: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment
(UE) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.101)".
[10] ETSI TS 136 211: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical
channels and modulation (3GPP TS 36.211)".
[11] ETSI TS 136 141 (V8.6.0): "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base
Station (BS) conformance testing (3GPP TS 36.141)".
[12] ETSI TS 136 104: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station
(BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104)".
[13] IEEE 802.16e: "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for
Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems Amendment for Physical and Medium
Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands".
TM
NOTE: WiMAX Technologies and Standards.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] NIST Technical Note 1297: "Guidance for evaluating and expressing the uncertainty of NIST
measurement results".
[i.2] ISO/IEC Guide 98: 1995: "Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM)".
[i.3] ETSI TS 145 005: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio transmission
and reception (3GPP TS 45.005)".
[i.4] ISO/IEC 17025: "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories".
[i.5] ETSI TS 151 021: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Base Station System
(BSS) equipment specification; Radio aspects (3GPP TS 51.021)".
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
activity level: traffic model in dynamic measurement is divided into three activity levels corresponding to low-,
medium- and busy hour traffic
activity time: time to generate data from the server to at least one UE (in the scenario for dynamic measurement this
corresponds to the transmission time for the UE group with highest path loss)
busy hour: period during which occurs the maximum total load in a given 24-hour period
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8 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
busy hour load: in static measurement it is the highest measurement level of radio resource configuration and in
dynamic measurement is the highest activity level
distributed RBS: RBS architecture which contains remote radio heads (RRH) close to antenna element and a central
element connecting RBS to network infrastructure
dynamic measurement: power consumption measurement performed with different activity levels and path losses
energy efficiency: relation between the useful output and energy/power consumption
integrated RBS: RBS architecture in which all RBS elements are located close to each other for example in one or two
cabinets
NOTE: The integrated RBS architecture may include Tower Mount Amplifier (TMA) close to antenna.
IPERF: allows the user to set various parameters that can be used for testing a network, or alternately for optimizing or
tuning a network
NOTE: IPERF has a client and server functionality, and can measure the throughput between the two ends, either
unidirectonally or bi-directionally. It is open source software and runs on various platforms including
Linux, Unix and Windows. It is supported by the National Laboratory for Applied Network Research.
low load: in static measurement it is the lowest measurement level of radio resource configuration and in dynamic
measurement is the lowest activity level
medium load: in static measurement it is the medium measurement level of radio resource configuration and in
dynamic measurement is the medium activity level
power consumption: power consumed by a device to achieve an intended application performance
power saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing power consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
Radio Base Station (RBS): network component which serves one or more cells and interfaces the user terminal
(through air interface) and a wireless network infrastructure
RBS test control unit: unit which can be used to control and manage RBS locally
site correction factor: scaling factor to scale the RBS equipment power consumption for reference site configuration
taking into account different power supply solutions, different cooling solutions and power supply losses
static measurement: power consumption measurement performed with different radio resource configurations
telecommunication network: network which provides telecommunications between Network Termination Points
(NTPs)
UE group: group of UEs whose pathlosses to the RBS are identical
Wide Area Base stations: Base Stations that are characterized by requirements derived from Macro Cell scenarios with
a BS to UE minimum coupling loss equals to 70 dB according to 3GPP standardization
wireless access network: telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between user
terminal and network) is implemented without the use of wires
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AC Alternating Current
AMR Adaptive Multi Rate
BCCH Broadcast Control CHannel
BER Bit Error Rate
BH Busy Hour
BS Base Station
BSC Base Station Controller
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9 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BW Bandwidth
CCH Common CHannel
CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel
CF Cooling Factor
CFC Cooling Factor for Central part
CFRRH Cooling Factor for Remote Radio Head
CPICH Common PIlot CHannel
CS Circuit Switched
DC Direct Current
DL DownLink
DPCH Dedicated Physical CHannel
EC Energy for Central part
EDGE Enhanced Datarate GSM Evolution
ERRH Energy for Remote Radio Part
FCH Frequency Correction Channel
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GUM Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HW HardWare
IPERF See the definition part
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LTE Long Term Evolution
MAP Media Access Protocol
MCPA Multi Carrier Power Amplifier
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
NA Not Applicable
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NTP Network Termination Point
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
PA Power Amplifier
PBCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel
PBH Power during Busy Hour
PC Power for Central Part
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator CHannel
PCH Paging Channel
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control CHannel
PDF Proportional Distribution Function
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared CHannel
PFF Power Feeding Factor
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator CHannel
PICH Paging Indicator Channel
PRB Physical Resource Block
PRRH Power for Remote Radio Head
PSF Power Supply Factor
PSFC Power Supply correction Factor for Central part
PSFRRH Power Supply correction Factor for Remote Radio Head
RAT Radio Access Technology
RBS Radio Base Station
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRBS Reference models for RBS sites
RRH Remote Radio Head
RS Reference Signals
RSS Root Sum of Squares
RX Receiver
SAE System Architecture Evolution
SCH Synchronization Channel
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SIMO Single Input Multiple Output
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10 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
SN Signal-to-Noise
SW SoftWare
TD Time during one Duty cycle
TF Tolerance Factor
TMA Tower Mount Amplifier
TP ThroughPut
TRX Transceiver
TS Time Slot
TX Transmitter
UDP User Data Protocol
UE User Equipment
UL UpLink
UL/DL Uplink/Downlink
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
TM
WiMAX Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access
4 Assessment method
4.1 Assessment levels
The present document defines a three level assessment method to be used to evaluate energy efficiency of wireless
access networks. The three levels are:
• RBS equipment average power consumption for which the present document defines reference RBS
equipment configurations and reference load levels to be used when measuring RBS power consumption.
