ETSI ETR 273-1-2 ed.1 (1998-02)

ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties in the measuremement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes

DTR/ERM-RP01-018-1-2

Elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC) in zadeve v zvezi z radijskim spektrom (ERM) - Izboljšanje zvezdastih merilnih metod (z uporabo merilnih mest) in ovrednotenje ustreznih merilnih negotovosti - 1. del: Netočnosti pri merjenju karakteristik mobilnih radijskih naprav - 2. podpoglavje: Primeri in dodatki

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Feb-1998
• Technical Committee: ERM RP01 - Maritime Radio
• Current Stage: 13 - TB decision to make document historical
• Completion Date: 17-Jun-2005
• Mandate: T-042-SI
• Ref Project: PSIST ETR 273-1-2:1999 - ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties in the measuremement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-1999
(OHNWURPDJQHWQD]GUXåOMLYRVW(0&LQ]DGHYHY]YH]L]UDGLMVNLPVSHNWURP(50
,]EROMãDQMH]YH]GDVWLKPHULOQLKPHWRG]XSRUDERPHULOQLKPHVWLQRYUHGQRWHQMH
XVWUH]QLKPHULOQLKQHJRWRYRVWLGHO1HWRþQRVWLSULPHUMHQMXNDUDNWHULVWLN
PRELOQLKUDGLMVNLKQDSUDYSRGSRJODYMH3ULPHULLQGRGDWNL
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of
radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding
measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties in the measuremement of mobile radio
equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETR 273-1-2 Edition 1
ICS:
33.060.01 Radijske komunikacije na Radiocommunications in
splošno general
33.100.01 Elektromagnetna združljivost Electromagnetic compatibility
na splošno in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

ETSI ETR 273-1-2
TECHNICAL February 1998
REPORT
Source: ERM Reference: DTR/ERM-RP01-018-1-2
ICS: 33.020
Key words: Analogue, data, measurement uncertainty, mobile, radio, testing
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement of radiated methods of
measurement (using test sites) and
evaluation of the corresponding
measurement uncertainties;
Part 1: Uncertainties in the measurement
of mobile radio equipment characteristics;
Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: [e-mail]
Tel.: [phone] - Fax: [phone]
Copyright Notification:
No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1998. All rights reserved.

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
Contents
Foreword .9
1 Scope.11
2 References .11
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .11
3.1 Definitions.11
3.2 Symbols .16
3.3 Abbreviations .18
4 Examples of measurement uncertainty analysis (free field test sites) .19
4.1 Introduction.19
4.2 Example 1: Verification procedure.19
4.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: direct attenuation measurement .20
4.2.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.20
4.2.1.2 Contributions from individual components.22
4.2.1.2.1 Signal generator.22
4.2.1.2.2 Transmitting antenna cable.23
4.2.1.2.3 Transmitting antenna attenuator.23
4.2.1.2.4 Adapter .24
4.2.1.2.5 Receiving antenna attenuator.24
4.2.1.2.6 Receiving antenna cable.24
4.2.1.2.7 Receiving device.24
4.2.1.3 Contribution from the random component.25
4.2.1.4 Summary table of contributory components.26
4.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: radiated attenuation measurement.26
4.2.2.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.27
4.2.2.2 Contributions from individual components.29
4.2.2.2.1 Signal generator.29
4.2.2.2.2 Transmitting antenna cable.29
4.2.2.2.3 Transmitting antenna attenuator.30
4.2.2.2.4 Transmitting antenna.30
4.2.2.2.5 Site factors .31
4.2.2.2.6 Receiving antenna.34
4.2.2.2.7 Receiving antenna attenuator.35
4.2.2.2.8 Receiving antenna cable.35
4.2.2.2.9 Receiving device.36
4.2.2.3 Contribution from the random component.36
4.2.2.4 Summary table of contributory components.37
4.2.2.5 Expanded uncertainty for the verification procedure .38
4.3 Example 2: measurement of a transmitter parameter (spurious emission).38
4.3.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: EUT measurement .38
4.3.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.39
4.3.1.2 Contributions from the individual components.40
4.3.1.2.1 EUT.40
4.3.1.2.2 Site factors .42
4.3.1.2.3 Test antenna.44
4.3.1.2.4 Test antenna attenuator .45
4.3.1.2.5 Test antenna cable .45
4.3.1.2.6 Receiving device.45
4.3.1.3 Contribution from the random component.46
4.3.1.4 Summary table of contributory components.47
4.3.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: substitution measurement .48

