ETSI ETR 273-1-2 ed.1 (1998-02)

ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties in the measuremement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes

DTR/ERM-RP01-018-1-2

Elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC) in zadeve v zvezi z radijskim spektrom (ERM) - Izboljšanje zvezdastih merilnih metod (z uporabo merilnih mest) in ovrednotenje ustreznih merilnih negotovosti - 1. del: Netočnosti pri merjenju karakteristik mobilnih radijskih naprav - 2. podpoglavje: Primeri in dodatki

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Feb-1998
• Technical Committee: ERM RP01 - Maritime Radio
• Current Stage: 13 - TB decision to make document historical
• Completion Date: 17-Jun-2005
• Mandate: T-042-SI
• Ref Project: PSIST ETR 273-1-2:1999 - ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties in the measuremement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
PSIST ETR 273-1-2:1999
01-april-1999
(OHNWURPDJQHWQD]GUXåOMLYRVW(0&LQ]DGHYHY]YH]L]UDGLMVNLPVSHNWURP(50
,]EROMãDQMH]YH]GDVWLKPHULOQLKPHWRG]XSRUDERPHULOQLKPHVWLQRYUHGQRWHQMH
XVWUH]QLKPHULOQLKQHJRWRYRVWLGHO1HWRþQRVWLSULPHUMHQMXNDUDNWHULVWLN
PRELOQLKUDGLMVNLKQDSUDYSRGSRJODYMH3ULPHULLQGRGDWNL
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of
radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding
measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties in the measuremement of mobile radio
equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETR 273-1-2 Edition 1
ICS:
33.060.01 Radijske komunikacije na Radiocommunications in
splošno general
33.100.01 Elektromagnetna združljivost Electromagnetic compatibility
na splošno in general
PSIST ETR 273-1-2:1999 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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PSIST ETR 273-1-2:1999

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PSIST ETR 273-1-2:1999
ETSI ETR 273-1-2
TECHNICAL February 1998
REPORT
Source: ERM Reference: DTR/ERM-RP01-018-1-2
ICS: 33.020
Key words: Analogue, data, measurement uncertainty, mobile, radio, testing
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement of radiated methods of
measurement (using test sites) and
evaluation of the corresponding
measurement uncertainties;
Part 1: Uncertainties in the measurement
of mobile radio equipment characteristics;
Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: [e-mail]
Tel.: [phone] - Fax: [phone]
Copyright Notification:
No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1998. All rights reserved.

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
Contents
Foreword .9
1 Scope.11
2 References .11
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .11
3.1 Definitions.11
3.2 Symbols .16
3.3 Abbreviations .18
4 Examples of measurement uncertainty analysis (free field test sites) .19
4.1 Introduction.19
4.2 Example 1: Verification procedure.19
4.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: direct attenuation measurement .20
4.2.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.20
4.2.1.2 Contributions from individual components.22
4.2.1.2.1 Signal generator.22
4.2.1.2.2 Transmitting antenna cable.23
4.2.1.2.3 Transmitting antenna attenuator.23
4.2.1.2.4 Adapter .24
4.2.1.2.5 Receiving antenna attenuator.24
4.2.1.2.6 Receiving antenna cable.24
4.2.1.2.7 Receiving device.24
4.2.1.3 Contribution from the random component.25
4.2.1.4 Summary table of contributory components.26
4.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: radiated attenuation measurement.26
4.2.2.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.27
4.2.2.2 Contributions from individual components.29
4.2.2.2.1 Signal generator.29
4.2.2.2.2 Transmitting antenna cable.29
4.2.2.2.3 Transmitting antenna attenuator.30
4.2.2.2.4 Transmitting antenna.30
4.2.2.2.5 Site factors .31
4.2.2.2.6 Receiving antenna.34
4.2.2.2.7 Receiving antenna attenuator.35
4.2.2.2.8 Receiving antenna cable.35
4.2.2.2.9 Receiving device.36
4.2.2.3 Contribution from the random component.36
4.2.2.4 Summary table of contributory components.37
4.2.2.5 Expanded uncertainty for the verification procedure .38
4.3 Example 2: measurement of a transmitter parameter (spurious emission).38
4.3.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: EUT measurement .38
4.3.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.39
4.3.1.2 Contributions from the individual components.40
4.3.1.2.1 EUT.40
4.3.1.2.2 Site factors .42
4.3.1.2.3 Test antenna.44
4.3.1.2.4 Test antenna attenuator .45
4.3.1.2.5 Test antenna cable .45
4.3.1.2.6 Receiving device.45
4.3.1.3 Contribution from the random component.46
4.3.1.4 Summary table of contributory components.47
4.3.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: substitution measurement .48

