ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)

Integrated broadband cable telecommunication networks (CABLE); Energy management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 2: Specific requirements; Sub-part 4: Cable Access Networks

DES/CABLE-00005

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Technical Committee: CABLE WG3 - Engineering, Efficiency and Sustainability
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 05-Jun-2015
• Completion Date: 02-Jun-2015
• Mandate: M/462

Standards Content (Sample)

Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)

ETSI STANDARD
Integrated broadband cable
telecommunication networks (CABLE);
Energy management;
Global KPIs;
Operational infrastructures;
Part 2: Specific requirements;
Sub-part 4: Cable Access Networks

2 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)

Reference
DES/CABLE-00005
Keywords
CABLE, energy efficiency
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3 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative References . 6
2.2 Informative References . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 System Definition and Boundaries . 11
4.1 Cable Access Network . 11
4.2 Topology of Cable Access Networks . 14
5 KPIs in Terms of the Cable Access Network . 16
5.1 Objective and Global KPIs . 16
5.2 Energy Performance Global KPI . 17
5.3 Energy Management Global KPI . 17
5.4 Energy Performance and Task Efficiency of a Cable Access Network . 18
6 Mapping the Objective KPIs . 19
6.1 Energy Consumption . 19
6.2 Task Efficiency . 20
6.3 Energy Re-use . 20
6.4 Renewable Energy . 20
7 Mathematical Definition of KPIs . 20
7.1 Calculating KPI . 20
EP
7.1.1 Definition . 20
7.1.2 Power Between REF and REF . 21
HE NIU
7.1.3 Data Volume Transferred Between REF and REF . 23
HE NIU
7.1.4 Energy Performance KPI . 26
7.2 Use Case Sample Calculation of KPI . 26
EP
Annex A (informative): Power Supply Performance . 29
Annex B (informative): Bibliography . 30
History . 31

ETSI
4 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This final draft ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Integrated broadband cable
telecommunication networks (CABLE), and is now submitted for the ETSI standards Membership Approval Procedure.
The present document is part 2, sub-part 4 of a multi-part deliverable covering operational energy management and
sustainability of broadband deployment, as identified below:
Part 1: "General requirements ";
Part 2: "Specific requirements":
Sub-part 1: "Data centres";
Sub-part 2: "Fixed (excluding cable) access networks";
Sub-part 3: "Mobile access networks";
Sub-part 4: "Cable Access Networks";
Part 3: "Monitoring of sustainability".
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
Energy costs rise steadily, a trend that will continue in the future, while broadband penetration is introducing new active
equipment to the network architecture. In this context, and to reflect other environmental aspects of sustainability, it is
vital that the main telecommunication actors implement effective general engineering of fixed and mobile broadband
networks and sites provisioning, managing or using those networks (i.e. operator sites, operator data centres and
customer data centres) in order to respond to critical issues of energy consumption while proposing essential solutions
to true broadband deployment. To guide this process, it is essential that metrics are defined, termed Global Key
Performance Indicators (KPIs) that enable energy usage to be managed more effectively.
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5 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
The ETSI ES 205 200 series comprises:
• ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1]: a generic requirements document addressing Global KPIs for operational
infrastructures;
NOTE 1: Global KPIs do not address design/operation of components or subsystems of broadband deployment
networks.
• sub-series ETSI ES 205 200-2: definition of the Global KPIs and energy management targets for specific
operational networks and sites including descriptions on how the Global KPIs are to be applied (which may be
used to support future regulatory objectives):
- ETSI ES 205 200-2-1 [i.12]: applies to data centres;
- ETSI ES 205 200-2-2 [i.13]: applies to fixed broadband access networks (excluding Cable Access
Networks);
- ETSI ES 205 200-2-3 [i.14]: applies to mobile access networks;
- ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 (the present document): applies to broadband Cable Access Networks.
These documents do not define KPI limits or targets (which is outside the scope of the ETSI ES 205 200
series).
These documents will accelerate:
• availability of operational infrastructure architectures and network implementations that use energy more
efficiently;
• the definition and attainment of sustainability objectives for operational broadband networks.
Within the present document:
• Clause 4 provides a short explanation of a fixed broadband Cable Access Network's hybrid fiber coax (HFC)
architecture in terms of the systems it comprises and the boundaries that apply and defines several formulae
relating the objective and global KPIs to such a network.
• Clause 5 describes KPIs in terms of parameters applying to the Cable Access Network (CAN) and the inter-
relationship between the technical, objective and global KPIs. The global energy performance KPI (KPI ) is
EP
expressed in terms of the data volume transmitted by the CAN in MB and the energy consumed in kWh. The
clause relates the task efficiency of the HFC distribution network equipment and the overall energy
performance KPI .
EP
• Clause 6 maps the objective KPIs defined in ETSI ES 205 200-1 to the broadband Cable Access Network.
• Clause 7 gives a mathematical definition of the KPIs, with equations, calculations and use case examples.
NOTE 2: DOCSIS® is a registered Trade Mark of Cable Television Laboratories, Inc., and is used in the present
document with permission.
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6 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
1 Scope
The present document specifies Global Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in terms of the performance of the fixed
broadband Cable Access Network (CAN). The KPIs are expressed in terms of transmitted data volume in relation to the
energy consumed by the distribution network between the in-home subscriber termination and network headend. The
KPIs are taking into account the predominantly deployed HFC access network topologies by European cable network
operators.
The present document addresses the objectives 1 to 4 as set out in ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1] to encourage:
• reduction in energy consumption;
• improvements in task efficiency;
• extension of energy re-use;
• application of renewable energy.
The definition of the Global KPIs is in accordance with requirements of ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1] in relation to:
• infrastructure scalability;
• infrastructure evolution;
• formulae and definition of terms;
• measurement points and procedures.
The present document refers to and introduces the Global KPI 'Energy Performance' in accordance with requirements of
ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1] in relation to the above objectives.
With services trending towards exclusive use of digital transmission technologies, the present document considers only