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
4.3.2.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.48
4.3.2.2 Contributions from the individual components.50
4.3.2.2.1 Signal generator .50
4.3.2.2.2 Substitution antenna cable.50
4.3.2.2.3 Substitution antenna attenuator.51
4.3.2.2.4 Substitution antenna.51
4.3.2.2.5 Site factors .52
4.3.2.2.6 Test antenna .55
4.3.2.2.7 Test antenna attenuator .55
4.3.2.2.8 Test antenna cable .56
4.3.2.2.9 Receiving device.56
4.3.2.3 Contribution from the random component.56
4.3.2.4 Summary table of contributory components.58
4.3.2.5 Expanded uncertainty for the spurious emission test .59
4.4 Example 3: measurement of a receiver parameter (sensitivity).59
4.4.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: transform factor measurement .59
4.4.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.59
4.4.1.2 Contributions from the individual components.61
4.4.1.2.1 Signal generator .61
4.4.1.2.2 Test antenna cable .61
4.4.1.2.3 Test antenna attenuator .62
4.4.1.2.4 Test antenna .62
4.4.1.2.5 Site factors .63
4.4.1.2.6 Measuring antenna.66
4.4.1.2.7 Measuring antenna attenuator.66
4.4.1.2.8 Measuring antenna cable.67
4.4.1.2.9 Receiving device.67
4.4.1.3 Contribution from the random component.68
4.4.1.4 Summary table of contributory components.69
4.4.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: EUT measurement .70
4.4.2.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.71
4.4.2.2 Contributions from the individual components.71
4.4.2.2.1 Signal generator .71
4.4.2.2.2 Test antenna cable .72
4.4.2.2.3 Test antenna attenuator .72
4.4.2.2.4 Test antenna .73
4.4.2.2.5 Site factors .73
4.4.2.2.6 EUT.76
4.4.2.3 Contribution from the random component.77
4.4.2.4 Summary table of contributory components.78
4.4.2.5 Expanded uncertainty for the receiver sensitivity
measurement.78
5 Examples of measurement uncertainty analysis (stripline) .79
5.1 Introduction.79
5.2 Example 1: verification procedure .79
5.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: direct attenuation measurement.80
5.2.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.80
5.2.1.2 Contributions from individual components .82
5.2.1.2.1 Signal generator .82
5.2.1.2.2 Signal generator cable .83
5.2.1.2.3 Signal generator attenuator .83
5.2.1.2.4 Adaptor.84
5.2.1.2.5 Receiving device attenuator.84
5.2.1.2.6 Receiving device cable.84
5.2.1.2.7 Receiving device.84
5.2.1.3 Contribution from the random component.85
5.2.1.4 Summary table of contributory components.86
5.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: radiated attenuation measurement.86
5.2.2.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.87

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
5.2.2.2 Contributions from individual components.89
5.2.2.2.1 Signal generator.89
5.2.2.2.2 Signal generator cable .89
5.2.2.2.3 Signal generator attenuator .90
5.2.2.2.4 Site factors .90
5.2.2.2.5 Antenna factor of the monopole .90
5.2.2.2.6 Receiving device attenuator.91
5.2.2.2.7 Receiving device cable.91
5.2.2.2.8 Receiving device.91
5.2.2.3 Contribution from the random component.92
5.2.2.4 Summary table of contributory components.93
5.2.2.5 Expanded uncertainty for the verification procedure .93
5.3 Example 2: the measurement of a receiver parameter (sensitivity) .93
5.3.1 Uncertainty contributions: stage 1: EUT measurement .94
5.3.1.1 Contributions from the mismatch components.94
5.3.1.2 Contributions from the individual components.96
5.3.1.2.1 Signal generator.96
5.3.1.2.2 Signal generator cable .96
5.3.1.2.3 Signal generator attenuator .97
5.3.1.2.4 Site factors .97
5.3.1.2.5 EUT.98
5.3.1.3 Contribution from the random component.99
5.3.1.4 Summary table of contributory components. 100
5.3.2 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: field measurement using the results of
the verification procedure . 101
5.3.2.1 Expanded uncertainty for the receiver sensitivity
measurement. 101
5.3.3 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: field measurement using a monopole . 101
5.3.3.1 Contributions from the mismatch components. 102
5.3.3.2 Contributions from the individual components. 103
5.3.3.2.1 Signal generator. 103
5.3.3.2.2 Signal generator cable . 104
5.3.3.2.3 Signal generator attenuator . 104
5.3.3.2.4 Site factors . 104
5.3.3.2.5 Antenna factor of the monopole . 105
5.3.3.2.6 Monopole attenuator. 105
5.3.3.2.7 Receiving device cable. 105
5.3.3.2.8 Receiving device. 106
5.3.3.3 Contribution from the random component. 106
5.3.3.4 Summary table of contributions . 107
5.3.3.5 Expanded uncertainty for the receiver sensitivity
measurement. 108
5.3.4 Uncertainty contributions: stage 2: field measurement using three-axis
probe. 108
5.3.4.1 Contributions from the mismatch components. 108
5.3.4.2 Contributions from the individual components. 109
5.3.4.2.1 Signal generator. 109
5.3.4.2.2 Signal generator cable . 110
5.3.4.2.3 Signal generator attenuator . 110
5.3.4.2.4 Site factors . 111
5.3.4.2.5 Three-axis probe field measurement . 112
5.3.4.3 Contribution from the random component. 112
5.3.4.4 Summary table of contributory components. 113
5.3.4.5 Expanded uncertainty for the receiver sensitivity
measurement. 113
6 Wash-up. 113
6.1 Introduction. 113
6.2 Considerations in regulatory testing. 114
6.3 Measurement specification. 114

