ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)

Reconfigurable Radio Systems (RRS); Functional Architecture (FA) for the Management and Control of Reconfigurable Radio Systems

DTR/RRS-03004

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 16-Jul-2009
• Technical Committee: RRS 3 - RRS Security, Certification & Declaration of Conformity
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 10-Jul-2009
• Completion Date: 17-Jul-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Report
Reconfigurable Radio Systems (RRS);
Functional Architecture (FA) for the Management
and Control of Reconfigurable Radio Systems

2 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)

Reference
DTR/RRS-03004
Keywords
architecture, radio
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ETSI
3 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 8
4 Motivation, goals, example scenarios . 9
4.1 Trends in the wireless landscape and overall requirements for the evolution of wireless systems . 9
4.2 Example scenarios . 10
4.2.1 Spectrum on demand . 10
4.2.1.1 General description . 10
4.2.1.2 Evaluations . 11
4.2.1.3 Open issues . 11
4.2.2 Initial Scan . 11
4.2.2.1 General description . 11
4.2.2.2 Evaluations . 11
4.2.2.3 Open issues . 12
4.2.3 Terminal Reconfiguration - Joint Radio Resource Management in B3G networks . 12
4.2.3.1 General description . 12
4.2.3.2 Evaluations . 12
4.2.3.3 Open issues . 13
4.2.4 Network (Base Station) Reconfiguration . 13
4.2.4.1 General description . 13
4.2.4.2 Evaluations . 13
4.2.4.3 Open issues . 13
5 Requirements for reconfigurable radio systems and entailed functions . 14
6 Overview on the Functional Architecture for the Management and Control of Reconfigurable
Radio Systems targeting on Radio Resource and Spectrum Efficiency . 15
6.1 Scope and overview. 15
6.2 High-level description of FA and main functional blocks . 16
7 Detailed Functionality . 19
7.1 Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) . 19
7.2 Dynamic Self-Organising Network Planning and Management (DSONPM) . 20
7.2.1 Input to DSONPM . 21
7.2.2 Output of DSONMP . 21
7.2.3 Optimization Process . 22
7.3 Configuration Control Module (CCM). 22
7.4 Joint management of radio resources across heterogeneous radio access technologies (JRRM) . 23
7.4.1 Access Selection in Idle State . 23
7.4.2 Access Selection in Connected State . 23
8 Interfaces description . 24
8.1 MS interface between DSM and DSONPM . 24
8.2 MJ interface between DSONPM and JRRM . 25
8.3 MC interface between DSONPM and CCM . 25
8.4 CJ interface between CCM and JRRM . 25
8.5 JR interface between JRRM and the underlying RATs . 25
8.6 CR interface between CCM and the underlying RATs . 25
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4 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
8.7 JJ-TN interface between the JRRM on terminal side and the JRRM on network side . 26
8.8 SS interface between different DSM instances . 26
8.9 MM interface between different DSONPM instances . 26
8.10 JJ-NN interface between different JRRM instances on network side . 26
8.11 JJ-TT interface between JRRM instances in different terminals . 26
8.12 Example Message Sequence Charts . 27
9 Summary and Recommendation for Standardization . 29
Annex A: Relationship between IEEE 1900.4 system and ETSI RRS FA . 30
A.1 Introduction . 30
A.2 IEEE 1900.4 Standard Overview . 30
A.2.1 Introduction . 30
A.2.2 1900.4 Context . 30
A.2.3 Use Cases . 31
A.2.4 Architecture . 32
A.3 Relationship between IEEE 1900.4 system and ETSI RRS functional architecture . 36
Annex B: Relationship between 3GPP standards and ETSI RRS FA . 40
B.1 Introduction . 40
B.2 Brief overview of 3GPP functionalities of interest . 40
B.2.1 SON, ANR . 40
B.2.2 Minimization of drive tests . 42
B.2.3 Multi-standard radio (MSR) . 42
B.3 Relationship between 3GPP standard and ETSI RRS functional architecture . 43
Annex C: Bibliography . 44
History . 45

ETSI
5 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by Reconfigurable Radio Systems (RRS).
Introduction
The present document provides a feasibility study on defining a Functional Architecture (FA) for reconfigurable radio
systems, in terms of collecting and putting together all management and control mechanisms that are targeted for
improving the utilization of spectrum and the available radio resources. This denotes the specification of the major
functional entities that manage and direct the operation of a reconfigurable radio system, as well as their operation and
interactions.
