ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)

Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Environmental impact of satellite broadband network; Full LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)

DTR/SES-00375

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 04-Jul-2016
• Technical Committee: SES SCN - Satellite Communications and Navigation
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 21-Jun-2016
• Completion Date: 05-Jul-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)






TECHNICAL REPORT
Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);
Environmental impact of satellite broadband network;
Full LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)

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2 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)



Reference
DTR/SES-00375
Keywords
broadband, energy efficiency, environment, LCA,
satellite
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3 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 References . 5
2.1 Normative references . 5
2.2 Informative references . 5
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
4 Requirements arising from relevant policies/legislation . 8
5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overview . 8
5.1 Life Cycle Stages. 8
5.2 Scope and Boundaries . 9
5.3 Key Input Parameters . 10
5.4 Assumptions and Approximations during the LCA . 10
5.5 Cut-off Rules . 11
6 Life Cycle Assessment Method applied to Satellite Network . 11
6.1 Variables and Assumptions . 11
6.2 Raw material acquisition stage . 11
6.3 Production stage . 12
6.4 Use (Operation) . 13
6.5 End of Life Treatment . 14
6.6 LCA for complete Satellite Network . 15
7 Results/Conclusions . 15
Annex A: Case Study on Hybrid Satellite broadband . 16
A.1 General . 16
A.2 Emission factors . 17
A.3 Satellite payload and launch vehicle . 17
A.4 Satellite gateway . 18
A.5 Intelligent Network gateway lifecycle parameters . 19
A.6 User modem lifecycle parameters . 19
A.7 Intelligent user gateway. 20
A.8 Results . 20
History . 24

ETSI

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4 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Satellite Earth Stations and Systems
(SES).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The Energy efficiency of a satellite broadband network is addressed by ETSI TR 103 352 [i.4] "Energy Efficiency of
Satellite Broadband Network". The present document carries out a full Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of a satellite
broadband network considering all stages of the life cycle.
ETSI

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5 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
1 Scope
Satellite Broadband Networks allow broadband services to be delivered to approaching 100 % of the population, even
in remote areas, and can therefore be used to fill gaps in the coverage of other broadband technologies. Satellite
Broadband services can be offered to residential or business customers in a cost effective manner compared to other
methods of services provision.
The present document reviews the assessment of GHG emissions over the lifecycle of satellite broadband networks, and
identifies whether additions are required to the full life cycle assessment methodology developed in ETSI
TS 103 199 [i.3].
2 References
2.1 Normative references
As informative publications shall not contain normative references this clause shall remain empty.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol).
NOTE: Available at http://www.ghgprotocol.org/.
[i.2] Recommendation ITU-T L.1420: "Methodology for energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions impact assessment of information and communication technologies in organizations".
[i.3] ETSI TS 103 199: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT
equipment, networks and services".
[i.4] ETSI TR 103 352: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Energy Efficiency of Satellite
broadband network".
[i.5] Guidelines to DEFRA/DECC's GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.
NOTE: Available at
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224437/pb13988-
emission-factor-methodology-130719.pdf.
[i.6] ISO 14044:2006: "Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment - Requirements and
Guidelines".
[i.7] "Energy Efficiency", EC FP7 Project BATS Broadband Access via Integrated Terrestrial and
Satellite Systems Deliverable D5.3.
NOTE: Available at http://www.batsproject.eu.
[i.8] "Cost Benefit Analysis", EC FP7 Project BATS Broadband Access via Integrated Terrestrial and
Satellite Systems Deliverable D5.2.
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6 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
[i.9] Ariane 5 ECA technical data.
NOTE: Available at http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/ariane5.html.
[i.10] Number of private households in Europe.
NOTE: Available at http://www.pordata.pt/en/Europe/Private+households+total+and+by+number+of+children-
1615.
[i.11] Number of households in Croatia.
NOTE: Available at http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm.
[i.12] Number of households in Turkey.
NOTE: See http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=15843.
[i.13] "EU Energy Trends to 2030".
NOTE: Available at https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/trends_to_2030_update_2009.pdf.
[i.14] "Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions", details of the manufacture of liquid
oxygen, IEA.
NOTE: Available at http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/tracking_emissions.pdf.
[i.15] Liquid hydrogen manufacturing conversion factor, US EPA, "Technical Support Document for
Hydrogen Production: Proposed Rule for Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases", page 2.
NOTE: Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/subpartp-
tsd_hydrogenproduction.pdf.
[i.16] Chemistry of the solid rocket booster propellant.
NOTE: Available at
https://chlorine.americanchemistry.com/Chlorine_Site_Content/Science_Center/Chlorine_Compounds/A
mmonium_Perchlorate__Helping_to_Launch_the_Space_Shuttle_Discovery.aspx.
[i.17] "Forecast emission factors for vehicles, Chapter 5: Reducing emissions from transport".
NOTE: Available at http://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/1785b-
CCC_TechRep_Singles_Chap5_1.pdf.
[i.18] EU Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment Version 5.
NOTE: Available at
http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/sites/energyefficiency/files/files/documents/ICT_CoC/cocv5-
broadband_final.pdf.
[i.19] European Parliament COM(2009) 7604 2009/2228(INI): "Mobilising Information and
Communication Technologies to facilitate the transition to an energy-efficient, low-carbon
economy".
[i.20] Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Pariliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 establishing
a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products and amending
Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council.
[i.21] Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009
establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products
(Text with EEA relevance).
[i.22] Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the
indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other
resources by energy-related products (Text with EEA relevance).
ETSI