the network KPIs relevant for the support of digital services.
The contribution of all in-home equipment connecting to the customer premises network interface unit (NIU) such as
the cable modem (CM), gateway (GW) and settop box (STB) to energy consumption as well as any other customer
premises equipment connected to the in-home network are out of scope of the present document. The present document
only considers components of the access network for the purpose of defining and measuring energy consumption key
performance indicators.
2 References
2.1 Normative References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI ES 205 200-1 (V1.2.1): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM);
Energy management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 1: General requirements".
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7 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
2.2 Informative References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] EC Mandate M/462 (May 2010): "Standardisation mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and
ETSI in the field of Information and Communication Technologies to enable efficient energy use
in fixed and mobile information and communication networks".
[i.2] Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009
establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products
("Ecodesign Directive").
NOTE: Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:285:0010:0035:en:PDF.
[i.3] Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 of 17 December 2008 implementing Directive
2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements
for standby and off mode electric power consumption of electrical and electronic household and
office equipment.
NOTE: Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:339:0045:0052:en:PDF.
[i.4] Commission Regulation (EC) No 801/2013 of 22 August 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No
1275/2008 with regard to ecodesign requirements for standby, off mode electric power
consumption of electrical and electronic household and office equipment, and amending
Regulation (EC) No 642/2009 with regard to ecodesign requirements for televisions.
NOTE: Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:225:0001:0012:en:PDF.
[i.5] Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment - Version 5. European
Commission, DG JRC, December 2013.
[i.6] ETSI EN 300 429 (V1.2.1): "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel
coding and modulation for cable systems".
[i.7] ETSI EN 302 878 (parts 1 to 5 - V1.1.1): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing
(ATTM); Third Generation Transmission Systems for Interactive Cable Television Services - IP
Cable Modems".
NOTE: Part 1: General; DOCSIS 3.0.
Part 2: Physical Layer; DOCSIS 3.0.
Part 3: Downstream Radio Frequency Interface; DOCSIS 3.0.
Part 4: MAC and Upper Layer Protocols; DOCSIS 3.0.
Part 5: Security Services; DOCSIS 3.0.
[i.8] ETSI TR 101 546 (V1.1.1): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM);
Integrated Broadband Cable and Television Networks; Converged Cable Access Platform
Architecture".
[i.9] ETSI TR 102 881 (V1.1.1): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Cable
Network Handbook".
[i.10] ETSI TR 105 174-6 (V1.1.1): "CABLE; Broadband Deployment and Energy Management; Part 6:
Cable Access Networks".
[i.11] CM-SP-EQAM-VSI-I01 (July 2011): "Edge QAM Video Stream Interface Specification.
CableLabs".
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8 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
[i.12] ETSI ES 205 200-2-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 2: Specific requirements; Sub-part 1:
Data centres".
[i.13] ETSI ES 205 200-2-2: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing; Energy management;
Global KPIs: Operational infrastructures: Fixed (excluding cable) access networks;".
[i.14] ETSI ES 205 200-2-3: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 2: Specific requirements; Sub-part 3:
Mobile access networks".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
cable access network: functional elements that enable wired (including optical fibre) communications to customer
equipment
EdgeQAM: head-end or hub device that receives packets of digital video or data from the operator network,
re-packetizes the video or data into an MPEG transport stream and digitally modulates that transport stream onto a
downstream RF carrier using QAM
energy consumption: total consumption of electrical energy by an operational infrastructure
energy management: combination of reduced energy consumption and increased task efficiency, re-use of energy and
use of renewable energy
energy re-use: transfer or conversion of energy (typically in the form of heat) produced by the operational
infrastructure to do other work
Hybrid Fibre Coax (HFC): broadband telecommunications network that combines optical fibre, coaxial cable and
active and passive electronic components
information technology equipment: equipment providing data storage, processing and transport services for
subsequent distribution by network telecommunications equipment
network telecommunications equipment: equipment dedicated to providing direct connection to core and/or access
networks
objective KPI: KPI assessing one of the objectives of operational energy performance which is subsequently used to
define a Global KPI for energy management (KPI )
EM
operational infrastructure: combination of information technology equipment and/or network telecommunications
equipment together with the power supply and environmental control systems necessary to ensure provision of service
operator site: premises accommodating network telecommunications equipment providing direct connection to the
core and access networks and which may also accommodate information technology equipment
renewable energy: energy produced from dedicated generation systems using resources that are naturally replenished
task efficiency: measure of the work done (as a result of design and/or operational procedures) for a given amount of
energy consumed
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
BR average data rate of an analog channel on the system in Mbps
ANA
BR data rate of an RF channel in Mbps
CH
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9 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
BR average data rate of an HD channel on the system in Mbps
HD
BR average data rate of an SD channel on the system in Mbps
SD
C number of NIU connections fed by CMTS
CMTS
C number of NIU connections fed by Downstream transport channels
DS
C number of NIU connections fed by HE broadcast equipment
FAC
C number of NIU connections to network PS feeds
PS
C number of NIU connections fed by HE optical receiver on average
RX
C number of NIU connections fed by HE optical transmitter on average
TX
C number of NIU connections fed by Upstream transport channels
US
D volume of data transferred in MB
D volume of broadcast data effectively transferred per NIU connection in MB
BCEFF
D total volume of broadcast data transferred in MB
BCTOT
D volume of Downstream data transferred per NIU connection in MB
DS
D total volume of data transferred per NIU connection in MB
NIU
D volume of Upstream data transferred per NIU connection in MB
US
E energy consumed in kWh
k weighing factor dependant on the type of communication, e.g. video, data, voice
downstream channel utilisation co-efficient