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4.3.2.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.48
4.3.2.2 Contributions from the individual components.50
4.3.2.2.1 Signal generator .50
4.3.2.2.2 Substitution antenna cable.50
4.3.2.2.3 Substitution antenna attenuator.51
4.3.2.2.4 Substitution antenna.51
4.3.2.2.5 Site factors .52
4.3.2.2.6 Test antenna .55
4.3.2.2.7 Test antenna attenuator .55
4.3.2.2.8 Test antenna cable .56
4.3.2.2.9 Receiving device.56
4.3.2.3 Contribution from the random component.56
4.3.2.4 Summary table of contributory components.58
4.3.2.5 Expanded uncertainty for the spurious emission test .59
4.4 Example 3: measurement of a receiver parameter (sensitivity).59
4.4.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: transform factor measurement .59
4.4.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.59
4.4.1.2 Contributions from the individual components.61
4.4.1.2.1 Signal generator .61
4.4.1.2.2 Test antenna cable .61
4.4.1.2.3 Test antenna attenuator .62
4.4.1.2.4 Test antenna .62
4.4.1.2.5 Site factors .63
4.4.1.2.6 Measuring antenna.66
4.4.1.2.7 Measuring antenna attenuator.66
4.4.1.2.8 Measuring antenna cable.67
4.4.1.2.9 Receiving device.67
4.4.1.3 Contribution from the random component.68
4.4.1.4 Summary table of contributory components.69
4.4.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: EUT measurement .70
4.4.2.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.71
4.4.2.2 Contributions from the individual components.71
4.4.2.2.1 Signal generator .71
4.4.2.2.2 Test antenna cable .72
4.4.2.2.3 Test antenna attenuator .72
4.4.2.2.4 Test antenna .73
4.4.2.2.5 Site factors .73
4.4.2.2.6 EUT.76
4.4.2.3 Contribution from the random component.77
4.4.2.4 Summary table of contributory components.78
4.4.2.5 Expanded uncertainty for the receiver sensitivity
measurement.78
5 Examples of measurement uncertainty analysis (stripline) .79
5.1 Introduction.79
5.2 Example 1: verification procedure .79
5.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: direct attenuation measurement.80
5.2.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.80
5.2.1.2 Contributions from individual components .82
5.2.1.2.1 Signal generator .82
5.2.1.2.2 Signal generator cable .83
5.2.1.2.3 Signal generator attenuator .83
5.2.1.2.4 Adaptor.84
5.2.1.2.5 Receiving device attenuator.84
5.2.1.2.6 Receiving device cable.84
5.2.1.2.7 Receiving device.84
5.2.1.3 Contribution from the random component.85
5.2.1.4 Summary table of contributory components.86
5.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: radiated attenuation measurement.86
5.2.2.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.87