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7 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
baseline scenario: hypothetical reference case that best represents the conditions most likely to occur in the absence of
any environmental impact reduction measures
cut-off: threshold below which part of a product, service or system can be considered insignificant and need not be
considered by a LCA
e) emitted divided by a unit mass, volume,
Emission Factor (EF): mass of a specified pollutant (e.g. GHG or CO2
distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant
EXAMPLE: Number of kilograms of GHG emitted per kW of power generated or number of kilograms of
CO e emitted per km travelled.
2
greenhouse gas: gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits
radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, the
atmosphere and clouds
greenhouse gas emission: total mass of a GHG released to the atmosphere over a specified period of time
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ADSL Astmmetric Digital Subscriber Line
BATS Broadband Access via Integrated Terrestrial and Satellite Systems
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CO2e CO2 equivalent (warming potential of other GHGs)
CPI Communications and Power Industries
DEFRA (UK) Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
EF Emission Factor
EoLT End of Life Treatment
th
FP7 EU 7 R&D Framework Programme
GD Satcom General Dynamics SATCOM Technologies
GHG GreenHouse Gas
GTO Gross Take Off
HPA High Power Amplifier
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
ICT Information and Communication Technology
ING Intelligent Network Gateway
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO International Standards Organisations
IUG Intelligent User Gateway
LAN Local Area Network
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
MW Megawatt
PUE Power Usage Effectiveness
QTY Quantity
RF Radio Frequency
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
VDSL Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line
WAN Wide Area Network
WBCSD World Business Council on Sustainable Development
WEEE Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment
WRI World Resources Institute
ETSI