upstream channel utilisation co-efficient

KPI Objective Key Performance Indicator of energy consumption
EC
KPI Global Key Performance Indicator of energy management
EM
KPI Global Key Performance Indicator of energy performance
EP
KPI Global Key Performance Indicator of network performance
NP
KPI Objective Key Performance Indicator of renewable energy usage
REN
KPI Objective Key Performance Indicator of energy re-use
REUSE
KPI Objective Key Performance Indicator of task efficiency
TE
kWh unit of Kilowatthour
L distribution path between HE and NIU
Mbps unit of Megabit per second
MB unit of Megabyte (10 Byte)
N number of RF channels carried between REF and REF
CH HE NIU
N number of Downstream channels carried between REF and REF
DS HE NIU
N number Upstream channels carried between REF and REF
US HE NIU
P total CMTS power
CMTS
P CMTS power per NIU connection
CNIU
P EQAM power per NIU connection
EQNIU
P total power of all EQAMs required to provide broadcast feed
EQAM
P performance factor
f
P HE power per NIU connection
HENIU
P total power per NIU connection
NIU
P total power supply power
PS
P power supply power per NIU connection
PSNIU
P total power required to operate single HE optical receiver
RX
P optical receiver power per NIU connection
RXNIU
P total power required to power single HE optical transmitter
TX
P optical transmitter power per NIU connection
TXNIU
REF Reference point at the cable headend
HE
REF Reference point at the network interface unit
NIU
t period of time over which KPIs are assessed
t average time in minutes a customer watches analogue channels each hour
ANA
t average time in minutes a customer watches HD channels each hour
HD
t average time in minutes a customer watches SD channels each hour
SD
TE task efficiency of the final amplifier
FA
TE task efficiency of the fibre node
FN
TE task efficiency of the group amplifier
GA
TE task efficiency of headend PHY equipment
HE
TE task efficiency of the network interface unit
NIU
TE task efficiency of the power supply
PS
VAC unit of Volt with alternating current
W factor dependant on technology, architecture and design, e.g. modulation scheme, integrated HE,
fibre deep
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10 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AMP Amplifier
BST Base Station Transmitter
CAN Cable Access Network
CCAP Converged Cable Access Platform
CM Cable Modem
CMTS Cable Modem Termination System
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
DOCSIS Data over Cable Service Interface Specification
DS Downstream
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DTV Digital Television
DVB-C Digital Video Broadcast- Cable
EC Energy Consumption
EC European Commission
EM Energy Management
EP Energy Performance
EQAM Edge Quadrature Amplitude Modulator
ERP Energy Related Products
ESO European Standards Organisation
FA Final Amplifier
FAC Facility
FN Fibre Node
GA Group Amplifier
GW Gateway
HD High Definition (digital video channel)
HE Head End
HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax
HSD High Speed Data
IP Internet Protocol
IP/PBX Internet Protocol/ Public Branch Exchange
IT Information Technology
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LCR Inductance, Capacitance, Resistance
LON Local Operating Network
MAC Media Access Control layer
MPEG Motion Pictures Experts Group
NIU Network Interface Unit
NP Network Performance
ODC Operator Data Centre
OS Operator Site
OSP Outside Plant
PF Power Feed
PHY Physical layer
POS Point of Sale
PS Power Source or Power Supply
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
REN RENewable Energy
REUSE Energy RE-USE
RF Radio Frequency
SC-QAM Single Carrier-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
SD Standard Definition (digital video channel)
STB Settop Box
TE Task Efficiency (in the rest of the document)
TE Terminal Equipment (in architecture figures)
TV Television
US Upstream
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11 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
4 System Definition and Boundaries
4.1 Cable Access Network
The present document considers the cable network operational infrastructure whereby the Global Key Performance
Indicator on Energy Performance KPIEP is used as the measure of the overall ability of the network to use electrical
energy efficiently in its operation. KPI is expressed as a function of the total number of bytes of data transferred
EP
across the HFC distribution network against the overall power consumed. The data volume transferred across the
network is registered between the cable modem (CM) measured at the in-home Network Interface Unit (NIU) reference
and the headend equipment reference point REF .
point REFNIU HE
NOTE: The headend comprises data and video equipment. At the headend, the CMTS equipment supports data
communications and the EdgeQAM equipment supports video communication. A CCAP headend
equipment is a platform that converges both data and video communication. For the purpose of the
present clause, the volume of transferred data is presented in terms of the CMTS (data communication
service) but the generic formulae and equations defined are applicable to EdgeQAM and CCAP headend
and k to represent an equivalent data throughput for video and
equipment using a weighting factor kv c
converged data/video communications.
Figure 1 illustrates Energy Performance as a Global Key Performance Indicator in terms of the broadband CAN
structure and how it makes use of the individual network components, systems and sub-assemblies to consume energy
when transferring data. This indicator enables network managers to better manage the network resources in order to
reduce the overall energy consumption of the broadband Cable Access Network.
Energy Performance
Energy Consumption Energy Consumption
Structure of
Energy Consumption
By Frequency By Individual Key Performance
Broadband Cable
By Type of Customer
Spectrum and Components, Systems Indicator
Access Network (CAN) Service
KPI
Modulation Profile and Sub-Assemblies
EP
Figure 1: Illustration of Energy Performance as a Global Key Performance Indicator
A description of the Energy Performance KPI KPI in relation to the definition of the Global Energy Management KPI
EP
KPI and the Objective KPIs as defined in ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1] is given in clause 5.
EM
Within an HFC distribution network, active components such as amplifiers, taps, couplers, fibre nodes and power
distribution modules as well as passive elements such as taps, coaxial cable drops present the single value parameters in
terms of each of their representative functions comprising the Objective KPIs.
Objective KPIs are:
• energy consumption (KPI );
EC
• task efficiency (KPI );
TE
• re-use of energy (KPI );
REUSE
• use of renewable energy (KPI ).
REN
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12 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
whereas there can be more than one KPI with each KPI being a function of a combination of the four separate
EM EM
Objective KPIs. The relationship between the Global KPI for Energy Management and the Objective KPIs is
represented by Equation 1:
= , , , Equation 1
and whereas the relationship of the Energy Performance KPI of the HFC distribution network between REF and
NIU
REF is represented by Equation 2, whereby KPI of a specific path L weighted with k and W is summed over all L.
HE EM
= ∑∗∗ / ℎ Equation 2
/
where:
L represents a specific distribution path between the HE and NIU;
k is a weighing factor dependant on the type of communication, e.g. video, data, voice;
W is a weighing factor dependant on technology, architecture and design, e.g. modulation scheme,
integrated HE, fibre deep, etc.;
D is the volume of data transferred in MB;
E is the energy consumed in kWh.
The above formulae require measurement of the energy consumed by the HFC Distribution Network. For actual
calculation of the volume of data transferred between REF (CMTS/CCAP/EdgeQAM) and REF (CM) see defined
HE NIU
equations given in clause 7.
KPIEP is a measure of the energy performance in terms of the work done by the CAN between REFHE and REFNIU
expressed as the volume of data transferred against the power consumed. The dependency on the amount of data that
can be efficiently transferred by the individual network equipment components across the CAN explains the impact of
their task efficiency on the Global KPI.
Figure 2 shows a generic schematic of the operational infrastructures of a broadband deployment as contained with the
ESO response to the EC Mandate M/462 [i.1].
The relevant parts of figure 2 that relate to a broadband CAN is the 'Access network' between the OS and TE. The terms
used and elements described do not correlate to the terms and elements comprising the broadband CAN. Figure 3 is the
generic schematic representing a broadband CAN referred to by the subsequent clauses. Figure 2 is only included here
as reference to the ESO response to the EC Mandate M/462 [i.1].
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13 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
Core network Backhaul network Access network
OS BST TE
Terrestrial
mobile access infrastructure
“IT End-use” equipment*
“IT End-use” equipment*
Satellite mobile access infrastructure
TE
ODC OS Satellite
Non “IT End-use” equipment
Fixed access
infrastructure
“IT End-use” equipment*
OS LON TE
Distribution
network
Transport network
Access network
* out of scope of Mandate M/462

Figure 2: Schematic of core network together with fixed and mobile access infrastructures
Figure 3 is the schematic representing the HFC broadband Cable Access Network (CAN) infrastructure and its key
energy consuming elements between the HE and NIU. The OS and TE in figure 2 correlate to the HE and NIU
respectively.
Figure 3: Schematic of HFC 'fixed' cable network infrastructures
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14 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
With reference to figure 3, the present document considers:
• The Cable Access Network described is in its simplest form and consistent with typical network architecture
deployments in Europe.
• Communications services are trending towards all digital services.
• The term OS in figure 2 represents the operator sites, and in terms of a broadband Cable Access Network
(CAN) is depicted in figure 3 by the headend (HE) representing transmission equipment, such as CMTS,
EdgeQAM and CCAP as referred to in the ETSI Cable Handbook [i.9].
• For the purposes of energy management, the fixed broadband CAN comprises all sites/elements between the
headend (HE) and network interface unit (NIU) including all the elements of amplifiers, taps, couplers, drop
cable, power distribution equipment, fibre nodes as shown in figure 3.
• The main energy consuming HFC distribution architecture components comprise:
- Amplifiers.
- Taps.
- Drop cables.
- Fibre nodes.
- Power supplies.
4.2 Topology of Cable Access Networks
The broadband Cable Access Network and its distributed components are described in the ETSI Cable Handbook [i.9].
Figure 3 presents the schematic for a typical HFC Cable Access Network and its distribution equipment.
The volume of data that can be transferred between the HE and NIU has a dependency on the network topology,
architecture and technology of the HFC distribution network. These dependencies influence the energy performance of
the network and its relationship to the Global KPIs as presented in Equation 2 from clause 4.1.
The energy consumed is measured in kWh and is dependant on the volume of communication data (measured in MB
(Megabyte)) transferred both Upstream (i.e. from the NIU to the HE) and Downstream (i.e. from the HE to the NIU)
across the access network. The energy consumed is also dependant on the design choices of the deployed distribution
equipment. For example a CCAP device [i.8] may consume less power than a CMTS [i.7] and EdgeQAM device [i.11].
The power consumed by the network amplifiers to do a unit of work will vary dependent on their design and the state of
art, performance of the power distribution units (power supplies) that power the amplifiers and fibre nodes.
Energy performance of the broadband CAN is also dependant on the deployed transmission technology,
i.e. DOCSIS 2.0 vs. DOCSIS 3.0 SC-QAM, the operational modulation profile, number of channel bonding groups,
number of supported ports at the headend equipment, the spectrum optimisation profile used and type of supported
subscriber communication service (analogue TV, digital TV, data, telephony, etc.). Efficient use of the available
frequency spectrum and operating at increased spectral densities are network design measures that play a part in
reducing the amount of energy required to be consumed by the network in order to transfer a given volume of data.
Figure 4 illustrates by means of an example how the upstream and downstream spectrum is split to deliver services from
the HE to the user equipment terminated at the NIU. Future deployments with the technology evolution to DOCSIS 3.1
may enable significant increases in the spectral efficiency and modulation profiles that can be used increasing the
potential amount of work done by the broadband CAN to give a potential increase in the energy performance KPI .
EP
ETSI
15 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)

