ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)

Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band (UWB); Measurement Techniques

DTS/ERM-TGUWB-011

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 22-Aug-2012
• Technical Committee: ERM TGUWB - Ultra Wide Band
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 29-Aug-2012
• Completion Date: 23-Aug-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Specification
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band (UWB);
Measurement Techniques
2 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)

Reference
DTS/ERM-TGUWB-011
Keywords
SRD, testing, UWB
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ETSI
3 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Overview . 11
4.1 Impulse derived (carrier-less) . 11
4.2 Frequency modulated/carrier-based . 12
5 General Consideration and test requirements . 13
5.1 Overview . 13
5.2 Product information . 14
5.3 Requirements for the test modulation . 14
5.4 Test conditions, power supply and ambient temperatures . 15
5.4.1 Test conditions . 15
5.4.2 Power sources . 15
5.4.2.1 Power sources for stand-alone equipment . 15
5.4.2.2 Power sources for plug-in radio devices . 15
5.4.3 Normal test conditions . 15
5.4.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 15
5.4.3.2 Normal power source . 15
5.4.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 15
5.4.3.2.2 Lead-acid battery power sources used on vehicles . 16
5.4.3.2.3 Other power sources . 16
5.5 Choice of equipment for test suites . 16
5.5.1 Choice of model . 16
5.5.2 Presentation. 16
5.5.3 Multiple operating bandwidths . 16
5.6 Testing of host connected equipment and plug-in radio devices . 16
5.6.1 The use of a host or test fixture for testing plug-In radio devices . 16
5.7 Interpretation of the measurement results . 17
5.7.1 Measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than maximum acceptable uncertainty . 17
5.7.2 Measurement uncertainty is greater than maximum acceptable uncertainty . 17
5.8 Other emissions . 18
6 Test setups and procedures . 18
6.1 Introduction . 18
6.2 Initial Measurement steps . 18
6.3 Radiated measurements . 19
6.3.1 General . 19
6.3.2 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 19
6.3.2.1 Anechoic chamber . 19
6.3.2.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane . 20
6.3.2.3 Test antenna . 22
6.3.2.4 Substitution antenna . 22
6.3.2.5 Measuring antenna . 22
6.3.3 Guidance on the use of a radiation test site . 22
6.3.3.1 Verification of the test site . 22
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4 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
6.3.3.2 Preparation of the EUT . 22
6.3.3.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 23
6.3.3.4 Range length . 23
6.3.3.5 Site preparation . 23
6.3.4 Coupling of signals . 24
6.3.4.1 General . 24
6.3.4.2 Data Signals . 24
6.3.5 Standard test methods . 24
6.3.5.1 Calibrated setup . 24
6.3.5.2 Substitution method . 24
6.3.6 Standard calibration method . 25
6.4 Conducted measurements . 28
7 Test procedures for essential radio test suites . 30
7.1 General . 30
7.2 Definitions . 30
7.2.1 Introduction. 30
7.2.2 Operation bandwidth. 30
7.2.3 Maximum mean power spectral density . 30
7.2.4 Maximum peak power . 30
7.2.5 Emissions . 30
7.2.6 Receiver spurious emissions . 31
7.2.7 Power control . 31
7.2.8 Detect and avoid . 31
7.3 Method of measurements of the UE . 31
7.3.1 Introduction. 31
7.3.2 Emission Measurements steps . 32
7.4 Detailed measurement procedure . 33
7.4.1 Introduction. 33
7.4.2 Operating bandwidth. 33
7.4.3 Mean power spectral density measurements . 34
7.4.4 Peak power measurements . 34
7.4.5 Receiver spurious emissions . 35
7.4.6 Power control . 36
7.4.7 Test procedures for detect and avoid mechanisms . 36
7.4.7.1 Introduction . 36
7.4.7.2 Initial start-up test . 36
7.4.7.2.1 Test without a victim test signal during the Minimum Initial Channel Availability Check
Time, T . 36
avail_time_min
7.4.7.2.2 Test with a victim test signal at the beginning of the Minimum Initial Channel Availability
Check Time, T . 37
avail_time_min
7.4.7.2.3 Test with a victim test signal at the end of the Minimum Initial Channel Availability Check
Time, T . 39
avail_time_min
7.4.7.3 In-operation test . 41
7.4.7.3.1 In-operation test procedure . 42
7.5 Limits . 43
7.5.1 Introduction. 43
7.5.2 Operation bandwith. 43
7.5.3 Maximum mean power spectrum density . 43
7.5.4 Maximum peack power . 43
7.5.5 Other emissions . 43
7.5.6 Receiver spurious emissions . 43
7.5.7 Power control . 44
7.5.8 Detect and avoid . 44
7.6 Maximum allowable measurement uncertainty . 44
Annex A (informative): Frequency domain measurements using spectrum analyser . 45
