ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)

Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M); Applicability of M2M architecture to Smart Grid Networks; Impact of Smart Grids on M2M platform

DTR/M2M-00011

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 27-Sep-2012
• Technical Committee: SmartM2M - Smart M2M
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 28-Sep-2012
• Completion Date: 28-Sep-2012
• Mandate: M/441
• Mandate: M/490

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Report
Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M);
Applicability of M2M architecture to Smart Grid Networks;
Impact of Smart Grids on M2M platform

2 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)

Reference
DTR/M2M-00011
Keywords
M2M, smart grid, smart meter, use case
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3 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviations . 9
4 Introduction and Background . 10
4.1 Description of Smart Grids architecture concept . 11
4.2 Key Technical Elements of Smart Grid . 12
4.2.1 Distributed Energy Resources (DER) . 12
4.2.2 Demand Response (DR) . 13
4.2.3 Electric Vehicle (EV) . 13
4.2.4 Building/Home Energy Management (BHEM) . 14
4.2.5 Smart Metering . 14
4.2.6 Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) . 15
4.2.7 Communications . 16
4.3 Smart Grid Standardisation . 16
4.3.1 European conceptual model . 16
4.3.2 NIST conceptual model . 17
4.4 Smart Grid Roles and Responsibilities . 19
4.5 SG Communication Requirement values in Relation to M2M services . 22
5 Smart Grid Use Cases. 22
5.1 Smart Grid Energy Layer Use Case . 23
5.1.1 Advanced Distribution Automation WAMS (Wide Area Measurement System) . 23
5.1.1.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 23
5.1.1.2 Narrative of Use Case . 23
5.1.1.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 24
5.1.1.4 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 24
5.1.2 DER control (Distributed Energy Resources) . 24
5.1.2.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 24
5.1.2.2 Narrative of Use Case . 25
5.1.2.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 25
5.1.2.4 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 25
5.1.2.5 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 26
5.1.3 DR control (Demand Response) for large scale application . 26
5.1.3.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 26
5.1.3.2 Narrative of Use Case . 27
5.1.3.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 27
5.1.3.4 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 27
5.1.3.5 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 28
5.1.4 DS supervision (Distribution System) . 28
5.1.4.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 28
5.1.4.2 Narrative of Use Case . 28
5.1.4.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 29
5.1.4.4 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 29
5.1.4.5 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 29
5.1.5 DER, DR/Microgrid control . 30
5.1.5.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 30
5.1.5.2 Narrative of Use Case . 30
5.1.5.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 31
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4 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
5.1.5.4 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 31
5.1.5.5 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 31
5.1.6 Electric Vehicle (EV) charging and power feed . 32
5.1.6.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 32
5.1.6.2 Narrative of Use Case . 32
5.1.6.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 33
5.1.6.4 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 34
5.1.6.5 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 34
5.1.7 PV Generation (Photo Voltaic) . 34
5.1.7.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 34
5.1.7.2 Narrative of Use Case . 35
5.1.7.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 35
5.1.7.4 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 36
5.1.7.5 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 36
5.2 Control and Connectivity Layer Use Cases . 36
5.2.1 Use Case for Service Providers Management . 36
5.2.1.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 36
5.2.1.2 Narrative of Use Case . 37
5.2.1.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 38
5.2.1.4 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 39
5.3 Service Layer Use Cases . 39
5.3.1 Home-DR applications (Demand Response) for consumer appliances . 39
5.3.1.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 39
5.3.1.2 Narrative of Use Case . 40
5.3.1.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 41
5.3.1.4 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 42
5.3.2 Home Energy Management (HEM) . 42
5.3.2.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 42
5.3.2.2 Narrative of Use Case . 43
5.3.2.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 43
5.3.2.4 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 44
5.3.2.5 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 45
5.3.3 Submetering . 45
5.3.3.1 Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 45
5.3.3.2 Narrative of Use Case . 46
5.3.3.3 Actors: People, Systems, Applications, Databases, the Power System, and Other Stakeholders . 46
5.3.3.4 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 46
5.3.3.5 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 46
5.3.4 Smart Grid/Metering Service Layer . 47
5.3.4.1 Use Scope and Objectives of Use Case . 47
5.3.4.2 Narrative of Use Case . 47
5.3.4.3 Issues: Legal Contracts, Legal Regulations, Constraints and others . 49
5.3.4.4 Referenced Standards and / or Standardization Committees (if available) . 51
5.3.4.5 Drawing or Diagram of Use Case . 52
6 Applicability of M2M architecture to Smart Grids . 53
7 Proposed New Requirements . 54
7.1 Service Layer Security Requirements . 54
7.2 Energy Layer Security Requirements . 54
7.3 Energy Layer Requirements . 55
7.4 Service Layer Requirements. 55
8 Recommendations for future work . 56
8.1 ETSI . 56
8.2 Input to External Organisations . 56
Annex A: Bibliography . 57
History . 58

ETSI
5 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Machine-to-Machine communications
(M2M).