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
6.4 Specification limits .115
6.5 Conclusions.116
Annex A (informative): Uncertainty contributions .117
A.1 Reflectivity .118
A.2 Mutual coupling.120
A.3 Range length.126
A.4 Corrections .128
A.5 Radio frequency cables.130
A.6 Phase centre positioning.131
A.7 Stripline.134
A.8 Ambient signals .137
A.9 Mismatch .138
A.10 Signal generator .140
A.11 Insertion losses .141
A.12 Antennas.144
A.13 Receiving device.145
A.14 Equipment under test .147
A.15 Frequency counter.150
A.16 Salty man and salty-lite .151
A.17 Test fixture.152
A.18 Random uncertainty .152
Annex B (informative): Calculating means and standard deviations.160
B.1 Properties of distributions.160
B.1.1 Introduction.160
B.1.2 Mathematical tools and properties .160
B.2 Calculations.161
B.2.1 Rectangular distributions .161
B.2.2 Gaussian distributions.161
B.2.3 'U' shaped distributions.161
Annex C (informative): Mathematical transforms.162
C.1 Principles of derivation of formulas when transforming from log to linear.162
C.1.1 A rectangular distribution in logarithmic terms converted to linear terms .162
C.1.2 A triangular distribution in logarithmic terms converted to linear terms.165
C.1.3 A rectangular distribution in linear terms converted to logarithmic terms .168
C.2 Conversion factors.171

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
Annex D (informative): Mismatch uncertainties . 172
D.1 Introduction. 172
D.1.1 Cascading networks . 172
D.1.2 Mismatch uncertainty calculations . 176
D.2 General approach. 180
D.3 Networks comprising power combiners/splitters. 180
Annex E (informative): Antenna cabling measurements . 187
E.1 Introduction. 187
E.2 Experimental measurements. 187
E.2.1 Measurement procedure. 187
E.2.2 Discussion of results. 187
Annex F (informative): Near-field/far-field measurements. 191
F.1 Introduction. 191
F.2 Experimental measurements. 191
F.3 Measurement procedure . 192
F.4 Discussion of results. 192
Annex G (informative): Bibliography. 195
History . 197

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
Foreword
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) has been produced by the Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM) Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI).
ETRs are informative documents resulting from ETSI studies which are not appropriate for European
Telecommunication Standard (ETS) or Interim European Telecommunication Standard (I-ETS) status. An
ETR may be used to publish material which is either of an informative nature, relating to the use or the
application of ETSs or I-ETSs, or which is immature and not yet suitable for formal adoption as an ETS or
an I-ETS.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part Technical Report (ETR) covering Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM) Improvement of radiated methods of measurement
(using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties, as identified below:
Part 1-1: "Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 1:
Introduction";
Part 1-2: "Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics;
Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes";
Part 2: "Anechoic chamber";
Part 3: "Anechoic chamber with a ground plane";
Part 4: "Open area test site";
Part 5: "Striplines";
Part 6: "Test fixtures";
Part 7: "Artificial human beings".