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8 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
4 Requirements arising from relevant
policies/legislation
European Member States have committed themselves to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) by 20 %, increasing
the share of renewable in the EU's energy mix to 20 %, and achieving a 20 % energy efficiency target by 2020.
In COM(2009) 7604 [i.19] "Mobilising Information and Communication Technologies to facilitate the transition to an
energy-efficient, low-carbon economy", the EC notes that "The use of ICT equipment in the delivery of services
represents about 1,75 % of carbon emissions in Europe; a further 0,25 % of carbon emissions come from the production
of ICT and consumer electronic equipment. As the range and penetration of ICTs increase, their overall energy use is
growing". The Communication went on to recommend the ICT sector set itself an energy reduction target.
In terms of carbon accounting, any organization (or indeed industry sector) is responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in a number of ways, either directly by burning fuel or processing chemicals, through the purchase of energy
from other sources, and indirectly through its supply chain the use of its products. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol is a
collaboration between the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council on Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) [i.1]. It differentiates between these three different categories of emissions and refers to them
as Scopes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Recommendation ITU-T L.1420 [i.2] explains how ICT companies can apply this to
their own operations.
In line with this policy landscape, the European Union has issued a number of directives to foster energy efficient
design of products:
th
• Directive 2005/32/EC on 6 July 2005 [i.20] establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design
requirements for energy-using products
st
• Directive 2009/125/EC on 21 October 2009 [i.21] establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design
requirements for energy-related products.
th
• Directive 2010/30/EU on 19 May 2010 [i.22] on the indication by labelling and standard product information
of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products
5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overview
5.1 Life Cycle Stages
ETSI TS 103 199 [i.3] specifies the following life cycle stages applying to ICT Equipment, Networks and Services:
a) Goods Raw material acquisition which is composed by:
- Raw material extraction.
- Raw material processing.
b) Production which is composed by:
- ICT Goods production.
- Support Goods production.
c) Use which is composed by:
- ICT Goods Use.
- Support Goods Use.
- Operator support activities.
- Service Provider support Activities.
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9 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
d) Goods End of Life Treatment:
- Re-use.
- ICT specific EoLT.
- Other EoLT.
If all these life cycle stages are not assessed, this should be stated when reporting.
The LCA for a satellite broadband network is described in the following sections. For all stages, the design operational
lifetime is considered to be 15 years.
5.2 Scope and Boundaries
Figure 1 (from ETSI TR 103 352 [i.4]) shows the main components of a 2 way service satellite network architecture
suitable for providing broadband services. The boundary of the satellite system includes:
• The satellite composed of the payload and the platform.
• The satellite terminals composed of the antenna system (dish), the RF part (Power Amplifier, Low Noise
Amplifier and filters) and the modem implementing the base band processing of the satellite radio interface.
• The Hub that includes both a Network Control Centre to manage the in orbit radio resources and a Gateway
with its antenna system, the RF part, a set of modems.
The Network Control Centre is not shown here and the power consumption is ignored under cut-off rules.