ETSI
6 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
1 Scope
The present document highlights the applicability of M2M architecture to smart grid networks. The present document
develops the most relevant Smart grids use cases, used to derive high level requirements. In addition it provides a
standard gap analysis (applicability of M2M APIs for Smart Grid applications, mechanisms to manage energy for end
users, etc), and derives a set of recommendation for the work of ETSI M2M.
Finally it shows dependencies and relationships with other works within ETSI TCs and other standards organisations
(including the ones covering the energy Layer: NIST, CEN/Cenelec and IEC in particular).
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] CEN/CENELEC/ETSI SMCG: "Functional reference architecture for smart metering systems"
(Final draft Technical Report CEN/CLC/ETSI/FprTR 50572 July 2011).
[i.2] http://www.3gpp.org/.
[i.3] http://www.sensus.com/ and http://sensus.co.uk/documents/10303/259817/UK-licensing-
brochure.pdf.
[i.4] http://portal.etsi.org/portal/server.pt/community/TISPAN/339.
[i.5] IEC 62055-31: "Electricity metering - Payment systems - Part 31: Particular requirements - Static
payment meters for active energy (classes 1 and 2)".
[i.6] http://www.zigbee.org/.
[i.7] "Companion Specification for Energy Metering" IEC 62056-21, IEC 62056-42, IEC 62056-46,
IEC 62056-47, IEC 62056-53, IEC 62056-61, IEC 62056-62.
[i.8] IEEE P802.11: "Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements
Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications".
NOTE: Available at http://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/802.11.html.
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7 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
[i.9] IEEE 802.16/Conformance04-2006: "IEEE Standard for Conformance to IEEE 802.16 -
Part 4: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) Proforma for Frequencies below
11 GHz".
NOTE: Available at http://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/802.16.html. ®
[i.10] "ZigBee Smart Energy Overview".
NOTE: Available at http://www.zigbee.org/Standards/ZigBeeSmartEnergy/Overview.aspx ®
[i.11] "ZigBee Smart Energy, version 2.0".
NOTE: http://www.zigbee.org/Standards/ZigBeeSmartEnergy/Version20Documents.aspx.
[i.12] Final report of the CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group on Standards for Smart Grids, 04
May 2011.
[i.13] NIST Special Publication 1108: "NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability
Standards", Release 1.0.
[i.14] ANSI C12.19: "American National Standard for Utility Industry End Device Data Tables".
NOTE: http://www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/American-National-Standard-for-Utility-Industry-End-Device-
Data-Tables.aspx.
[i.15] http://portal.etsi.org/portal/server.pt/community/OSG/355.
[i.16] IEEE 1377/C12.19-1997: "IEEE Standard for Utility Industry End Device Data Tables".
NOTE: Available at http://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/1377.html.
[i.17] M/490 EN: "Smart Grid Mandate".
[i.18] Barney L. Capehart: "Distributed Energy Resources (DER)".
NOTE: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/der.php.
[i.19] EU Commission Task Force for Smart Grids: "Expert Group 3: Roles and Responsibilities of
Actors involved in the Smart Grids Deployment".