As a feasibility study the present document provides basis for decision making at ETSI Board level on standardization
of some or all topics of the FA.
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6 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
1 Scope
The present document carefully studies the requirements for the improvement of the utilization of spectrum and radio
resources in reconfigurable radio systems and proposes a generic architecture, namely the Functional Architecture (FA),
which will collect those requirements and propose creative solutions that should be followed during the operation of
reconfigurable systems. The FA is outlined in the present document to the extent which is necessary to identify
architectural elements (blocks and interfaces) as candidates for further standardization. Since the feasibility of
standardization of FA for radio systems also depends on already standardized or ongoing activities on such architectural
elements the present document also provides a survey on FA related standardization in other standardization bodies.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] 3GPP TR 22.811 (Release 7): "3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
Services and Systems Aspects; Review of Network Selection Principles".
[i.2] ETSI TR 122 912: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Study into network selection requirements for
non-3GPP access (3GPP TR 22.912 Release 8)".
[i.3] ETSI TS 123 122: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS); Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) functions related to Mobile
Station (MS) in idle mode (3GPP TS 23.122 Release 7)".
[i.4] ETSI TS 123 402: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Architecture
enhancements for non-3GPP accesses (3GPP TS 23.402 Release 8)".
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7 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
[i.5] ETSI TS 125 304: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); User Equipment
(UE) procedures in idle mode and procedures for cell reselection in connected mode
(3GPP TS 25.304 Release 8)".
[i.6] ETSI TS 125 331: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Radio Resource
Control (RRC); Protocol specification (3GPP TS 25.331)".
[i.7] ETSI TS 136 304: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment
(UE) procedures in idle mode (3GPP TS 36.304 Release 8)".
[i.8] IEEE 802.21: "Working Group for developing standards to enable handover and interoperability
between heterogeneous network types including both 802 and non 802 networks".
[i.9] IEEE Std 1900.4-2009: "IEEE Standard for Architectural Building Blocks Enabling
Network-Device Distributed Decision Making for Optimized Radio Resource Usage in
Heterogeneous Wireless Access Networks".
[i.10] "Architecture and enablers for optimized radio resource usage in heterogeneous wireless access
networks: The IEEE 1900.4 Working Group", S. Buljore et al. IEEE Communications Magazine,
vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 122-129, Jan. 2009.
[i.11] ETSI TR 102 683: "Reconfigurable Radio Systems (RRS); Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC)
design".
[i.12] ETSI TS 136 300: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2
(3GPP TS 36.300)".
[i.13] RP-090341 (March 2009): "Minimization of drive-tests in next generation networks, 3GPP Study
Item Description".
[i.14] RF requirements for Multicarrier and Multi-RAT BS, 3GPP Work Item Description (Sept 2008).
[i.15] Market assessment report on selected cognitive radio systems value propositions
ICT-2007-216248/E3/WP1/D1.3.
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
cognitive radio: radio, which has the following capabilities:
• to obtain the knowledge of radio operational environment and established policies and to monitor usage
patterns and users' needs;
• to dynamically and autonomously adjust its operational parameters and protocols according to this knowledge
in order to achieve predefined objectives, e.g. more efficient utilization of spectrum; and
• to learn from the results of its actions in order to further improve its performance.
radio system: system capable to communicate some user information by using electromagnetic waves
NOTE: Radio system is typically designed to use certain radio frequency band(s) and it includes agreed schemes
for multiple access, modulation, channel and data coding as well as control protocols for all radio layers
needed to maintain user data links between adjacent radio devices.
software defined multi radio: device or technology where multiple radio technologies can coexist and share their
wireless transmission and/or reception capabilities, including but not limited to regulated parameters, by operating them
under a common software system
NOTE 1: Examples of the regulated parameters are frequency range, modulation type, and output power.
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8 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
NOTE 2: Common software system represents radio operating system functions.
NOTE 3: This definition does not restrict the way software is used to set and/or change the parameters. In one
example, this can be done by the algorithm of the already running software. In another example, software
downloading may be required.
software defined radio: radio in which the RF operating parameters including, but not limited to, frequency range,
modulation type, or output power can be set or altered by software, and/or the technique by which this is achieved
NOTE 1: Excludes changes to operating parameters which occur during the normal pre-installed and predetermined
operation of a radio according to a system specification or standard.