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
1 Scope
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) provides the methods of evaluating and calculating the measurement
uncertainties and the required corrections for measurement conditions and results.
This ETR covers the method of radiated measurements on mobile radio equipment and applies to the
assessment of the uncertainties of radiated measurements.
The following aspects relate to the measurements:
- the calculation of the total uncertainty for each of the measured parameters;
- recommended maximum acceptable uncertainties for each of the measured parameters.
This ETR provides a method to be applied to all the applicable standards, and supports ETSI Technical
Report ETR 027 [4] and is supported by ETR 028 [5].
2 References
Within this ETR the following references apply:
[1] CCITT Recommendation O.41 (10/94): "Psophometer for use on telephone-type
circuits".
[2] CCITT Recommendation O.153 (10/92): "Basic parameters for the
measurement of error performance at bit rates below the primary rate".
[3] EN 55020 "Electromagnetic immunity of broadcast receivers and associated
equipment".
[4] ETR 027: "Radio Equipment and System (RES); Methods of measurement for
private mobile radio equipment".
[5] ETR 028: "Radio Equipment and System (RES); Uncertainties in the
measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[6] ETR 273-1-1 "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and
evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties
in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part:
Introduction".
[7] "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" (International
Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995).
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this ETR, the following definitions apply:
Audio Frequency (AF) load: Normally a resistor of sufficient power rating to accept the maximum audio
output power from the EUT. The value of the resistor is normally that stated by the manufacturer and is
normally the impedance of the audio transducer at 1 000 Hz.
NOTE 1: In some cases it may be necessary to place an isolating transformer between the
output terminals of the receiver under test and the load.

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
AF termination: Any connection other than the audio frequency load which may be required for the
purpose of testing the receiver. (i.e. in a case where it is required that the bit stream be measured, the
connection may be made, via a suitable interface, to the discriminator of the receiver under test).
NOTE 2: The termination device is normally agreed between the manufacturer and the testing
authority and details included in the test report. If special equipment is required then it
is normally provided by the manufacturer.
A-M1: A test modulation consisting of a 1 000 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the
channel separation.
A-M2: A test modulation consisting of a 1 250 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the
channel separation.
A-M3: A test modulation consisting of a 400 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the
channel separation. This signal is used as an unwanted signal for analogue and digital measurements.
antenna: That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive
electromagnetic waves.
antenna factor: Quantity relating the strength of the field in which the antenna is immersed to the output
voltage across the load connected to the antenna. When properly applied to the meter reading of the
measuring instrument, yields the electric field strength in V/m or the magnetic field strength in A/m.
antenna gain: The ratio of the maximum radiation intensity from an (assumed lossless) antenna to the
radiation intensity that would be obtained if the same power were radiated isotropically by a similarly
lossless antenna.
bit error ratio: The ratio of the number of bits in error to the total number of bits.
combining network: A multipole network allowing the addition of two or more test signals produced by
different sources for connection to a receiver input.
NOTE 3: Sources of test signals are normally connected in such a way that the impedance
presented to the receiver is 50 W. Combining networks are so designed that the
combining networks are designed so that effects of any intermodulation products and
noise produced in the signal generators are negligible.
correction factor: The numerical factor by which the uncorrected result of a measurement is multiplied to
compensate for an assumed systematic error.
confidence level: The probability of the accumulated error of a measurement being within the stated
range of uncertainty of measurement.
directivity: The ratio of the maximum radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the
radiation intensity averaged over all directions (i.e. directivity = antenna gain + losses).
duplex filter: A device fitted internally or externally to a transmitter/receiver combination to allow
simultaneous transmission and reception with a single antenna connection.
DM-0: A test modulation consisting of a signal representing an infinite series of "0" bits.
DM-1: A test modulation consisting of a signal representing an infinite series of "1" bits.
DM-2: A test modulation consisting of a signal representing a pseudorandom bit sequence of at least 511
bits in accordance with CCITT Recommendation O.153 [2].