NOTE: Available at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/smartgrids/doc/expert_group3.pdf.
[i.20] M/441: "Smart Metering Mandate".
[i.21] ETSI TS 102 241: "Smart Cards; UICC Application Programming Interface (UICC API) for Java
Card (TM)".
[i.22] ETSI TS 102 225: "Smart Cards; Secured packet structure for UICC based applications".
[i.23] ETSI TS 102 226:"Smart Cards; Remote APDU structure for UICC based applications".
[i.24] ETSI TS 102 690 (V1.1.1): "Machine- to- Machine communications (M2M); Functional
architecture".
[i.25] IEC 62351: "Power systems management and associated information exchange - Data and
communications security".
[i.26] IEEE Standards corner: "Focus on the IEC TC 57 standards".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_pes/pes/subpages/publications-
folder/TC_57_Column.pdf.
[i.27] Directive 2004/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on
measuring instruments.
NOTE: Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:135:0001:0080:EN:PDF.
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8 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
concentrator: This is used as a network and protocol converter between the two transport technologies.
NOTE: Obviously, it contains some others features that will be mentioned in the architecture document. The
concentrator may have a multi utility role, in order to be able to handle meters managed by different kind
of energy utilities.
energy gateway: The energy gateway establishes the link between the communication network of an energy consumer
(industrial facility, home environment, apartments building etc.) and the communication network used by other actors in
the energy market (Energy retailer, DSO, third party involved in Demand/Response schemes, etc).
home "equipment(s)": generic wording that includes, in one or several boxes, Modem for xDSL, GPRS or any other
Wide Area network, Residential/Home GatewayHome Service Gateway or/and Multi-Utility concentrator, the list is
non-exhaustive
NOTE: Numerous domestic appliances could also be connected to the HAN. A PC or/and a displaying device is
connected to the HAN. ®
local network: any less-than-1 km-range technology, wired or wireless (some examples could be ZigBee , M-Bus,
Wireless M-Bus, PLC, etc.)
NOTE: Star or meshed network is possible.
operators: potential users for a specific use case from any of these different roles: (utility provider / distributor, SM
provider, Network Operator, etc.)
Smart Metering (SM) Information System: generic name that gathers several roles: service provider, energy supplier,
energy distributor, network operator
NOTE: The exact content of this Smart Metering Information System and their physical implementation is out of
scope of the Use Cases document.
use case: system descriptions from the user point of view
NOTE: They treat the system as a black box, and the interactions with the system, including system responses,
are perceived as from outside the system. Use cases typically avoid technical jargon, preferring instead
the language of the end user or domain expert.
The present document on hand lists and defines system use cases, which are normally described at the
system functionality level (for example, create voucher) and specify the function or the service system
provides for the user. A system use case will describe what the actor achieves interacting with the system.
For this reason it is recommended that a system use case specification begin with a verb (e.g., create
voucher, select payments, exclude payment, cancel voucher). Generally, the actor could be a human user
or another system interacting with the system being defined.
A brief use case consists of a few sentences summarizing the use case.
Use cases should not be confused with the features/requirements of the system under consideration. A use
case may be related to one or more features/requirements, a feature/requirement may be related to one or
more use cases.