• RBS site average power consumption which is based on measured RBS equipment power consumption and
site level correction factors defined in the present document. The RBS site power consumption can be used to
compare different equipment at site level.
• Network level performance indicators which are based on RBS site energy consumption as well as site
coverage, site capacity. These indicators provide a means to evaluate the energy efficiency at network level
taking into account not only site level energy consumption but also features to improve network coverage and
capacity.
4.2 Assessment procedure
The assessment procedure contains the following tasks:
• Identify RBS basic parameters (table A.1 in annex A).
• List RBS configuration and traffic load(s) for measurements (annexes D to H).
• Measure RBS equipment power consumption for required load levels. (see clause 6).
• KPI calculation procedure according to:
1) Calculate RBS equipment average power consumption according to equations 5.1 to 5.4 (see clause 5.1).
2) List required RBS site level correction factors (annex B).
For GSM undertake the following:
8G. Calculate cell coverage area for 3 sectors as done in annex C formula (C.6).
9G. Define cell capacity and energy consumption (annex D).
10G. Calculate the KPI for EE performance indicators.
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11 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
For WCDMA undertake the following:
8W. Calculate cell coverage area for 3 sectors as done in annex C formula (C.6).
9W. Define cell capacity and energy consumption (For static method annex E, for dynamic method
annex H).
10W. Calculate the KPI for EE performance indicators.
For LTE undertake the following:
8L. Calculate cell coverage area for 3 sectors as done in annex C formula (C.6).
9L. Measure cell capacity and energy consumption (For static method annex F, for dynamic method
annex H).
10L. Calculate the KPI for EE performance indicators.
TM
For WiMAX undertake the following:
8WM. Calculate cell coverage area for 3 sectors as done in annex C formula (C.6).
9WM. Define cell capacity and energy consumption (annex G).
10WM. Calculate the KPI for EE performance indicators.
Collect and report the measurement results.
5 Calculation method for energy efficiency
5.1 RBS equipment energy consumption
The RBS equipment is a network component which serves one or more cells and interfaces the mobile station (through
air interface) and a wireless network infrastructure (BSC or RNC), i.e. within the present document a RBS is defined as
one or more BTS or one Node B ([i.3] and [2]).
Appropriate transmission e.g. a transport function for E1/T1/Gbit Ethernet or other providing capacity corresponding to
the RBS capacity, shall be included in the RBS configuration during testing.
Static as well as dynamic energy consumption measurements are defined.
5.1.1 Reference configurations for Static energy consumption
For static RBS equipment power consumption measurements the following items are specified for each system in
annexes D to G:
• Reference configuration(s).
• Frequency bands.
• Load levels.
Power Savings features implemented independently in RBS i.e. not requiring any other network element (for example
BSC, RNC) to run the feature except activation and deactivation can be used during testing. Such features shall be listed
in the measurement report.
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12 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
5.1.2 Reference configurations for Dynamic energy consumption
For dynamic RBS equipment energy consumption measurements the following items are specified for each system in
annexes E to H:
• Reference configuration(annexes E and F).
• Frequency bands (annexes E and F).
• Traffic load levels (annex H).
• Traffic case (annex H).
Power Savings features and other radio and traffic related features implemented in BSC/RNC and RBS can be used
during the testing. Such features shall be listed in the measurement report.
5.2 Calculation method for integrated RBS
5.2.1 Definition of power consumption in static method
The power consumption of integrated RBS equipment in static method is defined for three different load levels as
follows:
• P is the power consumption [W] with busy hour load.
