ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)

Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Energy efficiency of satellite broadband network

DTR/SES-00344

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 22-Jun-2016
• Technical Committee: SES SCN - Satellite Communications and Navigation
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 21-Jun-2016
• Completion Date: 23-Jun-2016
• Mandate: M/496

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)






TECHNICAL REPORT
Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);
Energy efficiency of satellite broadband network

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2 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)



Reference
DTR/SES-00344
Keywords
broadband, energy efficiency, environment, LCA,
satellite

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3 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 References . 5
2.1 Normative references . 5
2.2 Informative references . 5
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 6
3.1 Definitions . 6
3.2 Symbols . 7
3.3 Abbreviations . 7
4 Requirements arising from relevant policies/legislation . 7
5 Energy Efficiency in context of Satellite Network . 9
5.1 Scope and Boundaries . 9
5.2 Assumptions and approximations . 10
5.3 Cut-off rules . 10
6 Energy efficiency related metrics . 10
7 Energy efficiency assessment methods . 11
7.1 General requirements . 11
7.1.0 Introduction. 11
7.1.1 Traffic profile . 11
7.1.2 Measurement of data volume . 11
7.2 Measurement method for energy consumption of satellite gateway . 12
7.2.0 Introduction. 12
7.2.1 Measurement conditions . 12
7.2.2 Considered equipment . 12
7.2.3 Not considered equipment . 12
7.3 Measurement method for energy consumption of satellite terminal . 13
7.3.0 Introduction. 13
7.3.1 Measurement conditions . 13
7.3.2 Measurement instruments requirements . 13
7.3.3 Considered equipment . 13
7.3.4 Measurement reference points . 13
7.3.5 Minimum Measurement Duration . 14
7.3.6 Measurement of Data Volume . 14
7.4 Assessment method for the energy efficiency of the satellite network . 14
7.4.1 Assessment of total power consumption of the satellite network . 14
7.4.2 Assessment of energy efficiency of the satellite network . 15
7.4.3 Determination of Coverage Area . 15
8 Results and Recommendations for Future Work . 16
Annex A (informative): Case Study on Satellite Broadband . 17
Annex B (informative): Case Study on Hybrid Satellite broadband . 19
B.1 General . 19
B.2 Power Consumption Breakdown . 20
History . 21

ETSI

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4 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Satellite Earth Stations and Systems
(SES).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
Up until now, broadband services have mainly been provided using fixed (VDSL or optical) or mobile (3G or LTE)
networks. However, satellite networks are now becoming able to provide broadband services of similar bandwidth and
response times to those from terrestrial networks, especially with the introduction of new hybrid satellite networks
where alternative paths can be selected depending on the bandwidth and response times required. It is therefore useful
to be able to assess the energy efficiency of satellite networks and compare this on an equivalent basis to the energy
efficiency of terrestrial networks.
Energy efficiency is also a growing concern in the design of satellite networks and there are increasing efforts to
minimize the energy consumption of SatCom systems, especially in the ground segment where most terminals have
been designed to operate on an always-on basis. By carrying out an assessment of the energy efficiency of a satellite
network, the subsystems and components that have the most impact can be identified and attention paid to reducing
their energy consumption. In particular, given the relatively large numbers of satellite terminals in operation, their
impact can be identified compared with that of the other subsystems and appropriate measures taken to improve their
energy efficiency.