Figure 1: 2 way service satellite network architecture (e.g. Broadband)
ETSI

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10 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
The GHG emissions arising from a satellite network during all stages is the sum of the GHG emissions from all
subsystems and equipment included within the boundary of the system under investigation. The GHG emissions per
operator is the sum of the GHG emissions arising from the satellites, satellite control centres, gateways and terminals
under the control of the operator that are used to provide the broadband service.
5.3 Key Input Parameters
For the purposes of the LCA, the key input parameters are:
• The total energy consumption (covered in ETSI TR 103 352 [i.4]).
• The weight of a component or subsystem.
• The lifetime of the satellite broadband system.
• The number of terminals in operation per year.
• The GHGe emission factor of the electricity supply (either for locally generated electricity if this is all that is
used for the system, or the emission factor per country).
• The embodied carbon during manufacture, installation and EoLT.
• The annual change in value of the inputs over the period of the study.
5.4 Assumptions and Approximations during the LCA
The approximations made during the environmental assessment will depend on the budget available and the purpose of
the assessment, and a balance should be struck between these. Often a quick provisional assessment will provide 80 %
of the value from an assessment at (perhaps) 20 % of the costs. The benefits of doing this often make results available
which can be acted on sooner, to improve energy efficiency of a subsystem for example, which may outweigh the value
of carrying out a full LCA. A faster assessment can point to the equipment or subsystem whose environmental impact
or energy efficiency should be improved without going to the expense of a full LCA, and generally a more accurate
model need only be developed if there is doubt about the validity of the application of a cut off rule.
During the raw material extraction, production and EoLT stages, assumptions can be made as follows:
• The lifetime of the system in use.
The design operational lifetime of a satellite broadband network is considered to be 15 years. This cannot be
known accurately in advance but could have a significant impact on the resulting GHG emissions per annum,
particularly when compared with the calculation of the embodied carbon in the other stages. If the lifetime of
the system is less than predicted then the impact of the embodied carbon arising from the other stages will be
higher than calculated and may therefore become more significant according to the cut-off rules.
• The use of weight or price as a predictor of the embodied carbon in a component or subsystem. In the DEFRA
tables [i.5] a single figure is given to cover the raw material acquisition, proportion of recycled material and
production stages. It is uncertain how accurate an assessment this provides, but does offer a way forward to
what otherwise would be a very wide ranging assessment. Reference to a more detailed embodied carbon
database for electronic products and recycling would be preferable if this becomes available.
• For the purposes of calculating emissions from the production stage, the satellite launch vehicle needs to be
taken into account. In one example it was assumed to be the Ariane 5.
• The fuel for the delivery vehicles should be taken into account over the lifecycle. In one example it was
assumed that all road transport delivery vehicles will continue to use diesel fuel rather than adopt renewable
technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells.
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11 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
5.5 Cut-off Rules
Cut-off is the process for the exclusion of insignificant items and activities from the LCA ETSI TS 103 199 [i.3].
Invoking cut-off can simplify the assessment and reduce the cost by excluding items and activities that will not
significantly change the overall conclusions of the study. This is valid as long as the intended purpose of the assessment
is still met. Cut-offs should be avoided if possible, and are only acceptable if allowed according to guidance given in
ISO 14044 [i.6] and an alternative to cut-off can be to model unavailable data based on known data.
The cut-off criteria include a specified proportion of the total mass, energy or environmental significance of the system.
Irrespective of the cut-off method applied, the accumulated effects need careful consideration to prevent the sum of cut-
offs exceeding the targeted share of the total impact which is acceptable for cut-off.
If a preliminary assessment indicates that one of the stages of the LCA will be responsible for less than 1 % of the total
GHG emissions, then it can be ignored under cut-off rules. In practice, depending on the purposes of the assessment, if
one of the stages of the LCA is responsible for less than 10 % of the GHG emissions, then it can be ignored in some
circumstances, provided that this is stated in the assessment report and that cumulatively the number of stages ignored
under the cut-off rules do not add up to a more significant proportion of the GHG emissions.
Cut-offs that are applied should be stated in the assumptions.
6 Life Cycle Assessment Method applied to Satellite
Network
6.1 Variables and Assumptions
For a given satellite network, the data listed below is required. The assumptions on these are taken from ETSI
TR 103 352 [i.4] with additional information on Hybrid Satellite networks taken from Annex A of [i.7]. As described in
ETSI TR 103 352 [i.4], the number of satellite terminals that can be supported by a given satellite network can be
derived from the average bandwidth required by each satellite terminal during the busy hour.
LT Expected satellite network life time in years.
SN
TSN Satellite network throughput in Tbps.
T Max Service rate per terminal in Mbps.
max
T Average throughput rate per terminal during the busy hour in Mbps.
av
N Number of terminals that can be supported by a satellite network in average throughput mode.
SN
N Number of satellite gateways required to support the number of terminals served [i.8].
SG
N Number of satellites launched.
S
NSL Number of separate satellite launches.
EF Average emission factor of the electricity supply over the lifetime of the satellite network.
av
6.2 Raw material acquisition stage
GHG emissions arising from the goods raw material acquisition stage should be assessed in accordance with ETSI
TS 103 199 [i.3].
Tables such as those published by DEFRA for the United Kingdom [i.5] can be used to calculate the GHG emissions
from the raw material acquisition stage. These specify conversion factors to estimate the GHG emissions according to
the weight of a component or subsystem. For electronic products, 'weight' is a 'catch all' estimate for the materials used.
This serves where a more detailed inventory is not available which could, for example, include emissions from the
extraction of all the raw materials. Such details are considered to be below the cut-off of the LCA.
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12 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07)
It is acceptable under cut off rules to include raw material acquisition as part of the GHG emissions from the Production
stage, provided the tables used include this. This is assumed in the present document and so the raw material acquisition
stage is not accounted for separately.
6.3 Production stage
GHG emissions arising from the production stage should be assessed in accordance with ETSI TS 103 199 [i.3].
Production is considered to include:
• Component manufacture
• Subsystem construction and assembly
• Transport of materials to site
• Installation process
ETSI TS 103 199 [i.3] specifi
...