BH
• P is the power consumption [W] with medium term load.
med
• P is the power consumption [W] with low load.
low
The loads are defined for a given system. The model covers voice and/or data hour per hour. The models are provided
in the annexes D to G.
The average power consumption [W] of integrated RBS equipment in static method is defined as:
P ⋅ t + P ⋅ t + P ⋅ t
BH BH med med low low
(5.1)
P =
equipement ,static
t + t + t
BH med low
in which t , t and t [hour] are duration of different load levels (for details for each different access system see
BH med low
annexes D to G).
5.2.2 Definition of power consumption in dynamic method
The power consumption of integrated RBS equipment in dynamic method is defined for three different activity levels as
follows:
AL10
• P is the power consumption [W] with 10 % activity level.

AL40
• P is the power consumption [W] with 40 % activity level.

AL70
• P is the power consumption [W] with 70 % activity level.

The activity levels are defined for a given system. The models are provided in annex H.
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13 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
5.3 Calculation method for distributed RBS
5.3.1 Definition of power consumption for distributed RBS in static method
The power consumption of distributed RBS equipment in static method is defined for three different load levels as
follows (for details of load levels see the annexes D to G):
• P and P are the power consumption [W] of central and remote parts of RBS with busy hour load.
BH,C BH,RRH
• P and P are the power consumption [W] of central and remote parts of RBS with medium term
med,C med,RRH
load.
• P and P are the power consumption [W] of central and remote parts of RBS with low load.
low,C low,RRH
The average power consumption [W] of distributed RBS equipment is defined as:
P = P + P
(5.2)
equipement,static c,static RRH,static,
in which P and P [W] are average power consumption of central and remote parts in static method
C, static RRH, static
defined as:
P ⋅ t + P ⋅ t + P ⋅ t
BH ,C BH med,C med low,C low
P = (5.3)
c,static
t + t + t
BH med low
P ⋅ t + P ⋅ t + P ⋅ t
BH ,RRH BH med,RRH med low,RRH low
(5.4)
P =
RRH ,static
t + t + t
BH med low
in which t , t and t [hour] are duration of different load levels (for details for each different access system see
BH med low
annexes D to F). This average power consumption of distributed RBS equipment does not include the DC feeder loss
for remote parts. The DC feeder loss is on the other hand included in the site level power consumption defined in
clause 5.4.
5.3.2 Definition of power consumption for distributed RBS in dynamic
method
The power consumption of distributed RBS equipment in dynamic method is defined for three different activity levels
as follows (for details of activity levels see annex G):
AL10 AL10
• P and P are the power consumption [W] of central and remote parts of RBS with 10 % activity
,C ,RRH
level.
AL40 AL40
• P and P are the power consumption [W] of central and remote parts of RBS with 40 % activity
,C ,RRH
level.
AL70 AL70
• P and P are the power consumption [W] of central and remote parts of RBS with 70 % activity
,C ,RRH
level.
5.4 RBS site power consumption
Figures 1 to 3 show examples of reference models for RBS sites. The RBS site includes the RBS equipment, but may
also include different infrastructure support systems and/or auxiliary cabinets. The power consumption and losses of
support parts needed as a complementary to the site parts that are not included in the RBS product will be considered by
using reference values for those complementary parts.
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14 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
Following parts shall be included in the site power consumption value:
• RBS equipment and auxiliary cabinets, as defined for the product.
• Rectifiers.
• Climate unit.
• Power distribution losses. All power distribution losses between units shall be included for integrated indoor
and outdoor RBS. For distributed base station the defined model has to be used (extra 5 % considering remote
head power consumption, for details see annex B).
• Other auxiliary equipment and cabinets.
Functionalities excluded from site reference models are:
• Battery charge power.
• Cooling for batteries (if batteries are integrated part of RBS site solution, the power consumption measurement
should be done with batteries separated from RBS for example by switch off battery breakers).
In the following RBS site level power consumption is defined for the purpose of making it possible to compare power
consumption of different RBS. For this purpose scaling factors are used to scale the RBS equipment power
consumption for reference site configuration taking into account:
• Power supply solutions. The power supply for reference RBS site is 230 V AC.
• Different cooling solutions. For the reference RBS site ambient air temperature for static measurement is
+25 °C and +40 °C and for dynamic measurement is +25 °C.
• Power supply losses. For distributed BTS a reference loss for RRH power supply is included.