ETSI

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5 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)
1 Scope
The present document reviews the assessment of energy consumption during the operational phase of satellite networks,
and identifies whether additions are required to the general assessment methodology developed in ETSI
TS 103 199 [i.10]. It also reviews the energy efficiency related metrics developed for terrestrial wireless and mobile
networks in ETSI TR 103 117 [i.7] and identifies any necessary adaptations to enable the methodologies to be applied
to satellite networks.
Satellite Networks allow broadband services to be delivered to approaching 100 % of the population, even in remote
areas, and can therefore be used to fill gaps in the coverage of other access technologies. Broadband services can be
offered to residential or business customers via satellite in a cost effective manner compared to other methods of
services provisioning. However, their energy consumption needs to be assessed and compared with other ways of
delivering broadband services.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
As informative publications shall not contain normative references this clause shall remain empty.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment, EC Joint Research Centre,
Version 4, 10 February 2011.
[i.2] Code of Conduct on Energy Efficiency of Digital TV Service Systems, EC Joint Research Centre,
Version 8, 15 July 2009.
[i.3] Code of Conduct on Energy Efficiency of External Power Supplies, EC Joint Research Centre,
Version 4, 8 April 2009.
[i.4] The Green Grid Consortium.
NOTE: Available at http://www.thegreengrid.org/.
[i.5] Data centre Metrics Task Force: "Recommendations for Measuring and Reporting Overall Data
centre Efficiency", May 2011.
[i.6] The GreenTouch Consortium.
NOTE: Available at http://www.greentouch.org/.
[i.7] ETSI TR 103 117: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Principles for Mobile Network level energy
efficiency".
[i.8] ETSI ES 203 228: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Assessment of mobile network energy
efficiency".
[i.9] EC FP7 ICT EARTH research project deliverable D2.3: "Energy efficiency analysis of the
reference systems, areas of improvements and target breakdown".
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6 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)
[i.10] ETSI TS 103 199: "Environmental Engineering [EE]; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT
equipment, networks and services; General methodology and common requirements".
[i.11] ISO 14044:2006: "Environmental management-life cycle assessment - requirements and
guidelines".
[i.12] ETSI ES 202 336: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and Control Interface for
Infrastructure Equipment (Power, Cooling and Building Environment Systems used in
Telecommunication Networks)".
[i.13] IEC 60038 Edition 6.2 2002-07: "IEC standard voltages".
[i.14] ANSI C84.1-2011: "American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment -
Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz)".
[i.15] ETSI ES 201 554: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for Energy efficiency
of Mobile Core network and Radio Access Control equipment".
[i.16] EC FP7 Project BATS (Broadband Access via Integrated Terrestrial and Satellite Systems)
Deliverable D5.2: "Cost Benefit Analysis".
NOTE: Available at http://www.batsproject.eu.
[i.17] EC FP7 Project BATS (Broadband Access via Integrated Terrestrial and Satellite Systems)
Deliverable D5.3: "Energy Efficiency".
NOTE: Available at http://www.batsproject.eu/.
[i.18] Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 establishing a
framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products and amending
Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council.
[i.19] Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009
establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products.
[i.20] Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the
indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other
resources by energy-related products.
[i.21] European Parliament COM(2009) 7604 2009/2228(INI): "Mobilising Information and
Communication Technologies to facilitate the transition to an energy-efficient, low-carbon
economy".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
cut-off: threshold below which part of a product, service or system can be considered insignificant and need not be
considered by a LCA
energy consumption: amount of consumed energy
energy efficiency: relation between the useful output and energy consumption
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7 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
A Coverage Area of a Satellite Network
SN
ECI Energy Consumption Index
ECI Energy Consumption Index (Power per Unit Area)
P/A
ECI Energy Consumption Index (Energy per Bit)
E/B
N Number of Satellite Gateways
SG
N Number of Satellite Terminals supported (by a satellite network)
ST
P Power consumption of a Satellite Gateway
SG
P Power consumption of a Satellite Network
SN
P Power consumption of a Satellite Terminal
ST
T Throughput of a Satellite Network
SN
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3G Third generation telecom networks
AC Alternating Current
CoC Code of Conduct
DC Direct Current
EC European Commission
EU European Union
th
FP7 EC 7 R&D Framework Programme
GHG Green House Gas
ICT Information and Communication Technology
ING Intelligent Network Gateway
ISO International Organisation for Standardization
IUG Intelligent User Gateway
kbps Kilobit (1 000 bits) per second
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LTE Long Term Evolution
Mbps Megabit (1 000 kilobits) per second
MW Mega Watts