NOTE 2: SDR is an implementation technique applicable to many radio technologies and standards.
NOTE 3: SDR techniques are applicable to both transmitters and receivers.
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ANDSF Access Network Discovery and Selection Function
ANR Automatic Neighbour Relation
AP Access Point
rd
B3G Beyond 3 Generation
BS Base Station
CCM Configuration Control Module
CFG ConFiGuration
CPC Cognitive Pilot Channel
CQI Channel Quality Indicator
CWN Composite Wireless Network
DSM Dynamic Spectrum Management
DSONPM Dynamic Self-Organizing Network Planning and Management
FA Functional Architecture
GPS Global Positioning System
HO HandOver
ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
IP Internet Protocol
JRRM Joint Radio Resource Management
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LTE Long Term Evolution
MSR Multi-Standard Radio
NET NETwork
NO Network Operator
NRM Network Reconfiguration Manager
OPEX OPerational EXpenses
OSM Operator Spectrum Manager
QoS Quality of Service
RAN Radio Access Network
RAT Radio Access Technology
RF Radio Frequency
RMC RAN Measurement Collector
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
RRS Reconfigurable Radio System
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator
SAP Service Access Point
SDR Software Defined Radio
SINR Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
SON Self-Organizing Networks
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TE TErminal
TMC Terminal Measurement Collector
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9 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
TRC Terminal Reconfiguration Controller
TRM Terminal Reconfiguration Manager
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UE User Equipment
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
4 Motivation, goals, example scenarios
4.1 Trends in the wireless landscape and overall requirements
for the evolution of wireless systems
This clause provides a high level view of the wireless world, emphasizing on reconfigurable radio systems and the
overall context, in which the Functional Architecture described in the present document is applied. This is shown in
figure 1.
- Application Server
- Network Equipment
Packet-Based
(e.g. Router, Switch)
Network
- RAN Equipment
(e.g. Controller)
Core
Core
- Legacy BS
Network
Network
- Reconfigurable BS
- Cognitive Radio BS
RAN RAN
RAN
- Legacy AP
- Legacy Terminal
- Multi Standard
Terminal
- Cognitive Radio
Terminal
Figure 1: Functional Architecture context
The network and user equipment of the wireless environment described in the present document are aligned with the
assumptions included in this clause. Specifically:
Different types of terminals operate in this environment. Examples are legacy terminals, multi-standard radio terminals,
and cognitive radio terminals. Multi-standard and cognitive radio terminals can be reconfigurable. Moreover, different
types of Base Stations (BS) provide wireless access to terminals in this environment. Examples are legacy BSs, APs,
Node Bs, etc.; multi-standard reconfigurable radio BSs, and cognitive radio BSs.
The wired network part of this wireless environment, includes RANs, core networks, and packet-based network, and
enables the existence of different types of equipment. Examples are legacy RAN management servers, IP management
serves, and application serves, as well as, adaptive and reconfigurable RAN management servers, IP management
serves, application serves. Furthermore, the reconfiguration of terminals, base stations, and wired network equipment
can be managed by the FA as described in the present document. Additionally, different topologies can be used in the
wireless environment considered.
Terminals can communicate with each other directly or via wireless access service provided by network. Also,
terminals can communicate with some application servers. Some terminals can support several active connections in
parallel, either with other terminals or base stations.
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10 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
Base stations can provide point-to-multipoint wireless access service to terminals. Some base stations can serve as
wireless relays for other base stations in case of multi-hope communication. Some terminals can also serve as wireless
relays to other terminals.
Some operators operate only one RAN with associated core network. Some operators operate several RANs. Each of
RANs of one such operator can have separate associated core network or some/all RANs of one operator can have one
associated core network. Some part of the wireless environment can reconfigure its topologies. Such reconfiguration
can be managed by Functional Architecture described in the present document.
Various resources are available for providing services in the wireless environment considered. The available radio
resources are shared by RANs and terminals. Depending on RAT, radio resource can be characterized by frequency,
time, space, power, and code. In case of reconfigurable radio systems, equipment resources should be also considered.
Examples of equipment resources are processing power, storage capacity, number of active connections in parallel, and
battery power.