The site average power consumption [W] for integrated RBS is defined as:
P = PSF ⋅CF ⋅ P (5.5)
site equipment
in which PSF is power supply correction factor [unit less] and CF is cooling factor [unit less], values of which are given
in annex B.
The site average power consumption [W] for distributed RBS is defined as:
P = PSF ⋅CF ⋅ P + PSF ⋅CF ⋅ PFF ⋅ P , (5.6)
site C C C RRH RRH RRH
in which PSF and PSF are power supply correction factors for central and remote parts, CF and CF are
C RRH C RRH
cooling factors for central and remote parts and PFF is power feeding factor [unit less] for remote units as given in
annex B.
Based on the concepts and measurements described in clause 5.1 the site efficiency can be calculated as the ratio
between output power measured at the antenna connector and the total site power consumption, see annex A, table A.4.
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15 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)

Figure 1: Indoor RBS site model showing RBS equipment and support system infrastructure

Figure 2: Outdoor RBS site model showing RBS equipment and support system infrastructure
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16 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)

Figure 3: Distributed RBS site model showing RBS equipment and support system infrastructure
5.5 Energy efficiency
The energy efficiency provides a mean to evaluate the energy efficiency of wireless access network at RBS node level
thus taking into account aspects targeting not only the RBS site energy consumption but also to features and properties
related to capacity and coverage of the network.
5.5.1 Energy efficiency for GSM
In rural areas, the dominant factor for the dimensioning of a network is the coverage area. The traffic demand is
typically smaller than the maximum possible capacity of the RBS and thus the cell size is defined by the propagation
model. Thus, the energy efficiency for rural area is defined as the following where the KPI in the formula (5.7) is the
area the RBS can cover from radio coverage point of view:
A
coverage
EE =
(5.7)
coverage
P
site
A is the RBS coverage area [km ] for rural area. The coverage area is calculated based on both uplink and
coverage
downlink systems values (for details on how to calculate system values and cell radius see annex C). The limiting value
of uplink and downlink coverage areas shall be used. Both coverage areas are calculated under low traffic load
situation. For downlink calculation the RBS BCCH signal power level and UE receiver sensitivity and traffic type
defined in annex D shall be used. For uplink calculation the measured RBS receiver sensitivity with UE transmission
power and traffic type defined in annex D shall be used.
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17 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
In urban areas, the dominant factor for the dimensioning of a network is the capacity of RBS. Thus the performance
indicator (subscribers/W) for urban case is defined as:
N
busy_ hour
EE = (5.8)
capacity
P
site
N is the number of subscribers based on average busy hour traffic demand by subscribers and average RBS
busy_hour
busy hour traffic defined in table D.1 in annex D.
TM
5.5.2 Energy efficiency for WCDMA/LTE/WiMAX
th
To calculate the energy efficiency indicator in dynamic mode for the x activity level, the power consumption of the
RBS is sampled continuously (interval time Δt : 0,5 seconds or shorter) over the complete period T of the test patterns
m D
ALx th
P
(duty cycle period). For the integrated RBS is the measurement value for the i measurement regarding the
i,k,equipment
th th
k duty cycle period and the x activity level. The test patterns are repeated n times where n is the total number of duty
ALx
E
cycles during the test as defined in annex H. The average energy which is consumed by the RBS during one
equipment
th
duty cycle period and for the x activity level is evaluated as follows:
n TD / Δtm
⎛ ⎞
ALx ⎜ ALx ⎟
E = ⋅ Δt ⋅ P
equipment m i,k,equipment
∑∑
⎜ ⎟
n
k =1 ⎝ i=1 ⎠
[J] (5.9)
T /Δt shall be an integer.
D m
For the distributed RBS case E and E [J] are the average energy consumption of the central and
C, equipment RRH, equipment
th
the remote parts in the dynamic method for the x activity level defined as:
n TD / Δtm
⎛ ⎞
ALx ⎜ ALx ⎟
E = ⋅ Δt ⋅ P
RRH,equipment m RRH,i,k,equipment
∑∑
⎜ ⎟
n
k =1 i=1
⎝ ⎠
[J] (5.10)
n TD / Δtm
⎛ ⎞
ALx ALx
⎜ ⎟
E = ⋅ Δt ⋅ P
C,equipment m C,i,k,equipment
∑∑
⎜ ⎟
n
k =1 i=1
⎝ ⎠
[J] (5.11)
To calculate the site energy efficiency put P and P into above equations.
c,site RHH,site
ALx th
The average net data volume DV during one duty cycle period and x activity level is determined as given in (4b):
n m
⎛ ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎟
ALx ALx
DV = ⋅ DV
j,k
[kbit] (5.12)
∑∑⎜ ⎟
n
⎜ ⎟
k==11j
⎝ ⎠
ALx th
where m is the total number of UEs which are connected to the RBS and DV the net data volume for the j UE

j,k
th th
regarding the k duty cycle period and x activity level. Net data volume is the amount of data, successfully received at
the UE.