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5.2.2.2 Contributions from individual components.89
5.2.2.2.1 Signal generator.89
5.2.2.2.2 Signal generator cable .89
5.2.2.2.3 Signal generator attenuator .90
5.2.2.2.4 Site factors .90
5.2.2.2.5 Antenna factor of the monopole .90
5.2.2.2.6 Receiving device attenuator.91
5.2.2.2.7 Receiving device cable.91
5.2.2.2.8 Receiving device.91
5.2.2.3 Contribution from the random component.92
5.2.2.4 Summary table of contributory components.93
5.2.2.5 Expanded uncertainty for the verification procedure .93
5.3 Example 2: the measurement of a receiver parameter (sensitivity) .93
5.3.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: EUT measurement .94
5.3.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.94
5.3.1.2 Contributions from the individual components.96
5.3.1.2.1 Signal generator.96
5.3.1.2.2 Signal generator cable .96
5.3.1.2.3 Signal generator attenuator .97
5.3.1.2.4 Site factors .97
5.3.1.2.5 EUT.98
5.3.1.3 Contribution from the random component.99
5.3.1.4 Summary table of contributory components. 100
5.3.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: field measurement using the results of
the verification procedure . 101
5.3.2.1 Expanded uncertainty for the receiver sensitivity
measurement. 101
5.3.3 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: field measurement using a monopole . 101
5.3.3.1 Contributions from the mismatch components. 102
5.3.3.2 Contributions from the individual components. 103
5.3.3.2.1 Signal generator. 103
5.3.3.2.2 Signal generator cable . 104
5.3.3.2.3 Signal generator attenuator . 104
5.3.3.2.4 Site factors . 104
5.3.3.2.5 Antenna factor of the monopole . 105
5.3.3.2.6 Monopole attenuator. 105
5.3.3.2.7 Receiving device cable. 105
5.3.3.2.8 Receiving device. 106
5.3.3.3 Contribution from the random component. 106
5.3.3.4 Summary table of contributions . 107
5.3.3.5 Expanded uncertainty for the receiver sensitivity
measurement. 108
5.3.4 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: field measurement using three-axis
probe. 108
5.3.4.1 Contributions from the mismatch components. 108
5.3.4.2 Contributions from the individual components. 109
5.3.4.2.1 Signal generator. 109
5.3.4.2.2 Signal generator cable . 110
5.3.4.2.3 Signal generator attenuator . 110
5.3.4.2.4 Site factors . 111
5.3.4.2.5 Three-axis probe field measurement . 112
5.3.4.3 Contribution from the random component. 112
5.3.4.4 Summary table of contributory components. 113
5.3.4.5 Expanded uncertainty for the receiver sensitivity
measurement. 113
6 Wash-up. 113
6.1 Introduction. 113
6.2 Considerations in regulatory testing. 114
6.3 Measurement specification. 114

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6.4 Specification limits .115
6.5 Conclusions.116
Annex A (informative): Uncertainty contributions .117
A.1 Reflectivity .118
A.2 Mutual coupling.120
A.3 Range length.126
A.4 Corrections .128
A.5 Radio frequency cables.130
A.6 Phase centre positioning.131
A.7 Stripline.134
A.8 Ambient signals .137
A.9 Mismatch .138
A.10 Signal generator .140
A.11 Insertion losses .141
A.12 Antennas.144
A.13 Receiving device.145
A.14 Equipment under test .147
A.15 Frequency counter.150
A.16 Salty man and salty-lite .151
A.17 Test fixture.152
A.18 Random uncertainty .152
Annex B (informative): Calculating means and standard deviations.160
B.1 Properties of distributions.160
B.1.1 Introduction.160
B.1.2 Mathematical tools and properties .160
B.2 Calculations.161
B.2.1 Rectangular distributions .161
B.2.2 Gaussian distributions.161
B.2.3 'U' shaped distributions.161
Annex C (informative): Mathematical transforms.162
C.1 Principles of derivation of formulas when transforming from log to linear.162
C.1.1 A rectangular distribution in logarithmic terms converted to linear terms .162
C.1.2 A triangular distribution in logarithmic terms converted to linear terms.165
C.1.3 A rectangular distribution in linear terms converted to logarithmic terms .168
C.2 Conversion factors.171

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Annex D (informative): Mismatch uncertainties . 172
D.1 Introduction. 172
D.1.1 Cascading networks . 172
D.1.2 Mismatch uncertainty calculations . 176
D.2 General approach. 180
D.3 Networks comprising power combiners/splitters. 180
Annex E (informative): Antenna cabling measurements . 187
E.1 Introduction. 187
E.2 Experimental measurements. 187
E.2.1 Measurement procedure. 187
E.2.2 Discussion of results. 187
Annex F (informative): Near-field/far-field measurements. 191
F.1 Introduction. 191
F.2 Experimental measurements. 191
F.3 Measurement procedure . 192
F.4 Discussion of results. 192
Annex G (informative): Bibliography. 195
History . 197