In high data rate transmission wired network resources are also of great importance. In addition to the equipment
resources described above, transport capacity of wired links should be considered. In total, the usage of all these
resources can be managed by the FA described in the present document.
From the regulatory perspective, spectrum can be divided into several frequency bands. Different spectrum usage rules
can be specified to these frequency bands, which may regulate RATs and output power values allowed in particular
frequency bands. Also, spectrum sharing, renting, etc can be allowed or not. Primary/secondary relations can be
specified for some frequency ranges. Environmental regulations should also be considered.
Various operational objectives can be set by wireless and wired access operators. These objectives can adaptively
change. Additional conditions can be set by wired access operators for wireless access operators using their wired
access.
From the service quality point of view, different applications can have different QoS requirements. These QoS
requirements may include data rate, error rate, delay, and jitter parameters.
Finally, users may have different preferences. User preferences may include preferred operator or RAT, intention to
decrease service cost or download time.
All these operational constraints and objectives are considered by the FA described in the present document.
4.2 Example scenarios
This clause presents some indicative scenarios that are envisaged to call for the existence of the functional architecture
presented in the present document.
4.2.1 Spectrum on demand
4.2.1.1 General description
In this scenario there are two operators that each has a piece of spectrum where the operator is the primary user. At
some time instant operator 1 experiences an increased traffic load and at the same time operator 2 does not fully utilize
the allocated spectrum. When this happens the operator 1 temporarily uses the unused spectrum of operator 2 to
temporarily increase the system capacity. This is illustrated in figure 2. This scenario assumes that transfer of
authorization of spectrum use between operators is authorized (e.g. by regulation) in a way that allows the exchange of
spectrum as described below.
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11 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
Unused spectrum
”owned” by system 2
System 1
System 2
System 1 System 2
Frequency and/or space
Figure 2: Spectrum allocation for spectrum on demand scenario
This scenario actually consists of a number of sub-scenarios that are qualified by:
• How coordination is done. It can be done either by a broker, by bilateral agreements or in a decentralized
fashion.
• The geographic size of the cells. They can either be of approximately the same size or one system can have
significantly larger cells. This may for example be the case when System 2 is a broadcasting system and
System 1 is a cellular system.
• The number of systems that want to utilize the unused spectrum. There can be one or more systems.
• There are several issues related to the factors above that will have to be further studied.
4.2.1.2 Evaluations
The purpose of these evaluations is to:
• Verify that the suggested methods actually can be used, i.e. ensure that the entire process outlined in this
scenario can be performed by the functional architecture.
• Provide simple measures of performance, e.g. the number of messages sent across the interfaces.
4.2.1.3 Open issues
The exact mechanisms used to coordinate spectrum usage among the systems and the details for how it is done still
need to be defined.
4.2.2 Initial Scan
4.2.2.1 General description
The main focus of this scenario is when a terminal arrives in a new place (in geography) where the terminal has no
knowledge of the environment, i.e. what radio accesses that are available, what services are available and frequencies
that are used etc. The terminal then has to find and start using the most suitable (or just a suitable) access.
4.2.2.2 Evaluations
It should be determined how often this scenario happens. I.e. it is necessary to determine if this scenario is a rare
exception or if it is an everyday event.
Among the relevant measures to consider is the time from initial power-on to a service is available and the energy used
in the process. Another measure is the expected overhead from additional signalling or additional spectrum use.
To see if a suggested solution is actually better, a number of baseline solutions need to be defined. These can include for
example scanning all available frequencies.
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12 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
4.2.2.3 Open issues
In the case the terminal has to select "the most suitable" access it is necessary to define what the terminal considers to
be "most suitable".
Methods and solutions need to be outlined further.
4.2.3 Terminal Reconfiguration - Joint Radio Resource Management in
B3G networks
4.2.3.1 General description
In this scenario, there is one operator having several heterogeous radio access technologies operating on fixed frequency
bands. The terminals considered in this scenario can connect to one or more of these RATs. Considering that the
number of users accessing the operators heterogeneous radio access network is varying in time and that the services
they consume is highly dynamic, the operator network adapts to these evolving needs to allocate the radio resources.