A.1 Spectrum analyser internal operation . 45
A.2 UWB power measurement procedures . 46
A.2.1 Introduction . 46
A.2.2 Maximum mean power spectral density . 46
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5 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
A.2.2.1 General . 46
A.2.2.2 Average mean power: Finding highest . 47
A.2.3 Maximum peak power (e.i.r.p.) measurement procedure . 48
A.3 Calculation of peak limit for 3 MHz measurement bandwidth . 50
Annex B (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 52
Annex C (informative): Bibliography . 53
History . 57

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6 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and
Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
Introduction
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radio technology enables a new generation of high-speed data devices for short-range
communication purposes as well as location tracking and Sensor devices and opens new markets with a variety of
innovative applications.
UWB devices may form an integral part of other portable electronic equipment such as future generation cellular
phones or laptops equipped with UWB enabled short-range air interfaces.
In addition, UWB devices with an operating bandwidth of several hundreds of MHz up to several GHz allow tens of
centimeter-level accuracy real time localization and positioning even in the presence of severe multipath effects caused
by walls, furniture or any other harsh radio propagation environments.
Based on the broad variety of different applications and the broad possible frequency range of operation the number of
possible deployed physical signal formats can be very large. The existing range of physical signal and modulation
formats range from traditional carrier based systems like OFDM over spread spectrum based system to carrier less
systems based on base band pulses. The frequency regulation on the other side only defines a single set of transmission
limits and values, which have to be fulfilled by all systems under the UWB regulation. Furthermore, the very high
channel bandwidth of a UWB signal gives a specific challenge to the needed measurement setup and the procedures.
Existing measurement methods need to be extended and new possible techniques should be described in the present
document.
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7 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
1 Scope
The present document summarize the available information of possible measurement techniques and procedures for the
conformance measurement of various UWB signal formats in order to comply with the given transmission limits given
in the actual regulation.
The present document will be used as a reference for existing and future ETSI standards covering UWB technologies.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TR 100 028 (V1.4.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[2] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference".
[3] ETSI TS 102 321 (V1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Normalized Site Attenuation (NSA) and validation of a fully lined anechoic chamber up to
40 GHz".
[4] ETSI TS 102 754 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics of Detect-And-Avoid (DAA) mitigation
techniques for SRD equipment using Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology".
[5] ETSI EN 301 489-33: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 33:
Specific conditions for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) communications devices".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 181-1: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short
Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band (UWB); Transmission characteristics Part 1: Signal
characteristics".
[i.2] ETSI EN 302 065 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Ultra WideBand (UWB) technologies for communication purposes; Harmonized EN covering
essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
[i.3] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754 (2006): "Measurement techniques of ultra-wideband
transmissions".
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8 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
[i.4] ETSI TR 102 070-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Guide to
the application of harmonized standards to multi-radio and combined radio and non-radio
equipment;Part 2: Effective use of the radio frequency spectrum".
[i.5] EU Project WALTER (Project Number 216312): Project Deliverable: WALTER report on
limitations of test methods to include calibration and measurement uncertainties, July 2009.