Wide Area Network (WAN): long range technology that enables exchanging data between parts of the Smart Metering
Information System and the Concentrator
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9 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ADA Advanced Distribution Automation
AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure
AMR Automatic Meter Reading
AP Application Protocol
APDU Application Protocol Data Unit
API Application Protocol Interface
BEMS Building Energy Management Systems
BHEM Building Home Energy Management
BPL Broadband Power Line
BS British Standards
CIM Common Information Model
CNG Customer Network Gateway
CSP Curtailment Service Providers
DER Distributed Energy Resource
DR Demand Response
DS Distribution Systems
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DSO Distribution System Operator
EN European Standards
EV Electric Vehicle
EVCE Electric Vehicle Charging
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSEC Gateway Security Function in M2M Architecture
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GSO Generation System Operator
GW GateWay
GW/DR Gateway/Demand R
HAN Home Area Network
HEM Home Energy Management
HES Home Energy Systems
HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HV High Voltage
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IHD In Home Display
IP Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
IT Internet Technology
JWG Joint Working Group ®
KNX Konnex (World's Only Open Standards for Home and Building Control)
KW Kilo Watts
LAN Local Access Network
LN Local Network
LNAP Local Network Access Point
LRR Long Range Radio
LV Low Voltage
M2M Machine-to-Machine (communications)
MB Mega Bit
MV Medium Voltage
MW Medium Watts
NAN Neighbourhood Area Networks
NAT Network Address Translator
NGN Next Generation Network
NN Neighbourhood Networks
NNAP Neighbourhood Network Access Point
NRAR Network Reachability Addressing and Respository
NSCL Network Service Capability Layer
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10 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
NSEC Network Security Function in M2M Architecture
OSGP Open Smart Grid Protocol
PC Personal Computer
PEV Plug-In Electric Vehicle
PEV-SP Plug-In Electric Vehicle – Service Provider
PEV-SW Plug-In Electric Vehicle -Software
PLC Power Line Communication
PMU Phase Measurement Unit
PV Photo Voltaic
REQ REQUIREMENT
RF Radio Frequency
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SCP Substation Computing Platform
SG Smart Grid
SG-CG Smart Grid Co-Ordination Group
SGTF Smart Grid Task Force
SLA Service Level Agreement
SM Smart Metering
SMCG Smart Metering Co-ordination Group
SM-CG Smart Metering Co-ordination Group
SP Service Provider
SRD Short Range Devices
TC Technical Committee
TFR Transient Fault Recorder
TR Technical Report
TSO Transmission System Operator
UDP-IP User Datagram Protocol_Internet Protocol
UICC Universal Integrated Circuit Card
UML Universal Machine language
WAM Wide Area Measurement
WAMS Wide Area Measurement System
WAN Wide Area Network
WI-FI Wireless Fidelity (Industry name for wireless LAN (WLAN))
XML Extensible Markup Language
4 Introduction and Background
Smart Grid is an electricity network that can cost efficiently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to
it - generators, consumers and those that do both - in order to ensure economically efficient, sustainable power system
with low losses and high levels of quality and security of supply and safety.
The European commission issued a standardization mandate M/490 [i.17] to European Standardisation Organisations
(ESOs) to support European Smart Grid deployment. The scope of "Smart Grid" for the purpose of this mandate is as
defined in the Task Force for the implementation of Smart Grids into the European internal market.
The 6 high level services, the Smart Grids Task Force defined, are:
• enabling the network to integrate users with new requirements;
• enhancing efficiency in day-to-day grid operation;
• ensuring network security, system control and quality of supply;
• enabling better planning of future network investment;
• improving market functioning and customer service;
• enabling and encouraging stronger and more direct involvement of consumers in their energy usage; and
• management.
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11 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
Smart grid networks have to rely on a telecommunication infrastructure that provides the level of coverage and
accessibility, quality, security, privacy and reliability needed to allow the migration of power grids to smart grid
networks. A power grid qualifies to become a smart grid if it provides the following functionalities [i.12]:
• Self-healing from power disturbance events
• Enabling active participation by consumers in demand response
• Operating resiliently against physical and cyber attack
• Accommodating all generation and storage options
• Enabling new products, services, and markets
• Optimizing assets and operating efficiently
It is commonly agreed that smart grid networks will rely on a wide scale monitoring and sensor infrastructure in
addition to the ongoing deployments of smart metering infrastructures. ETSI M2M architecture may be considered, in
particular to determine if extensions are needed to match the smart grids requirements.
The present document supports the needs expressed in the European Commission Task Force on Smart grids [i.12].