The operator network monitors the radio conditions and decides on the allocation of users to RAT. The terminals
reconfigure themselves according to these decisions. Such a reconfiguration can consist in a software download, a
modification of the operating RAT for SDR-capable terminals or a selection of the radio interface(s) to use for
multi-standard terminals. As an example, figure 3 illustrates the reconfiguration of two terminals due to the arrival of
new users in the system: At T=0, each one of these two terminals is connected to two RANs simultaneously. At T=1,
due to the increasing load in the network, the two terminals are reconfigured to access only one RAN to ensure proper
load distribution across the RANs.

Core Core
Network Network
T + 1
RAN RAN RAN
RAN
Reconfigured New Users
Terminals
Figure 3: Terminal Reconfiguration - Joint Radio Resource Management scenario
This scenario is also applicable to a situation where the RANs are not owned by a single operator but where several
operators cooperate to manage their Radio Resources jointly.
4.2.3.2 Evaluations
The performance of a system designed to support this scenario can be evaluated based on the following criteria:
• Spectrum usage and fair load distribution among RATs: This criterion is relevant from a system-level point of
view where the solution for JRRM in B3G networks is beneficial to the spectrum owner/operator since it
provides means to manage the distribution of the traffic among the RATs.
• Satisfaction of user needs: This criterion is relevant from a user point of view. It is related to the capability of
the system to provide resources that are sufficient for the user to access the network and run services having
QoS constraints.
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13 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
4.2.3.3 Open issues
The relation between Joint Radio Resource Management and existing RAT-specific Radio Resource Management
functions needs to be defined.
4.2.4 Network (Base Station) Reconfiguration
4.2.4.1 General description
The focus of this scenario is the optimal configuration of the network, especially of base stations. The base station in
this scenario supports different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) and the base station or parts of it are reconfigurable
during operation.
The goal is an optimal assignment of the resources of the base station to the different radio access technologies.
In the beginning of the scenario, the cells are in operational mode and measurements on resource usage are available for
the cells. The measurements are evaluated in the network and when a suboptimal usage of available resources (e.g. one
RAT in very high load while the other RAT is in low load) is detected, then the resources are reassigned for better
resource usage. Before such a network reconfiguration, terminals may need to be handed over from the cell to be
reconfigured to other cells in order to avoid service interruptions.
Figure 4 shows an example on how the base station may provide different radio access technologies with different
resource distributions.
LTLTLTEEE
UMUMUMTSTSTS UMUMUMTSTSTS UMUMUMTSTSTS
ResResooururce ce DDiiststrriibutibutioon Exn Examplample 1e 1
5 MHz5 MHz5 MHz
LTLTLTEEE
ResResooururce Dice Dissttrriibutibutioon n ExExamplample 2e 2
UMUMUMTSTSTS UMUMUMTSTSTS
101010 M M MHHHzzz
LTLTLTEEE
UMUMUMTSTSTS
ResResooururce Dice Dissttrriibutibutioon n ExExamplample 3e 3
151515 M M MHHHzzz
Figure 4: Example of different resource distributions in a flexible multi standard base station
4.2.4.2 Evaluations
It should be evaluated what capabilities a base station needs to provide and report to the management in order to support
this scenario.
4.2.4.3 Open issues
The mechanism and protocols to report the base station capabilities as well as to instruct the base station on a
reconfiguration need to be defined.
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14 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
5 Requirements for reconfigurable radio systems and
entailed functions
This clause collects the common requirements for the management and control of spectrum and radio resources that a
reconfigurable radio system is expected to fulfil, in order to be aligned with the reference Functional Architecture (FA)
described in the present document. In addition, it provides an overview of the associated functions to be supported by
the FA.
In general, it is envisaged that a Functional Architecture (FA) for reconfigurable radio systems should fulfil the
following requirements:
a) Support of reconfigurable as well as non-reconfigurable terminals.
b) Support of reconfigurable as well as non-reconfigurable base stations.
c) Support of different types of Radio Access Technologies (RATs).
d) Support of open interfaces for interoperability.
e) Ability to provide the terminals with information on which radio accesses may be available at the current
location of the terminal. Such information can help the terminal to make a more efficient detection of the
available radio accesses and thus may improve the time for the detection of the radio accesses and may also
reduce the energy consumption in the terminal used for this procedure.
f) Ability to provide the terminals with access selection information on which of the available accesses to use for
a session. This access selection information can either be policies, recommendations or commands provided by
the network to the terminal.
g) Support of flexible/dynamic spectrum assignment to network elements.
h) Support of spectrum coordination between different operators.
i) Support of mechanisms to provide user and terminal related information from the terminal to the network.