[i.6] ETSI TR 102 273 (V1.2.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[i.7] ITU-R Recommendation SM 329-10 (2003): "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
avoidance level: maximum amplitude to which the UWB transmit power is set for the relevant protection zone
combined equipment: any combination of non-radio equipment and a plug-in radio device that would not offer full
functionality without the radio device
cycle time: the length of time between subsequent transmissions of the same system at full load
default avoidance bandwidth: portion of the victim service bandwidth to be protected if no enhanced service
bandwidth identification mechanisms are implemented in the DAA enabled devices
detect and avoid time: time duration between a change of the external RF environmental conditions and adaptation of
the corresponding UWB operational parameters
detection probability: probability that the DAA enabled UWB radio device reacts appropriately to a signal detection
threshold crossing within the detect and avoid time
dedicated antenna: removable antenna supplied and tested with the radio equipment, designed as an indispensable part
of the equipment
dwell time: duration of a transmission on a particular sub-channel
Effective Radiated Power (E.R.P.): product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain relative to a half-wave
dipole in a given direction (RR 1.162)
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (E.I.R.P.): product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna
gain in a given direction relative to an isotropic antenna (absolute or isotropic gain) (RR 1.161)
FSP: spectrum analyser family for R&S
gating: transmission that is intermittent or of a low duty cycle referring to the use of burst transmissions where a
transmitter is switched on and off for selected time intervals
hopping: spread spectrum technique whereby individual radio links are continually switched from one subchannel to
another
hopping cycle: number of hopping positions for a full frequency hopping sequence
host: host equipment is any equipment which has complete user functionality when not connected to the radio
equipment part and to which the radio equipment part provides additional functionality and to which connection is
necessary for the radio equipment part to offer functionality
impulse: pulse whose width is determined by its dc step risetime and whose maximum amplitude is determined by its
dc step value
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9 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
maximum avoidance power level: UWB transmit power assuring the equivalent protection of the victim service
minimum avoidance bandwidth: portion of the victim service bandwidth requiring protection
minimum initial channel availability check time: minimum time the UWB radio device spends searching for victim
signals after power on, Parameter: T
avail, Time
Non-Interference Mode operation (NIM): operational mode that allows the use of the radio spectrum on a
non-interference basis without active mitigation techniques
plug-in radio device: radio equipment module intended to be used with or within host, combined or multi-radio
equipment, using their control functions and power supply
pulse: short transient signal whose time duration is nominally the reciprocal of its -10 dB bandwidth
rf carrier: fixed radio frequency prior to modulation
signal detection threshold: amplitude of the victim signal which defines the transition between adjacent protection
zones, Parameter: D
thresh
NOTE: The threshold level is defined to be the signal level at the receiver front end of the UWB DAA radio
device and assuming a 0 dBi receive antenna.
signal detection threshold set: set of amplitudes of the victim signal which defines the transition between adjacent
protection zones
stand-alone radio equipment: equipment that is intended primarily as communications equipment and that is normally
used on a stand-alone basis
sweep time: the time to tune the LO across the selected span
transmitter timeout functionality: internal functionality that switches off the system in order to reduce power
consumption or for regulatory reasons
victim signal: signal(s) of the service to be detected and protected by the DAA mitigation technique
wideband: emission whose occupied bandwidth is greater than the test equipment measurement bandwidth
zone model: flexible DAA concept based on the definition of different zones as defined in TS 102 754 [4]
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
Ω ohm
λ wavelength
D detection threshold
dB decibel
dBi gain in decibels relative to an isotropic antenna
dBm gain in decibels relative to one milliwatt
f frequency
f highest frequency of the power envelope
H
f lowest frequency of the power envelope
L
I isolation in dB
P power in dBm
R distance
T minimum initial channel availability check time
avail_time_min
T detect and avoid time
avoid
NOTE: Actual Detect and Avoid time of a DUT, can be negative.
T maximum allowed Detect and avoid time
avoid_max
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10 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
T time
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AC Alternating Current
ADC Analogue-to-Digital
ATT Attenuator
BW Band Width
BWA Broadband Wireless Access
CON Connector
DAA Detect and avoid
DC Direct Current
DEC Decision
DUT Device under Test
EC European Commission
ECC European Communication Committee
EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power also called e.i.r.p., eirp, E.I.R.P.