EuroDOCSIS and
EuroDOCSIS and
Filter Digital TV
Signal.
EuroPacketCable
EuroPacketCable Analogue TV
+ VoD
Not
Pilot
FM
Tones
usable
65 80.6 108 862
MHz
UPSTREAM DO WN STREAM
Figure 4: Downstream and Upstream spectrum in an HFC network
The equipment technology designs deployed in the HFC distribution network effect the resulting energy performance
KPI for the broadband CAN. The relationship of these technology dependencies are represented in Equation 2 by a
EP
weighing factor W as defined in clause 6.
Figure 5 illustrated the effect that low, medium and high Task Efficiency KPI of individual equipment, components,
sub-assemblies and systems that represent the broadband CAN, has on network Energy Performance and Energy
Consumption Key Performance Indicators.

s
e
i
l
b
HIGH TASK EFFICEINCY (KPI )
TE
m
e
(KPI ) (KPI )
s EP EC
s
HIGH LOW
a
-
b
u
s s
,
m
s
t e
t
n
s
e
y
n s
o MEDIUM TASK EFFICEINCY (KPI ) Mbytes Data NIU
Mbytes Data HE
d TE
p
n
a
m
o
c
,
t
n
e
m
p
i
LOW TASK EFFICEINCY (KPI )
u TE
q
E
(KPI ) (KPI )
EP EC
LOW HIGH
ENERGY ENERGY
PERFORMACE
CONSUMPTION
(KPI )
(KPI )
EP EC
Cable Access Network
Figure 5: Illustration of impact of Task Efficiency on KPIEP and KPIEC
ETSI
ENERGY MANAGEMENT (Global
(KPI ))
ENERGY REUSE
(KPI )
RENEWABLE ENERGY
(KPI )
TASK EFFICIENCY (KPI )
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION (KPI )
TASK EFFICIENCY (KPI )
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION (KPI )
REUSE NON-REUSE RENEWABLE
ENERGY PROVISION
16 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
5 KPIs in Terms of the Cable Access Network
5.1 Objective and Global KPIs
Figure 6 shows the inter-relationship between Objective and Global KPIs. The Global KPI Energy Performance for the
broadband CAN has a dependency on technical, operational and management KPIs.
DESIGN &
SYSTEM OPERATION
ENGINEERING
Components, Sub-
assemblies
Equipment, Systems
E
M
R
R E
E U
N
S
E
E
M
T
E
E
T
C
E
TECHNICAL AND OBJECTIVE GLOBAL KPI’s
SYSTEM POWER SOURCES
NETWORK ENERGY PERFORMANCE (Global (KPI ))
EP
WORK DONE BY BROADBAND CABLE ACCESS NETWORK (CAN)   TERABYTES per kWh

Figure 6: Inter-relationship between technical, objective and global KPIs
Figure 7 illustrates a communication path across the HFC access network and the key equipment components involved
in the transfer of the data between the HE at REF and NIU at REF . It also indicates the type of power feed for each
HE NIU
individual equipment.
The network is dimensioned to support the desired capacity and throughput. A fibre node is architected to support a
certain number of subscribers. There are too many network design parameters to cover within the present document that
could optimise data throughput and consequently network performance. It is assumed for the purposes of defining the
broadband CAN Energy Performance KPI that the network is largely optimised. However, development of advanced
technology and innovation may further improve network performance in the future. This may apply to individual
equipment, sub-assemblies, components and systems task efficiency as well as to the fundamental network architecture.
Future development may require to adapt the definition of the Energy Performance KPI but are out of scope of the
present document.
ETSI
17 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
Broadband HFC Cable Access Network
Operators Network Customers
In-Home Network
HE
A
A A
T T
M M
A M A
MAC
P P P
Fibre Node P P CM
NIU
PHY
Coaxial Drop Cable
Distributed Power Feed
Power Feed
REF
REF REF AMP
REF PF1
FN
REF
HE PF2
REF
NIU
kWh
Downstream
Volume of US+DS data measured at REF
HE
Upstream
MBytes
Figure 7: Illustration of communication path across HFC Cable Access Network
5.2 Energy Performance Global KPI
Cable Access Networks are predominatly deployed in residential environments but increasingly also in business
environments characterized in both environments by continuous growth in many aspects (e.g. number of subscribers,
demand on data transmission capacity, access speed, number of transactions). In such an environment, improvements in
efficiency of energy usage when operating the network is typically outweighed by additional energy consumption
caused by additional tasks that the network has to perform to satisfy customer demand. Therefore, in order to identify
and evaluate improvements in energy efficiency, a metric is required that measures usage on a scale relative to the
'work' performed by the Cable Access Network rather than on an absolute scale of energy consumption.
The improvements in the performance of individual equipment is expressed as a variation of its Task Efficiency KPI
KPI . The overall task efficiency of the network is affected predominately by improvements in the effective use of the
TE
available frequency spectrum and from using modulation profiles of higher order to support substantially greater data
throughput rates for a relatively limited increase in power consumption. The network task efficiency resulting from
better spectrum utilisation and modulation techniques gives an improvement in the network's KPI and - as given by
TE
clause 4 - this relates to KPIEP. The improvement in the task efficiency of the individual equipment involved in the
transfer of data may increase the overall volume of data that can be transported across the Cable Access Network with
either a reduced, same or marginally increased total energy consumption measured over interval t.
5.3 Energy Management Global KPI
The KPI energy management KPI is measured in kWh.
EM
The dominant factor in the calculation of KPI is the Objective KPI for energy consumption (KPI ).
EM EC
The value of KPI is mitigated by the weighted subtraction of any valid energy re-use (KPI ) and any energy
EC REUSE
contribution from locally generated renewable sources (KPI ).
REN
This modified consumption value is multiplied by the Objective KPI for task efficiency (KPI ) which increases the
TE
value of the KPI in direct proportion to the lack of task efficiency i.e. CAN sites with poor task efficiency will be
EM
adversely affected.
ETSI
18 Final draft ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-03)
5.4 Energy Performance and Task Efficiency of a Cable Access
Network
The energy performance of the network is dependent on the task efficiency KPI of the individual HFC distribution
TE
equipment involved in the transport of the communication data as explained in the previous clause. The work done by
the Cable Access Network is measured as how much data is transferred over a certain period of time such as one hour.
If this is set in relation to the energy consumption assessed over the same amount of time, the resulting Energy
Performance KPI KPI is expressed in MB per kWh. The total consumed energy involved in the transfer of
EP
communication data required for services such as HSD, video, telephony for a specified communication path between
the HE and NIU both in the US and DS is measured at the headend reference point REF . It is measured by
HE
aggregating the power distribution feed at the reference points REF , REF , and REF as indicated in figure 7.
PF1
...