Such information may include terminal capabilities, user preferences, the session's QoS information and
information about detected radio accesses.
j) Support of mechanisms to provide base station and cell related information from the base stations to the
network. Such information may include base station capabilities, current configuration, cell capabilities and
cell load.
k) Support of self-configuration of base stations. Self-configuration support includes means allowing real
plug-and-play installation of base stations and cells, i.e. the initial configuration including update of neighbour
nodes and neighbour cells as well as means for fast reconfiguration and compensation in case of removal of
cells and nodes and in failure cases.
l) Support of self-optimization of the base stations. Self-optimization includes means allowing automated or
autonomous optimization of the network performance w.r.t service availability, QoS, network efficiency and
throughput.
Entailed functions
The aforementioned requirements for the reconfigurable systems results in a set of functions that management and
control systems (such as the one represented through the proposed FA) should support, namely:
• Context acquisition function for supporting context awareness.
• Profile management for supporting the requirement for personalization and pervasive computing.
• Policies derivation function for offering rules necessary for always-best connectivity.
• Decision making for providing the functionality for always-best connectivity.
• Collaboration function among various technologies and providing connectivity, in a ubiquitous and seamless
manner.
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15 ETSI TR 102 682 V1.1.1 (2009-07)
• Knowledge acquisition based on learning functionality, which is essential for addressing complexity and
scalability.
6 Overview on the Functional Architecture for the
Management and Control of Reconfigurable Radio
Systems targeting on Radio Resource and Spectrum
Efficiency
6.1 Scope and overview
Along with the general globalization trends and the increasing nomadic lifestyle of individuals, comes the desire that all
services and amenities that are available "at home" should also be available on the move. Ideally, services should be
provided having the same appearance and usability, but being adapted to the local offerings that may be disposable in
the temporarily visited area. This applies in particular to services offered or accessible via communication technology;
the world of telecommunications, specifically, has been for some time undergoing radical changes that include not only
technology developments, but also a complete shift of the operating, usability and deployment paradigms.
The evolution of wireless communications can be described as the migration of the available Radio Access
Technologies (RATs) towards an integrated, global system that provides connectivity tailored to the needs of the
services a user may chose to utilize. These "Beyond third Generation" (B3G) systems are aiming at the provision and
support of complex compound services, transmitted at high data rates yet still in a cost effective manner. Forecasts have
been predicting that such systems will be interconnected using IP technology forming a common, agile and seamless all
- IP architecture. Besides further integrating the telecommunications and Internet world, such architecture is expected to
support scalability, simple and dynamic integrate-ability and any form of mobility. In this context, the possibility to
optimally use the different RATs together and the coordination of the available radio and spectrum resources are major
challenges. The definition of a global infrastructure called "B3G wireless access infrastructure" will have to consider
this. There will be the need to constantly optimize the available radio resources and dynamically plan spectrum
assignment between the different partaking systems.
This convergence will be facilitated through the coexistence and cooperation of new but also existing RATs.
Conventionally, networks are optimized for static demand patterns, whereby radio network planning considers the
peak/busy hours and networks are over-specified during non-peak hours. Integrating many networks would increase this
inefficiency. However, the trend towards defining networks more flexibly and to make them adaptive (reconfigurable)
to match the actual demands will help to reduce these inefficiencies. Networks' interworking requires cooperation
among Network Operators (NOs), so as to jointly handle extreme traffic situations, by splitting traffic among their
RATs. For this purpose, all available RATs (and their spectrum and radio resources) should be accessible and usable by
both the available network segments and the terminals.
Reconfigurable radio systems are able to dynamically adapt their behaviour to the varying environment requisitions, by
exploiting the possibility to reconfigure pre-installed blocks. In other words, they allow their networks to dynamically
select and configure the set of the most appropriate RATs and spectrum bands, in order to better handle service area
regions or time variant requirements.
However, its implementation is far from simple. Optimization of resource and spectrum usage is tightly linked to the
deployment scenarios, and for each deployment case, a different approach may provide the optimum, or at least, best
possible solution. Aligned with these
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