PUE Power Usage Effectiveness
QoE Quality of Experience
RF Radio Frequency
SN Satellite Network
STB Set Top Box
Tbps Terabit (1 000 Gigabit) per second
TV TeleVision
US United States
VDSL Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line
4 Requirements arising from relevant
policies/legislation
European Member States have committed themselves to reducing GHG emissions by 20 %, increasing the share of
renewables in the EU's energy mix to 20 %, and achieving a 20 % energy efficiency target by 2020. The European
Roadmap for Moving to a Competitive Low Carbon Economy in 2050 notes that the EU is currently on track to meet
two of those targets, but will not meet its energy efficiency target unless further efforts are made.
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8 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)
In COM(2009) 7604 [i.21], the EC notes that "the use of ICT equipment in the delivery of services represents about
1,75 % of carbon emissions in Europe; a further 0,25 % of carbon emissions come from the production of ICT and
consumer electronic equipment. As the range and penetration of ICTs increase, their overall energy use is growing".
The Communication went on to recommend the ICT sector set itself an energy reduction target.
In line with this policy landscape, the European Union has issued a number of directives to foster energy efficient
design of products:
th
• Directive 2005/32/EC on 6 July 2005 [i.18] establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design
requirements for energy-using products.
st
• Directive 2009/125/EC on 21 October 2009 [i.19] establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design
requirements for energy-related products.
th
• Directive 2010/30/EU on 19 May 2010 [i.20] on the indication by labelling and standard product information
of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products.
In parallel with this, the EU have defined a series of voluntary Codes of Conduct (CoC) which specify annual targets for
reductions in electricity consumption of different types of equipment. The CoCs relevant to satellite broadband
networks are:
• CoC on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment [i.1]:
This sets targets for reducing the energy consumption of equipment such as broadband modems and home
gateways. Equipment on both the consumer side (end-use equipment) and the network side (network
equipment) is covered for any service providing a two-way data rate of 144 kb/s or above. Several operational
states are defined for each type of equipment (e.g. full load, low load and standby) with typical targets of
0,3 W for a fast ethernet port in the idle state, reducing to 0,2 W in 2013-2014.
• CoC for Digital TV Systems (Set-Top Boxes) [i.2]:
This covers complex set top boxes (STBs) and similar equipment for the reception, decoding, recording and
interactive processing of digital TV and related services accessible through a Conditional Access system. This
gives targets for annual energy allowance of 60 kWh/year for a Satellite STB, falling to 53 kWh/year on
1 January 2013. There is pressure from regulators to reduce the target for power consumption of STBs to
< 1 W in standby.
• CoC on Energy Efficiency of External Power Supplies [i.3]:
This is referenced by the above CoCs in the case where the equipment has an external power supply, and
targets for the energy consumption for these are set here. It covers single voltage external ac-dc and ac-ac
power supplies, including AC adapters, battery chargers for mobile phones and IT equipment, in the output
power range 0,3 W to 250 W.
Some parts of the ICT industry have already developed standardized energy related performance metrics.
• The data centre industry (for example through Green Grid [i.4] has defined Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE),
an energy efficiency metric that measure the total energy of the data centre divided by the IT energy
consumption. A typical legacy data centre would have a PUE of about 2. In this case for each Watt-hour
consumed by the IT system, an additional Watt-hour is consumed to cool or distribute the electricity to the IT
system. When all the energy is used for the IT system, then the PUE is close to 1 (see Green Grid consortium).
There is now an agreement [i.5] between major data centre industry bodies and the US, EU and Japanese
governments on the composition and measurement of PUE.
• The telecom industry has established a number of consortia such as GreenTouch [i.6] to reduce the carbon
footprint of telecom devices, platforms and networks. ETSI have produced ETSI TR 103 117 [i.7] to define
metrics for the energy efficiency of mobile broadband networks at both equipment and network level. Further
work at ETSI has been recently published in ETSI ES 203 228 [i.8] based on the FP7 ICT Earth project results
[i.9].
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9 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)
5 Energy Efficiency in context of Satellite Network
5.1 Scope and Boundaries
Only the power consumed during the operational lifetime of a satellite network is considered here.
Figure 1 shows the main components of a 2 way service satellite network architecture (e.g. broadband) with:
• The satellite composed of the payload and the platform.
• The satellite terminals composed of the antenna system (dish), the RF part (Power Amplifier, Low Noise
Amplifier and filters) and the modem implementing the base band processing of the satellite radio interface.
• The satellite gateway that includes both a Network Control Centre to manage the in orbit radio resources and a
Gateway with its antenna system, the RF part, a set of modems.
The Network Control Centre is not shown here and the power consumption is ignored under cut-off rules.