ETSI STANDARD
Integrated broadband cable
telecommunication networks (CABLE);
Energy management;
Global KPIs;
Operational infrastructures;
Part 2: Specific requirements;
Sub-part 4: Cable Access Networks

2 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)

Reference
DES/CABLE-00005
Keywords
CABLE, energy efficiency
ETSI
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© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2015.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
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ETSI
3 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 System Definition and Boundaries . 11
4.1 Cable Access Network . 11
4.2 Topology of Cable Access Networks . 14
5 KPIs in Terms of the Cable Access Network . 16
5.1 Objective and Global KPIs . 16
5.2 Energy Performance Global KPI . 17
5.3 Energy Management Global KPI . 17
5.4 Energy Performance and Task Efficiency of a Cable Access Network . 18
6 Mapping the Objective KPIs . 19
6.1 Energy Consumption . 19
6.2 Task Efficiency . 20
6.3 Energy Re-use . 20
6.4 Renewable Energy . 20
7 Mathematical Definition of KPIs . 20
7.1 Calculating KPI . 20
EP
7.1.1 Definition . 20
7.1.2 Power Between REF and REF . 21
HE NIU
7.1.3 Data Volume Transferred Between REF and REF . 23
HE NIU
7.1.4 Energy Performance KPI . 26
7.2 Use Case Sample Calculation of KPI . 26
EP
Annex A (informative): Power Supply Performance . 29
Annex B (informative): Bibliography . 30
History . 31

ETSI
4 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Integrated broadband cable
telecommunication networks (CABLE).
The present document is part 2, sub-part 4 of a multi-part deliverable covering operational energy management and
sustainability of broadband deployment, as identified below:
Part 1: "General requirements ";
Part 2: "Specific requirements":
Sub-part 1: "Data centres";
Sub-part 2: "Fixed (excluding cable) access networks";
Sub-part 3: "Mobile access networks";
Sub-part 4: "Cable Access Networks";
Part 3: "Monitoring of sustainability".
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
Energy costs rise steadily, a trend that will continue in the future, while broadband penetration is introducing new active
equipment to the network architecture. In this context, and to reflect other environmental aspects of sustainability, it is
vital that the main telecommunication actors implement effective general engineering of fixed and mobile broadband
networks and sites provisioning, managing or using those networks (i.e. operator sites, operator data centres and
customer data centres) in order to respond to critical issues of energy consumption while proposing essential solutions
to true broadband deployment. To guide this process, it is essential that metrics are defined, termed Global Key
Performance Indicators (KPIs) that enable energy usage to be managed more effectively.
ETSI
5 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
The ETSI ES 205 200 series comprises:
• ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1]: a generic requirements document addressing Global KPIs for operational
infrastructures;
NOTE 1: Global KPIs do not address design/operation of components or subsystems of broadband deployment
networks.
• sub-series ETSI ES 205 200-2: definition of the Global KPIs and energy management targets for specific
operational networks and sites including descriptions on how the Global KPIs are to be applied (which may be
used to support future regulatory objectives):
- ETSI ES 205 200-2-1 [i.12]: applies to data centres;
- ETSI ES 205 200-2-2 [i.13]: applies to fixed broadband access networks (excluding Cable Access
Networks);
- ETSI ES 205 200-2-3 [i.14]: applies to mobile access networks;
- ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 (the present document): applies to broadband Cable Access Networks.
These documents do not define KPI limits or targets (which is outside the scope of the ETSI ES 205 200
series).
These documents will accelerate:
• availability of operational infrastructure architectures and network implementations that use energy more
efficiently;
• the definition and attainment of sustainability objectives for operational broadband networks.
Within the present document:
• Clause 4 provides a short explanation of a fixed broadband Cable Access Network's hybrid fiber coax (HFC)
architecture in terms of the systems it comprises and the boundaries that apply and defines several formulae
relating the objective and global KPIs to such a network.
• Clause 5 describes KPIs in terms of parameters applying to the Cable Access Network (CAN) and the inter-
relationship between the technical, objective and global KPIs. The global energy performance KPI (KPI ) is
EP
expressed in terms of the data volume transmitted by the CAN in MB and the energy consumed in kWh. The
clause relates the task efficiency of the HFC distribution network equipment and the overall energy
performance KPI .
EP
• Clause 6 maps the objective KPIs defined in ETSI ES 205 200-1 to the broadband Cable Access Network.
• Clause 7 gives a mathematical definition of the KPIs, with equations, calculations and use case examples.
NOTE 2: DOCSIS® is a registered Trade Mark of Cable Television Laboratories, Inc., and is used in the present
document with permission.
ETSI
6 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
1 Scope
The present document specifies Global Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in terms of the performance of the fixed
broadband Cable Access Network (CAN). The KPIs are expressed in terms of transmitted data volume in relation to the
energy consumed by the distribution network between the in-home subscriber termination and network headend. The
KPIs are taking into account the predominantly deployed HFC access network topologies by European cable network
operators.
The present document addresses the objectives 1 to 4 as set out in ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1] to encourage:
• reduction in energy consumption;
• improvements in task efficiency;
• extension of energy re-use;
• application of renewable energy.
The definition of the Global KPIs is in accordance with requirements of ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1] in relation to:
• infrastructure scalability;
• infrastructure evolution;
• formulae and definition of terms;
• measurement points and procedures.
The present document refers to and introduces the Global KPI 'Energy Performance' in accordance with requirements of
ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1] in relation to the above objectives.
With services trending towards exclusive use of digital transmission technologies, the present document considers only
the network KPIs relevant for the support of digital services.
The contribution of all in-home equipment connecting to the customer premises network interface unit (NIU) such as
the cable modem (CM), gateway (GW) and settop box (STB) to energy consumption as well as any other customer
premises equipment connected to the in-home network are out of scope of the present document. The present document
only considers components of the access network for the purpose of defining and measuring energy consumption key
performance indicators.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI ES 205 200-1 (V1.2.1): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM);
Energy management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 1: General requirements".
ETSI
7 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] EC Mandate M/462 (May 2010): "Standardisation mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and
ETSI in the field of Information and Communication Technologies to enable efficient energy use
in fixed and mobile information and communication networks".
[i.2] Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009
establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products
("Ecodesign Directive").
NOTE: Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:285:0010:0035:en:PDF.
[i.3] Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 of 17 December 2008 implementing Directive
2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements
for standby and off mode electric power consumption of electrical and electronic household and
office equipment.
NOTE: Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:339:0045:0052:en:PDF.
[i.4] Commission Regulation (EC) No 801/2013 of 22 August 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No
1275/2008 with regard to ecodesign requirements for standby, off mode electric power
consumption of electrical and electronic household and office equipment, and amending
Regulation (EC) No 642/2009 with regard to ecodesign requirements for televisions.
NOTE: Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:225:0001:0012:en:PDF.
[i.5] Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment - Version 5. European
Commission, DG JRC, December 2013.
[i.6] ETSI EN 300 429 (V1.2.1): "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel
coding and modulation for cable systems".
[i.7] ETSI EN 302 878 (parts 1 to 5 - V1.1.1): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing
(ATTM); Third Generation Transmission Systems for Interactive Cable Television Services - IP
Cable Modems".
NOTE: Part 1: General; DOCSIS 3.0.
Part 2: Physical Layer; DOCSIS 3.0.
Part 3: Downstream Radio Frequency Interface; DOCSIS 3.0.
Part 4: MAC and Upper Layer Protocols; DOCSIS 3.0.
Part 5: Security Services; DOCSIS 3.0.
[i.8] ETSI TR 101 546 (V1.1.1): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM);
Integrated Broadband Cable and Television Networks; Converged Cable Access Platform
Architecture".
[i.9] ETSI TR 102 881 (V1.1.1): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Cable
Network Handbook".
[i.10] ETSI TR 105 174-6 (V1.1.1): "CABLE; Broadband Deployment and Energy Management; Part 6:
Cable Access Networks".
[i.11] CM-SP-EQAM-VSI-I01 (July 2011): "Edge QAM Video Stream Interface Specification.
CableLabs".
ETSI
8 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
[i.12] ETSI ES 205 200-2-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 2: Specific requirements;
Sub-part 1: Data centres".
[i.13] ETSI ES 205 200-2-2: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing; Energy management;
Global KPIs: Operational infrastructures: Fixed (excluding cable) access networks;".
[i.14] ETSI ES 205 200-2-3: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 2: Specific requirements;
Sub-part 3: Mobile access networks".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
cable access network: functional elements that enable wired (including optical fibre) communications to customer
equipment
EdgeQAM: head-end or hub device that receives packets of digital video or data from the operator network,
re-packetizes the video or data into an MPEG transport stream and digitally modulates that transport stream onto a
downstream RF carrier using QAM
energy consumption: total consumption of electrical energy by an operational infrastructure
energy management: combination of reduced energy consumption and increased task efficiency, re-use of energy and
use of renewable energy
energy re-use: transfer or conversion of energy (typically in the form of heat) produced by the operational
infrastructure to do other work
Hybrid Fibre Coax (HFC): broadband telecommunications network that combines optical fibre, coaxial cable and
active and passive electronic components
information technology equipment: equipment providing data storage, processing and transport services for
subsequent distribution by network telecommunications equipment
network telecommunications equipment: equipment dedicated to providing direct connection to core and/or access
networks
objective KPI: KPI assessing one of the objectives of operational energy performance which is subsequently used to
define a Global KPI for energy management (KPI )
EM
operational infrastructure: combination of information technology equipment and/or network telecommunications
equipment together with the power supply and environmental control systems necessary to ensure provision of service
operator site: premises accommodating network telecommunications equipment providing direct connection to the
core and access networks and which may also accommodate information technology equipment
renewable energy: energy produced from dedicated generation systems using resources that are naturally replenished
task efficiency: measure of the work done (as a result of design and/or operational procedures) for a given amount of
energy consumed
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
BR average data rate of an analog channel on the system in Mbps
ANA
BR data rate of an RF channel in Mbps
CH
ETSI
9 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
BR average data rate of an HD channel on the system in Mbps
HD
BR average data rate of an SD channel on the system in Mbps
SD
C number of NIU connections fed by CMTS
CMTS
C number of NIU connections fed by Downstream transport channels
DS
C number of NIU connections fed by HE broadcast equipment
FAC
C number of NIU connections to network PS feeds
PS
C number of NIU connections fed by HE optical receiver on average
RX
C number of NIU connections fed by HE optical transmitter on average
TX
C number of NIU connections fed by Upstream transport channels
US
D volume of data transferred in MB
D volume of broadcast data effectively transferred per NIU connection in MB
BCEFF
D total volume of broadcast data transferred in MB
BCTOT
D volume of Downstream data transferred per NIU connection in MB
DS
D total volume of data transferred per NIU connection in MB
NIU
D volume of Upstream data transferred per NIU connection in MB
US
E energy consumed in kWh
k weighing factor dependant on the type of communication, e.g. video, data, voice
downstream channel utilisation co-efficient