4.1 Description of Smart Grids architecture concept
The ETSI Board Of Directors (BoD) architecture for Smart Grids is conceptually divided into 3 main layers [i.12]:
1) the Energy Layer which handles the energy (production/generation, distribution, transmission and
consumption), i.e. sensors, electricity generation, storage and interconnection, transmission and distribution
power systems;
2) the Control & Connectivity Layer which ensures the energy control and connectivity including management
functions such as substation automation, condition, monitoring/diagnosis, supervision and protection, time
synchronisation, metering, OAM-style functions (sanity check of sensors), traffic engineering, protection and
restoration, virtualisation, routing, access technologies (for geographical coverage purposes);
3) the Service Layer which is composed by all services related to Smart grid usage, billing, e-commerce, data
models, subscription management and activation, applications, and business processes.
The focus of ETSI M2M for Smart Grid will be on the control and connectivity and service layer since the objective is
to assess the impact on M2M functional architecture [i.24]. Figure 4.1.1 illustrates the conceptual architecture of Smart
Grid.
ETSI
12 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)

Service
Control
&
connectivity
Energy
Figure 4.1.1: ETSI BoD architecture for Smart Grids
4.2 Key Technical Elements of Smart Grid
4.2.1 Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Distributed Energy Resources see [i.19].
The areas related to the integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and storage as well as electric vehicles
charging infrastructures within the smart grid has received limited consideration so far, though efficient integration of
such resources is fundamental to deliver the expected benefits of smart grid infrastructures in terms of CO2 emission
reductions. Intermittent generation from renewable source combines advantageously with Vehicle-to-grid technology to
exploit the transient storage capacity of electric vehicles batteries connected to a charging facility. In this context locally
plugged Electric Vehicles can be integrated in the grid as a DER, even while they are seen as a load at other times. This
requires transmission of proper tariff incentive to the customers and easy-to-use interfaces for configuration of
customer's choices upon plug-in.
The term "Prosumer" has been used in reference to the resulting need to measure and bill customers based on the
(positive or negative) difference between the energy generated from their facilities (wind power generators, solar
panels, or local, e.g. electric vehicle, storage drawn from local charging station at time of peak) and the energy
consumed locally: A positive difference corresponds to energy that can be redistributed to the network from the
consumption point, while a negative difference represents an actual energy consumption from the network as in the
traditional model. Such "prosumer nodes" may be aggregated by specific market actors to be seen as Virtual Power
Generation facilities. The consumption of on-site generated electricity (e.g. by tenants) needs to be subject to efficient
and reliable commercial process, though not necessarily managed via existing market communication processes. These
measures might increase trust and participation of the end consumer.
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13 ETSI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012-09)
On the power side, DER integration requires the support of bi-directional energy flows in the Distribution domain,
which is a change of paradigm from traditional energy grids and introduces new risks with potential hazardous physical
impact on expansive power elements (transformers etc.). Safe connection of local (low or medium voltage) generators
to the network requires proper control of the generated power (active and reactive), to ensure good synchronisation in
terms of phase, frequency and voltage. Therefore, the security of the ICT control infrastructure for managing DER is
not less sensitive than for other parts of the distribution domain, while it is potentially more exposed to attacks due to
proximity to network access points on the customer side (communication gateway with access to metering units for
consumed and generated power) and risk of frauds impacting the payment and settlement system for DER generation.
In principle, the measurement of DER-generated energy transferred to the network will be subject to similar risks
(tampering for fraud) as identified for other metering equipments (see Recommendation EG2.M.1 from SGTF EG2
EG2 REQ regarding conformity with the measuring instrument directive [i.27]). This assumes that the measurement
takes place after the DER-generated energy (e.g. continuous current) has been converted and synchronized to fit the
local grid energy waveform. Such measurements typically take place at the point of entry to the grid. The owner of the
DER resources connected to the entry point, however, cannot always be identified unambiguously, and in the future,
flexibility will require accommodation of displaceable resources such as electric vehicles allowing the energy network
to draw energy from their battery during hours of high demand. Such scenarios will require the capability to uniquely
identify the locally plugged resource to handle the billing properly. Therefore secure identification and authentication
capabilities such as those offered by TC M2M will be required for DER integration.