EMC Electro Magnetic compatibility
EN European Standard
ERM Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
ESA Economy Spectrum Analyzer
ESD Electro Static Discharge
ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute
EUT Equipment under test
FCC Federal Commission for Communications
FH Frequency Hopping
FH-UWB Frequency Hopping-UWB
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
HEN Harmonized European Norm
IF Intermediate Frequency
LDC Low Duty Cycle
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
LO Local Oscillator
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
PEP Peak Envelope Power
PPM Part Per Million
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PSA Power Spectrum Analyser
PSD power spectral density
RBW Resolution Band Width
REC Recommendation
RF Radio Frequency
RMS root mean of squares
RX Receiver
SNR Signal to noise ratio
TPC Transmit power control
TX Transmitter
UE User Equipment
UUT Unit under Test
UWB Ultra Wide Band
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
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11 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
4 Overview
In this clause a short overview over the existing and known UWB signal formats will be given. Based on the presented
signal format the main issues of the needed measurement techniques will be derived. A more detailed description of the
presented signal formats can be found in the TR 103 181-1 [i.1].
The present document describes measurements for many different types of UWB technologies used for a variety of
different applications. The UWB technologies used for these applications can be broken down into two main groups:
1) Impulse derived (carrier-less) technologies.
2) Frequency modulated/carrier-based.
In general combinations of these systems are possible.
4.1 Impulse derived (carrier-less)
Impulse derived UWB technology consists of a series of impulses created from a dc voltage step whose risetime can be
modified to provide the maximum useful number of spectral emission frequencies. This derived impulse can then be
suitably modified by the use of filters to locate the resulting waveform within a specific frequency spectrum range. This
filter can be a stand alone filter or incorporated into an antenna design to reduce emissions outside the designated
frequency spectrum.
Modulation techniques include pulse positioning in time, pulse suppression and other techniques to convey information.
The transmitted energy is summed at the receiver to reproduce the transmitted pulse.
This technology is suitable for direct and non-direct line of sight communications, any reflected or time delayed
emissions being suppressed by the receiver input circuits.
Simple short pulses whereby one can modify/modulate by:
• pulseform/pulseshape;
• pulse duration;
• pulse trains (i.e. number of pulses per burst);
• pulse amplitude;
• pulse position/spacing, time/pulse hopping, random pseudo-noise generation, dithering (intentional jitter);
• direct sequence (generates UWB when performed quickly, typically pre-programmed).
ETSI
12 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
Or combinations of the above. In Figure 1 some examples of pulse shapes in the time domain and the corresponding
spectrum is depicted.
Figure 1: Example of Pulse shapes in time domain and the corresponding spectra
4.2 Frequency modulated/carrier-based
Under this category the following systems can be covered:
• phase shift keying;
• frequency hopping/stepping;
• FMCW, can also be intermittent, i.e. pulsed or gated;
• OFDM and similar (i.e. having multiple carriers/sub-carriers);
• random pseudo-noise generation, dithering or intentional pre-programmed direct sequencing can apply on all
these carrier-based modulation schemes.
Or combinations of the above, including complex time- and frequency modulated combinations.
Due to the possible combinations, the above categories are not exhaustive.
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13 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
5 General Consideration and test requirements
5.1 Overview
In this clause all general considerations for the testing of UWB devices will be given. These considerations and
requirements are related to the presentation of the products to be tested (see clause 5.2); the used test modulation (see
clause 5.3) and the general test conditions (see clause 5.4).
Details included in following clause:
• Product information (see clause 5.2).
• Test modulation (see clause 5.3).
• Specific Test setup (see clause 5.4).
An overview over the basic flow from a UWB application or device to the right certification measurement is given in
Figure 2. Based on the UWB application the manufacturer will chose a harmonized standard used for the certification of
the devices. In these harmonized standard the regulatory requirements will be covered with a link to the relevant
standardization document describing the used mitigation factor, the UWB signal format used and then the
corresponding measurement setup for the given specific UWB application. The regulatory limits will be included in the
relevant harmonized standard including the requirements for the additional mitigation techniques and factors.
Harmonized standard
UWB Application
Appli
HEN 1
HEN
N
Appli 2 HEN 1
Appli 1
065 -1
TS 102 TS 102
754 883
Mitigation
UWB Measurements
Figure 2: Overview flow for general product information and conformance test settings

As an example the harmonized standard for the generic UWB application HEN 302 065-1 [i.2] is given in Figure 2. In
the following clause the requirements for the right declaration of the UWB devices for the preparation of the
measurement and the needed measurement setups are presented. The detailed measurements will be included in the
clause 7 of the present document.