upstream channel utilisation co-efficient

KPI Objective Key Performance Indicator of energy consumption
EC
KPI Global Key Performance Indicator of energy management
EM
KPI Global Key Performance Indicator of energy performance
EP
KPI Global Key Performance Indicator of network performance
NP
KPI Objective Key Performance Indicator of renewable energy usage
REN
KPI Objective Key Performance Indicator of energy re-use
REUSE
KPI Objective Key Performance Indicator of task efficiency
TE
kWh unit of Kilowatthour
L distribution path between HE and NIU
Mbps unit of Megabit per second
MB unit of Megabyte (10 Byte)
N number of RF channels carried between REF and REF
CH HE NIU
N number of Downstream channels carried between REF and REF
DS HE NIU
N number Upstream channels carried between REF and REF
US HE NIU
P total CMTS power
CMTS
P CMTS power per NIU connection
CNIU
P EQAM power per NIU connection
EQNIU
P total power of all EQAMs required to provide broadcast feed
EQAM
P performance factor
f
P HE power per NIU connection
HENIU
P total power per NIU connection
NIU
P total power supply power
PS
P power supply power per NIU connection
PSNIU
P total power required to operate single HE optical receiver
RX
P optical receiver power per NIU connection
RXNIU
P total power required to power single HE optical transmitter
TX
P optical transmitter power per NIU connection
TXNIU
REF Reference point at the cable headend
HE
REF Reference point at the network interface unit
NIU
t period of time over which KPIs are assessed
t average time in minutes a customer watches analogue channels each hour
ANA
t average time in minutes a customer watches HD channels each hour
HD
t average time in minutes a customer watches SD channels each hour
SD
TE task efficiency of the final amplifier
FA
TE task efficiency of the fibre node
FN
TE task efficiency of the group amplifier
GA
TE task efficiency of headend PHY equipment
HE
TE task efficiency of the network interface unit
NIU
TE task efficiency of the power supply
PS
VAC unit of Volt with alternating current
W factor dependant on technology, architecture and design, e.g. modulation scheme, integrated HE,
fibre deep
ETSI
10 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AMP Amplifier
BST Base Station Transmitter
CAN Cable Access Network
CCAP Converged Cable Access Platform
CM Cable Modem
CMTS Cable Modem Termination System
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
DS Downstream
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DTV Digital Television
DVB-C Digital Video Broadcast- Cable
EC Energy Consumption
EC European Commission
EM Energy Management
EP Energy Performance
EQAM Edge Quadrature Amplitude Modulator
ERP Energy Related Products
ESO European Standards Organisation
FA Final Amplifier
FAC Facility
FN Fibre Node
GA Group Amplifier
GW Gateway
HD High Definition (digital video channel)
HE Head End
HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax
HSD High Speed Data
IP Internet Protocol
IP/PBX Internet Protocol/ Public Branch Exchange
IT Information Technology
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LCR Inductance, Capacitance, Resistance
LON Local Operating Network
MAC Media Access Control layer
MPEG Motion Pictures Experts Group
NIU Network Interface Unit
NP Network Performance
ODC Operator Data Centre
OS Operator Site
OSP Outside Plant
PF Power Feed
PHY Physical layer
POS Point Of Sale
PS Power Source or Power Supply
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
REN RENewable Energy
REUSE Energy RE-USE
RF Radio Frequency
SC-QAM Single Carrier-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
SD Standard Definition (digital video channel)
STB Settop Box
TE Task Efficiency (in the rest of the document)
TE Terminal Equipment (in architecture figures)
TV Television
US Upstream
ETSI
11 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
4 System Definition and Boundaries
4.1 Cable Access Network
The present document considers the cable network operational infrastructure whereby the Global Key Performance
Indicator on Energy Performance KPI is used as the measure of the overall ability of the network to use electrical
EP
energy efficiently in its operation. KPI is expressed as a function of the total number of bytes of data transferred
EP
across the HFC distribution network against the overall power consumed. The data volume transferred across the
network is registered between the cable modem (CM) measured at the in-home Network Interface Unit (NIU) reference
and the headend equipment reference point REF .
point REF
NIU HE
NOTE: The headend comprises data and video equipment. At the headend, the CMTS equipment supports data
communications and the EdgeQAM equipment supports video communication. A CCAP headend
equipment is a platform that converges both data and video communication. For the purpose of the
present clause, the volume of transferred data is presented in terms of the CMTS (data communication
service) but the generic formulae and equations defined are applicable to EdgeQAM and CCAP headend
and k to represent an equivalent data throughput for video and
equipment using a weighting factor k
v c
converged data/video communications.
Figure 1 illustrates Energy Performance as a Global Key Performance Indicator in terms of the broadband CAN
structure and how it makes use of the individual network components, systems and sub-assemblies to consume energy
when transferring data. This indicator enables network managers to better manage the network resources in order to
reduce the overall energy consumption of the broadband Cable Access Network.
Energy Performance
Energy Consumption Energy Consumption
Structure of
Energy Consumption
By Frequency By Individual Key Performance
Broadband Cable
By Type of Customer
Spectrum and Components, Systems Indicator
Access Network (CAN) Service
KPI
Modulation Profile and Sub-Assemblies
EP
Figure 1: Illustration of Energy Performance as a Global Key Performance Indicator
A description of the Energy Performance KPI KPI in relation to the definition of the Global Energy Management KPI
EP
KPI and the Objective KPIs as defined in ETSI ES 205 200-1 [1] is given in clause 5.
EM
Within an HFC distribution network, active components such as amplifiers, taps, couplers, fibre nodes and power
distribution modules as well as passive elements such as taps, coaxial cable drops present the single value parameters in
terms of each of their representative functions comprising the Objective KPIs.
Objective KPIs are:
• energy consumption (KPI );