4.2.2 Demand Response (DR)
Demand Response sees [i.18] Automated demand response: DR can apply to any process that can dynamically modify
its consumption (or Production) level
Major contributions from smart grids to CO2 emission reductions are expected by improved Demand Response
management, which covers:
• Better smoothing Demand over time, thanks to e.g. introduction of dynamic tariffs, managed services and
customers incentives to shift their demand away from peak time to periods of lower demands. This assumes
active customer involvement in the energy market, including releasing some control over power-hungry
equipments to third-parties to lower the bill. High levels of trust from the consumers are critical for demand
response actors.
• Better balancing demand and response at all levels in the network, by dynamically optimizing the power flows
within the grid to accommodate local conditions of supply and demand while minimizing transmission losses.
Better prediction and control over demand behaviour and resulting reductions in spurious generation will have
beneficial impacts on costs and CO2 emissions.
4.2.3 Electric Vehicle (EV)
EV definition [i.19].
Efficient integration of Electric Vehicles in the smart grid requires ways to ensure that charging will mainly occur
during times of low energy demand and will not affect peak demand, otherwise no benefits in terms of CO2 reduction
can be expected from this technology. The further possibility to use the storage capacity of electric vehicles batteries as
temporary storage to draw upon during peak demand, subject to proper incentives and user consent, provides a way to
fully leverage on EV technologies. Finally in charging mode, EV are geographically moving loads that need to be
managed through proper demand response mechanisms, while when the user accepts the use of his battery as a
temporary storage while parked, they behave as DER resources. Efficient vehicle-to-grid communication technology
while moving as well as while parked is a fundamental requirement for efficient EV integration.
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4.2.4 Building/Home Energy Management (BHEM)
BHEM is the management of energy in the home and building (residential and commercial) of its demand and supply,
and energy optimization through centralised units. The BHEM is connected to the power grid so that demand and
supply can be adjusted in regional and community units for optimized energy use. The use of M2M in BHEM enables
visualisation of power consumption on different possible displays (either local or remote), monitoring and control of
individual appliances including alarm notifications in case of abnormal consumption, renewable energy resource and
electric vehicle, forecasting static operation according to plan/ optimisation logic, and efficient operation of various
resources (demand control devices, supply control devices, etc.). Control include activities such as switching off
appliances in response to a pricing request or as a result of a sensed event in order to reduce the environmental impact,
or to balance load by shifting load in time to alleviate the peak demand on the power grid. BHEM also includes
automated discovery functionality to identify individual appliances and apply the appropriate action.
4.2.5 Smart Metering
Smart Metering Co-ordination Group (SM-CG) developed a functional reference architecture for the smart metering
following the acceptance of the Mandate M/441 [i.20] for smart meter.
The work undertaken in response to M/441 [i.20] considers the high-level smart metering functionalities which are
additional to the traditional metrological requirements applying to electricity and other meters. The major focus of the
mandated work under M/441 [i.20] is the provision of improved information and services to consumers and enabling
consumers to better manage their consumption.
Particularly in relation to electricity metering, there is the important additional objective of facilitating smart grid
applications, notably through the incorporation of distributed generation. SM are outside the scope of the mandated
work of SG. However the M/441 [i.20] mandate envisages smart metering as a key enabler for smart grids, providing
for two-way information flows between the meter and the designated market organisation(s).
Smart metering systems may exist in the context of larger smart grid infrastructures and may co-exist with home
automation systems. This is illustrated in Figure 4.2.1.
Applications of smart grid systems and home automation systems may overlap with smart metering applications. The
communications infrastructures supporting these applications may be separate or may be usefully shared [i.20].

Figure 4.2.1: Smart metering in the context of smart grid and home automation
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Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is the only area of smart grids that has already been well explored. They
should provide the necessary information for the efficient management of the energy transmission and distribution
network, enable proper billing of the consumers, and provide further information required for demand response
mechanisms such as sending events when a customer purposely switches off equipment in response to a system's signal.
Identification and authentication of the consumer needs to be ensured, and this is where the security bootstrapping
mechanisms specified by TC M2M are of special interest. Beyond this, AMI need to be designed as to minimize the
exposure of personal information owned by the consumer, such as raw energy consumption measurements. The best
approach to this p
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