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14 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
5.2 Product information
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• relevant harmonized standard and environmental conditions of use/intended use;
• the type of UWB technology implemented in the equipment (e.g. carrier-based, impulse, modified impulse,
etc.);
• the type of modulation schemes available (e.g. OFDM modulation, pulsed modulation like PPM or Pulse
Polarity Modulation or any other type of modulation, etc.);
• for all modulation schemes the modulation parameters need to be provided: for example modulation period,
deviation or dwell times within a modulation period (FH systems), rate of modulation (Hz/s), number of
carrier for OFDM, modulation bandwidth;
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment (see clause 7.4);
• the type of the equipment (e.g. stand-alone equipment, plug-in radio device, combined equipment, etc.), (see
also clause 5.6);
• the intended combination(s) of the radio equipment power settings and one or more antenna assemblies and
their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels (see also clause 5.5);
• the nominal power supply voltages of the stand-alone radio equipment or the nominal power supply voltages
of the host equipment or combined equipment in case of plug-in radio devices;
• the test modulation to be used for testing (see also clause 5.3);
• the inclusion and any necessary implementation details of features such as gating or hopping;
• the inclusion and any necessary implementation details of any mitigation or equivalent mitigation techniques;
• in case of conducted measurements, the antenna impedance as well as maximum antenna gain characteristics
(frequency response) over the relevant frequency range covered in the related harmonized standard.
5.3 Requirements for the test modulation
The test modulation used should be representative of normal use of the equipment and which results in the highest mean
transmit power spectral density which would be available in normal operation.
The highest mean transmit power spectral density is also-likely to be affected by frame/packet length, inter-packet gaps,
normal and burst modes. The manufacturer shall declare this information and that the settings were used that are
considered to lead to the highest mean transmit power spectral density which would be available in normal operation.
Preferably, the equipment should be capable of continuous RF transmission, so as to minimise the test time required to
determine the highest levels of emission from the device. Where the equipment is not capable of continuous RF
transmission, the manufacturer shall employ the mode of operation of the equipment which results in the highest
transmitter activity consistent with the requirement to measure the highest mean transmit power spectral density which
would be available in operation, and should ensure that:
• transmissions occur regularly in time;
• sequences of transmissions can be repeated accurately.
For transmitters that have multi-modulation schemes incorporated, the manufacturer shall declare the modulation
scheme to be used for each test.
Implemented transmitter timeout functionality shall be disabled for the sequence of the test suite.
Where radio devices are equipped with LDC, the LDC operation may be disabled for the duration of the test. In any
case the mean power measurement shall be performed so as to guarantee the maximum mean power level over 1ms as
given in clause 7.2.
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15 ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08)
The manufacturer shall provide the means to operate the transmitter during the tests.
5.4 Test conditions, power supply and ambient temperatures
5.4.1 Test conditions
Testing shall be performed under normal test conditions.
The test conditions and procedures shall be performed as specified in the following clauses.
5.4.2 Power sources
5.4.2.1 Power sources for stand-alone equipment
During testing, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by a test power source capable of producing normal
test voltages as specified in clause 5.3.3.2. The internal impedance of the test power source shall be low enough for its
effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of tests, the voltage of the power source shall be measured at
the input terminals of the equipment.
For battery operated equipment the battery may be removed and the test power source shall be applied as close to the
battery terminals as practicable.
During tests the power source voltages shall be maintained within a tolerance of ±1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test. The value of this tolerance is critical to power measurements; using a smaller tolerance will
provide better measurement uncertainty values.
5.4.2.2 Power sources for plug-in radio devices
The power source for testing plug-in radio devices shall be provided by test fixture or host equipment.
Where the host equipment and/or the plug-in radio device is battery powered, the battery may be removed and the test
power source applied as close to the battery terminals as practicable.
5.4.3 Normal test conditions
5.4.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity
The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature and
humidity within the following ranges:
• temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C;
• relative humidity 20 % to 75 %.
When it is impracticable to carry out the tests under these conditions, a note to this effect, stating the ambient
temperature and relative humidity during the tests, shall be recorded.
The actual values during the tests shall be recorded.
5.4.3.2 Normal power source
5.4.3.2.1 Mains voltage
The normal test voltage for equipment to be connected to the mains shall be the nominal mains voltage. For the purpo
...