EC
• task efficiency (KPI );
TE
• re-use of energy (KPI );
REUSE
• use of renewable energy (KPI ).
REN
ETSI
12 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
Whereas there can be more than one KPI with each KPI being a function of a combination of the four separate
EM EM
Objective KPIs. The relationship between the Global KPI for Energy Management and the Objective KPIs is
represented by Equation 1:
= , , , Equation 1
and whereas the relationship of the Energy Performance KPI of the HFC distribution network between REF and
NIU
REF is represented by Equation 2, whereby KPI of a specific path L weighted with k and W is summed over all L.
HE EM
= ∑∗∗ / ℎ Equation 2
/
where:
L represents a specific distribution path between the HE and NIU;
k is a weighing factor dependant on the type of communication, e.g. video, data, voice;
W is a weighing factor dependant on technology, architecture and design, e.g. modulation scheme,
integrated HE, fibre deep, etc.;
D is the volume of data transferred in MB;
E is the energy consumed in kWh.
The above formulae require measurement of the energy consumed by the HFC Distribution Network. For actual
calculation of the volume of data transferred between REF (CMTS/CCAP/EdgeQAM) and REF (CM) see defined
HE NIU
equations given in clause 7.
KPI is a measure of the energy performance in terms of the work done by the CAN between REF and REF
EP HE NIU
expressed as the volume of data transferred against the power consumed. The dependency on the amount of data that
can be efficiently transferred by the individual network equipment components across the CAN explains the impact of
their task efficiency on the Global KPI.
Figure 2 shows a generic schematic of the operational infrastructures of a broadband deployment as contained with the
ESO response to the EC Mandate M/462 [i.1].
The relevant parts of figure 2 that relate to a broadband CAN is the 'Access network' between the OS and TE. The terms
used and elements described do not correlate to the terms and elements comprising the broadband CAN. Figure 3 is the
generic schematic representing a broadband CAN referred to by the subsequent clauses. Figure 2 is only included here
as reference to the ESO response to the EC Mandate M/462 [i.1].
ETSI
13 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
Core network Backhaul network Access network
OS BST TE
Terrestrial
mobile access infrastructure
“IT End-use” equipment*
“IT End-use” equipment*
Satellite mobile access infrastructure
TE
ODC OS Satellite
Non “IT End-use” equipment
Fixed access
infrastructure
“IT End-use” equipment*
OS LON TE
Distribution
network
Transport network
Access network
* out of scope of Mandate M/462

Figure 2: Schematic of core network together with fixed and mobile access infrastructures
Figure 3 is the schematic representing the HFC broadband Cable Access Network (CAN) infrastructure and its key
energy consuming elements between the HE and NIU. The OS and TE in figure 2 correlate to the HE and NIU
respectively.
Figure 3: Schematic of HFC 'fixed' cable network infrastructures
ETSI
14 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
With reference to figure 3, the present document considers:
• The Cable Access Network described is in its simplest form and consistent with typical network architecture
deployments in Europe.
• Communications services are trending towards all digital services.
• The term OS in figure 2 represents the operator sites, and in terms of a broadband Cable Access Network
(CAN) is depicted in figure 3 by the headend (HE) representing transmission equipment, such as CMTS,
EdgeQAM and CCAP as referred to in the ETSI Cable Handbook [i.9].
• For the purposes of energy management, the fixed broadband CAN comprises all sites/elements between the
headend (HE) and network interface unit (NIU) including all the elements of amplifiers, taps, couplers, drop
cable, power distribution equipment, fibre nodes as shown in figure 3.
• The main energy consuming HFC distribution architecture components comprise:
- Amplifiers.
- Taps.
- Drop cables.
- Fibre nodes.
- Power supplies.
4.2 Topology of Cable Access Networks
The broadband Cable Access Network and its distributed components are described in the ETSI Cable Handbook [i.9].
Figure 3 presents the schematic for a typical HFC Cable Access Network and its distribution equipment.
The volume of data that can be transferred between the HE and NIU has a dependency on the network topology,
architecture and technology of the HFC distribution network. These dependencies influence the energy performance of
the network and its relationship to the Global KPIs as presented in Equation 2 from clause 4.1.
The energy consumed is measured in kWh and is dependant on the volume of communication data (measured in MB
(Megabyte)) transferred both Upstream (i.e. from the NIU to the HE) and Downstream (i.e. from the HE to the NIU)
across the access network. The energy consumed is also dependant on the design choices of the deployed distribution
equipment. For example a CCAP device [i.8] may consume less power than a CMTS [i.7] and EdgeQAM device [i.11].
The power consumed by the network amplifiers to do a unit of work will vary dependent on their design and the state of
art, performance of the power distribution units (power supplies) that power the amplifiers and fibre nodes.
Energy performance of the broadband CAN is also dependant on the deployed transmission technology,
i.e. DOCSIS 2.0 vs. DOCSIS 3.0 SC-QAM, the operational modulation profile, number of channel bonding groups,
number of supported ports at the headend equipment, the spectrum optimisation profile used and type of supported
subscriber communication service (analogue TV, digital TV, data, telephony, etc.). Efficient use of the available
frequency spectrum and operating at increased spectral densities are network design measures that play a part in
reducing the amount of energy required to be consumed by the network in order to transfer a given volume of data.
Figure 4 illustrates by means of an example how the upstream and downstream spectrum is split to deliver services from
the HE to the user equipment terminated at the NIU. Future deployments with the technology evolution to DOCSIS 3.1
may enable significant increases in the spectral efficiency and modulation profiles that can be used increasing the
potential amount of work done by the broadband CAN to give a potential increase in the energy performance KPI .
EP
ETSI
15 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)