Figure 1: 2 way service satellite network architecture (e.g. Broadband)
The power consumption of a satellite network during its use is the sum of the power consumption of all subsystems and
equipment included within the boundary of the system under investigation (figure 1). The network power consumption
per operator is the sum of the power consumption of the satellites, satellite control centres, gateways and terminals under
the control of the operator that are used to provide the service.
There are many ways to reduce the electricity consumption including energy saving mechanisms, energy efficiency
technologies and energy efficient installation/set-up.
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10 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)
In order to foster the SatCom industry to research and develop energy saving features and technologies for satellite
terminals, it is proposed to develop a standardized set of terminal modes and a Standardized measurement method to
characterize the energy efficiency of satellite network, in priority geostationary satellite broadband network. The
following modes are standardized for the satellite terminal so that comparable measurements of power consumption can
be made in each:
• Full activity mode: Terminal transmission and reception at maximum service rate.
• Receive only mode: Terminal reception possible at maximum service rate but not transmission.
• Standby mode: Terminal is in low power state waiting to wake up.
5.2 Assumptions and approximations
The design operational lifetime of a satellite network is considered to be 15 years.
The approximations made during the environmental assessment will depend on the purpose of the assessment. Often a
provisional assessment will provide sufficient results to allow optimization of a subsystem to provide significant energy
savings without the need for a detailed analysis. Generally a more accurate model need only be developed if there is
doubt about the validity of the application of a cut off rule.
During the operational lifetime of a satellite network, approximations should be made of:
• The number of terminals deployed.
If the number of terminals deployed is lower than originally estimated, then the total power consumed by the
terminals may be a less significant proportion of the total power consumed by the full hybrid satellite
broadband system. This could mean that other energy use becomes significant according to the cut off rules.
• The average power used by an equipment or subsystem over the assessment period. For systems such as
satellite earth stations or network control centres which are permanently powered up, the electricity consumed
can be measured over a specific period and a rate of consumption determined. However, it is more difficult to
estimate for user equipment such as satellite modems as the proportion of time the equipment will be switched
on and used cannot be known in advance.
5.3 Cut-off rules
Cut-off is the process for the exclusion of insignificant items and activities from the analysis [i.10]. Invoking cut-off can
simplify the assessment and reduce the cost by excluding items and activities that will not significantly change the
overall conclusions of the study. This is valid as long as the intended purpose of the assessment is still met. Cut-offs
should be avoided if possible, and are only acceptable if allowed according to guidance given in ISO 14044 [i.11] and
an alternative to cut-off can be to model unavailable data based on known data.
6 Energy efficiency related metrics
Energy consumption should be measured in Wh or J over the period of the assessment including all subsystems.
Similarly to the cellular industry, a standard should be developed to calculate the energy efficiency of a satellite
network and possibly its different component.
In ETSI TR 103 117 [i.7], there are general considerations about the design of mobile network which can be adapted to
the satellite network context:
• The objective in the design of a mobile network is to maximize the number of bits that can be delivered over a
certain time and in a given bandwidth; in this sense the throughput delivered in a given area and in such a
bandwidth is deemed as an appropriate way to estimate the performance of the network.
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11 ETSI TR 103 352 V1.1.1 (2016-06)
• Energy is considered to be a scarce resource that should be carefully utilized. However, the spectrum
efficiency and the quality aspects are also important, so the energy efficiency analysis should make explicit the
service which is targeted (bit rate, coverage area, etc.) and the other scarce resources (e.g. spectrum) which are
used to allow comparison between networks on an equivalent basis. This is for further study.
ETSI TR 10
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