ETSI
18 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
ALx th
The efficiency indicator EE for x activity level is then calculated as follows:
equipment
ALx
DV
ALx
EE =
equipment
[kbit/J] (5.13)
ALx
E
equipment
The measurements are carried out for all defined activity levels which are given in annex H.
EE
In order to obtain the global efficiency indicator , the net date volume and energy consumption for the
equipment
different activity levels have to be added taking the corresponding weighting factors c . The weighting factor
ALx
considers the daily distribution of the traffic during the day, see annex H for the standard distribution proposed. l is the
total number of activity levels. The global efficiency indicator EE is then calculated as follows:
equipment
l
ALx
c ⋅ DV
ALx
∑
ALx=1
EE =
equipment
l
[kbit/J] (5.14)
ALx
c ⋅ E
ALx equipment
∑
ALx=1
l
ALx
c ⋅ DV
In which, are total average date volume considering the daily distribution of traffic levels,
ALx
∑
ALx=1
l
ALx
c ⋅ E are total average energy consumption considering the daily distribution of traffic levels.
ALx equipment
∑
ALx=1
Indicator for coverage measurement
In order to obtain the energy efficiency indicator for EE the cell areas covered by the RBS is divided by the total
Coverage
power consumption consumed for covering the area.
A
EE =
Coverage
[km /W] (5.15)
P
equipement
Where A is the coverage area and P is the power consumption as explained in annex C.
equipment
6 Measurement methods for RBS power consumption
This clause describes the methods to measure the equipment performance taking into account the existing standards as
listed in clause 2. It also gives the conditions under which these measurements should be performed. The aim is to have
reproducible results.
6.1 Measurement basics
1) UL diversity:
- Is a standard feature in all RBS. Therefore it is considered sufficient that the test is performed on the
main RX antenna only. The diversity RX shall be active during the measurement without connection to
the test signal.
ETSI
19 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
DL diversity:
- Not considered in R99 and HSPA. LTE: Transmission mode 3 "Open loop spatial multiplexing" shall be
according to TS 136 211 [10] (2×2 DL MIMO).
Smart antennas:
- Setup for smart antenna system will be defined in a later release.
6.1.1 General
The measurement method and the test setup for power consumption consist of two parts, static measurement and
dynamic measurement. For both static and dynamic measurement the RBS shall be operated in a test and measuring
environment as illustrated in figures 4 and 5.
RBS test
control unit
RF output (RBS antenna connectors)
RBS
Power input
V
RF power RF power RF power
alternatively
meter & load meter & load meter & load
A
system system system
W
AC or DC power
DC power supply
supply
Figure 4: Test set-up for static measurements (example for three sectors)
In the static the RBS is powered either by a DC or AC power supply and operated by the RBS test control unit. This
control unit provides the RBS with control signals and traffic data which are required to perform the static
measurements. Each RF output (antenna) connector is terminated with a load with the capability to measure the RF
output power.
In the dynamic mode the RBS is powered by a DC or AC power supply. The control unit itself is connected to the core
network. The core network can be either a real network element or a core network simulator. On the antenna interface
the RBS is connected to all sectors via coaxial cables, see figure 5.
ETSI
20 ETSI TS 102 706 V1.3.1 (2013-07)
Figure 5 shows the test setup with a three sectors RBS. At each sector four UE groups are used. These are connected to
variable attenuators to generate different path loss.

Figure 5: Test setup for dynamic measurement with UEs (example for three sectors)
6.1.2 Measurement and test equipment requirements
The measurement of the power consumption shall be performed by either measuring the power supply voltage and true
effective current in parallel and calculate the resulting power consumption (applicable only for DC) or with a wattmeter
(applicable for both AC and DC). The measurements can be performed by a variety of measurement equipment,
including power clamps, or power supplies with in-built power measurement capability.
All measurement equipments shall be calibrated and shall have data output interface in order to allow long term data
recording and calculation of the complete power consumption over a dedicated time.
The measurement equipment shall comply with following attributes:
• Input power:
- Resolution: ≤ 10 mA; ≤ 100 mV; ≤ 100 mW.
- DC current: ±1,5 %.
- DC voltage: ±1 %.
- Wattmeter: ±1 %.
- A
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