EuroDOCSIS and
EuroDOCSIS and
Filter Digital TV
Signal.
EuroPacketCable
EuroPacketCable Analogue TV
+ VoD
Not
Pilot
FM
Tones
usable
65 80.6 108 862
MHz
UPSTREAM DO WN STREAM
Figure 4: Downstream and Upstream spectrum in an HFC network
The equipment technology designs deployed in the HFC distribution network effect the resulting energy performance
KPI for the broadband CAN. The relationship of these technology dependencies are represented in Equation 2 by a
EP
weighing factor W as defined in clause 6.
Figure 5 illustrated the effect that low, medium and high Task Efficiency KPI of individual equipment, components,
sub-assemblies and systems that represent the broadband CAN, has on network Energy Performance and Energy
Consumption Key Performance Indicators.

s
e
i
l
b
HIGH TASK EFFICEINCY (KPI )
TE
m
e
(KPI ) (KPI )
s EC
EP
s
HIGH LOW
a
-
b
u
s s
,
m
s
t e
t
n
s
e
y
n
s
o MEDIUM TASK EFFICEINCY (KPI ) Mbytes Data NIU
Mbytes Data HE
d TE
p
n
a
m
o
c
,
t
n
e
m
p
i
LOW TASK EFFICEINCY (KPI )
TE
u
q
E
(KPI ) (KPI )
EP EC
LOW HIGH
ENERGY ENERGY
PERFORMACE
CONSUMPTION
(KPI )
(KPI )
EP EC
Cable Access Network
Figure 5: Illustration of impact of Task Efficiency on KPI and KPI
EP EC
ETSI
ENERGY MANAGEMENT (Global
(KPI ))
ENERGY REUSE
(KPI )
RENEWABLE ENERGY
(KPI )
TASK EFFICIENCY (KPI )
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION (KPI )
TASK EFFICIENCY (KPI )
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION (KPI )
REUSE NON-REUSE RENEWABLE
ENERGY PROVISION
16 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
5 KPIs in Terms of the Cable Access Network
5.1 Objective and Global KPIs
Figure 6 shows the inter-relationship between Objective and Global KPIs. The Global KPI Energy Performance for the
broadband CAN has a dependency on technical, operational and management KPIs.
DESIGN &
SYSTEM OPERATION
ENGINEERING
Components, Sub-
assemblies
Equipment, Systems
E
M
R
R E
E U
N
S
E
E
M
T
E
E
T
C
E
TECHNICAL AND OBJECTIVE GLOBAL KPI’s
SYSTEM POWER SOURCES
NETWORK ENERGY PERFORMANCE (Global (KPI ))
EP
WORK DONE BY BROADBAND CABLE ACCESS NETWORK (CAN)   TERABYTES per kWh

Figure 6: Inter-relationship between technical, objective and global KPIs
Figure 7 illustrates a communication path across the HFC access network and the key equipment components involved
in the transfer of the data between the HE at REF and NIU at REF . It also indicates the type of power feed for each
HE NIU
individual equipment.
The network is dimensioned to support the desired capacity and throughput. A fibre node is architected to support a
certain number of subscribers. There are too many network design parameters to cover within the present document that
could optimise data throughput and consequently network performance. It is assumed for the purposes of defining the
broadband CAN Energy Performance KPI that the network is largely optimised. However, development of advanced
technology and innovation may further improve network performance in the future. This may apply to individual
equipment, sub-assemblies, components and systems task efficiency as well as to the fundamental network architecture.
Future development may require to adapt the definition of the Energy Performance KPI but are out of scope of the
present document.
ETSI
17 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
Broadband HFC Cable Access Network
Customers
Operators Network
In-Home Network
HE
A
A A
T T
M
M A M A
MAC
P P P
Fibre Node P P CM
NIU
PHY
Coaxial Drop Cable
Distributed Power Feed
Power Feed
REF
REF AMP
RE F PF 1 REF
FN
REF
HE
PF2 RE F
NIU
kWh
Down strea m
Volume of US+DS data measured at REF
HE
Upstrea m
MBytes
Figure 7: Illustration of communication path across HFC Cable Access Network
5.2 Energy Performance Global KPI
Cable Access Networks are predominatly deployed in residential environments but increasingly also in business
environments characterized in both environments by continuous growth in many aspects (e.g. number of subscribers,
demand on data transmission capacity, access speed, number of transactions). In such an environment, improvements in
efficiency of energy usage when operating the network is typically outweighed by additional energy consumption
caused by additional tasks that the network has to perform to satisfy customer demand. Therefore, in order to identify
and evaluate improvements in energy efficiency, a metric is required that measures usage on a scale relative to the
'work' performed by the Cable Access Network rather than on an absolute scale of energy consumption.
The improvements in the performance of individual equipment is expressed as a variation of its Task Efficiency KPI
KPI . The overall task efficiency of the network is affected predominately by improvements in the effective use of the
TE
available frequency spectrum and from using modulation profiles of higher order to support substantially greater data
throughput rates for a relatively limited increase in power consumption. The network task efficiency resulting from
better spectrum utilisation and modulation techniques gives an improvement in the network's KPI and - as given by
TE
clause 4 - this relates to KPI . The improvement in the task efficiency of the individual equipment involved in the
EP
transfer of data may increase the overall volume of data that can be transported across the Cable Access Network with
either a reduced, same or marginally increased total energy consumption measured over interval t.
5.3 Energy Management Global KPI
The KPI energy management KPI is measured in kWh.
EM
The dominant factor in the calculation of KPI is the Objective KPI for energy consumption (KPI ).
EM EC
The value of KPI is mitigated by the weighted subtraction of any valid energy re-use (KPI ) and any energy
EC REUSE
contribution from locally generated renewable sources (KPI ).
REN
This modified consumption value is multiplied by the Objective KPI for task efficiency (KPI ) which increases the
TE
value of the KPI in direct proportion to the lack of task efficiency i.e. CAN sites with poor task efficiency will be
EM
adversely affected.
ETSI
18 ETSI ES 205 200-2-4 V1.1.1 (2015-06)
5.4 Energy Performance and Task Efficiency of a Cable Access
Network
The energy performance of the network is dependent on the task efficiency KPI of the individual HFC distribution
TE
equipment involved in the transport of the communication data as explained in the previous clause. The work done by
the Cable Access Network is measured as how much data is transferred over a certain period of time such as one hour.
If this is set in relation to the energy consumption assessed over the same amount of time, the resulting Energy
Performance KPI KPI is expressed in MB per kWh. The total consumed energy involved in the transfer of
EP
communication data required for services such as HSD, video, telephony for a specified communication path between
the HE and NIU both in the US and DS is measured at the headend reference point REF . It is measured by
HE
aggregating the power distribution feed at the reference points REF , REF , and REF as indicated in figure 7.
PF1 PF2 AMP
This CAN energy performance meansurement is relevant to the specified communication path between the HE and NIU
and is dependant on the number of connected subscribers. As an example, for a fibre node supporting 100 subscribers
the Energy Performance KPI KPI f
...