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Foreword
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) has been produced by the Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM) Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI).
ETRs are informative documents resulting from ETSI studies which are not appropriate for European
Telecommunication Standard (ETS) or Interim European Telecommunication Standard (I-ETS) status. An
ETR may be used to publish material which is either of an informative nature, relating to the use or the
application of ETSs or I-ETSs, or which is immature and not yet suitable for formal adoption as an ETS or
an I-ETS.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part Technical Report (ETR) covering Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM) Improvement of radiated methods of measurement
(using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties, as identified below:
Part 1-1: "Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 1:
Introduction";
Part 1-2: "Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics;
Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes";
Part 2: "Anechoic chamber";
Part 3: "Anechoic chamber with a ground plane";
Part 4: "Open area test site";
Part 5: "Striplines";
Part 6: "Test fixtures";
Part 7: "Artificial human beings".

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1 Scope
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) provides the methods of evaluating and calculating the measurement
uncertainties and the required corrections for measurement conditions and results.
This ETR covers the method of radiated measurements on mobile radio equipment and applies to the
assessment of the uncertainties of radiated measurements.
The following aspects relate to the measurements:
- the calculation of the total uncertainty for each of the measured parameters;
- recommended maximum acceptable uncertainties for each of the measured parameters.
This ETR provides a method to be applied to all the applicable standards, and supports ETSI Technical
Report ETR 027 [4] and is supported by ETR 028 [5].
2 References
Within this ETR the following references apply:
[1] CCITT Recommendation O.41 (10/94): "Psophometer for use on telephone-type
circuits".
[2] CCITT Recommendation O.153 (10/92): "Basic parameters for the
measurement of error performance at bit rates below the primary rate".
[3] EN 55020 "Electromagnetic immunity of broadcast receivers and associated
equipment".
[4] ETR 027: "Radio Equipment and System (RES); Methods of measurement for
private mobile radio equipment".
[5] ETR 028: "Radio Equipment and System (RES); Uncertainties in the
measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[6] ETR 273-1-1 "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and
evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties
in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part:
Introduction".
[7] "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" (International
Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995).
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this ETR, the following definitions apply:
Audio Frequency (AF) load: Normally a resistor of sufficient power rating to accept the maximum audio
output power from the EUT. The value of the resistor is normally that stated by the manufacturer and is
normally the impedance of the audio transducer at 1 000 Hz.
NOTE 1: In some cases it may be necessary to place an isolating transformer between the
output terminals of the receiver under test and the load.

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AF termination: Any connection other than the audio frequency load which may be required for the
purpose of testing the receiver. (i.e. in a case where it is required that the bit stream be measured, the
connection may be made, via a suitable interface, to the discriminator of the receiver under test).
NOTE 2: The termination device is normally agreed between the manufacturer and the testing
authority and details included in the test report. If special equipment is required then it
is normally provided by the manufacturer.
A-M1: A test modulation consisting of a 1 000 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the
channel separation.
A-M2: A test modulation consisting of a 1 250 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the
channel separation.
A-M3: A test modulation consisting of a 400 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the
channel separation. This signal is used as an unwanted signal for analogue and digital measurements.
antenna: That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive
electromagnetic waves.
antenna factor: Quantity relating the strength of the field in which the antenna is immersed to the output
voltage across the load connected to the antenna. When properly applied to the meter reading of the
measuring instrument, yields the electric field strength in V/m or the magnetic field strength in A/m.
antenna gain: The ratio of the maximum radiation intensity from an (assumed lossless) antenna to the
radiation intensity that would be obtained if the same power were radiated isotropically by a similarly
lossless antenna.
bit error ratio: The ratio of the number of bits in error to the total number of bits.
combining network: A multipole network allowing the addition of two or more test signals produced by
different sources for connection to a receiver input.
NOTE 3: Sources of test signals are normally connected in such a way that the impedance
presented to the receiver is 50 W. Combining networks are so designed that the
combining networks are designed so that effects of any intermodulation products and
noise produced in the signal generators are negligible.
correction factor: The numerical factor by which the uncorrected result of a measurement is multiplied to
compensate for an assumed systematic error.
confidence level: The probability of the accumulated error of a measurement being within the stated
range of uncertainty of measurement.
directivity: The ratio of the maximum radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the
radiation intensity averaged over all directions (i.e. directivity = antenna gain + losses).
duplex filter: A device fitted internally or externally to a transmitter/rec
...