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
DM-3: A test signal agreed between the testing authority and the manufacturer in the cases where it is not
possible to measure a bit stream or if selective messages are used and are generated or decoded within
an equipment.
NOTE 4: The agreed test signal may be formatted and may contain error detection and
correction. Details of the test signal should be supplied in the test report.
error of measurement (absolute): The result of a measurement minus the true value of the measurand.
error (relative): The ratio of an error to the true value.
estimated standard deviation: From a sample of n results of a measurement the estimated standard
deviation is given by the formula:
n
(x-x)
∑ i
i =
s=
n-1
th
x being the i result of measurement (i = 1,2,3, .,n) and x the arithmetic mean of the n results
i
considered.
A practical form of this formula is:
X
Y-
n
s=
n-1
Where X is the sum of the measured values and Y is the sum of the squares of the measured values.
extreme test conditions: Conditions defined in terms of temperature and supply voltage. Tests are
normally made with the extremes of temperature and voltage applied simultaneously. The upper and lower
temperature limits are specified in the relevant testing standard. The test report states the actual
temperatures measured.
error (of a measuring instrument): The indication of a measuring instrument minus the (conventional)
true value.
free field: A field (wave or potential) which has a constant ratio between the electric and magnetic field
intensities.
free Space: A region free of obstructions and characterized by the constitutive parameters of a vacuum.
impedance: A measure of the complex resistive and reactive attributes of a component in an alternating
current circuit.
impedance (wave): The complex factor relating the transverse component of the electric field to the
transverse component of the magnetic field at every point in any specified plane, for a given mode.
influence quantity: A quantity which is not the subject of the measurement but which influences the value
of the quantity to be measured or the indications of the measuring instrument.
intermittent operation: Operation where the manufacturer states the maximum time that the equipment is
intended to transmit and the necessary standby period before repeating a transmit period.
isotropic radiator: A hypothetical, lossless antenna having equal radiation intensity in all directions.

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
limited Frequency Range: A specified smaller frequency range within the full frequency range over which
the measurement is made.
NOTE 5: The details of the calculation of the limited frequency range are normally given in the
relevant testing standard.
maximum permissible frequency deviation: The maximum value of frequency deviation stated for the
relevant channel separation in the relevant testing standard.
measuring system: A complete set of measuring instruments and other equipment assembled to carry
out a specified measurement task.
measurement repeatability: The closeness of the agreement between the results of successive
measurements of the same measurand carried out subject to all the following conditions:
- the same method of measurement;
- the same observer;
- the same measuring instrument;
- the same location;
- the same conditions of use;
- repetition over a short period of time.
measurement reproducibility: The closeness of agreement between the results of measurements of the
same measurand, where the individual measurements are carried out changing conditions such as:
- method of measurement;
- observer;
- measuring instrument;
- location;
- conditions of use;
- time.
measurand: A quantity subjected to measurement.
noise gradient of EUT: A function characterizing the relationship between the RF input signal level and the
performance of the EUT, e.g., the SINAD of the AF output signal.
nominal frequency: One of the channel frequencies on which the equipment is designed to operate.
nominal mains voltage: The declared voltage or any of the declared voltages for which the equipment
was designed.
normal test conditions: The conditions defined in terms of temperature, humidity and supply voltage
stated in the relevant testing standard.
normal deviation: The frequency deviation for analogue signals which is equal to 12 % of the channel
separation.
psophometric weighting network: As described in CCITT Recommendation O.41 [1].
polarization: For an electromagnetic wave, the figure traced as a function of time by the extremity of the
electric vector at a fixed point in space.
quantity (measurable): An attribute of a phenomenon or a body which may be distinguished qualitatively
and determined quantitatively.
rated audio output power: The maximum audio output power under normal test conditions, and at
standard test modulations, as declared by the manufacturer.

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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
rated radio frequency output power: The maximum carrier power under normal test conditions, as
declared by the manufacturer.
shielded enclosure: A structure that protects its interior from the effects of an exterior electric or
magnetic field, or conversely, protects the surrounding environment from the effect of an interior electric or
magnetic field.
SINAD sensitivity: The minimum standard modulated carrier-signal input required to produce a specified
SINAD ratio at the receiver output.
stochastic (random) variable: A variable whose value is not exactly known, but is characterized by a
distribution or probability function, or a mean value and a standard deviation (e.g. a measurand and the
related measurement uncertainty).
test load: The test load is a 50 W substantially non-reactive, non-radiating power attenuator which is
capable of safely dissipating the power from the transmitter.
test modulation: The test modulating signal is a baseband signal which modulates a carrier and is
dependent upon the type of EUT and also the measurement to be performed.
trigger device: A circuit or mechanism to trigger the oscilloscope timebase at the required instant. It may
control the transmit function or inversely receive an appropriate command from the transmitter.
uncertainty (random): A component of the uncertainty of measurement which, in the course of a number
of measurements of the same measurand, varies in an unpredictable way.
uncertainty (systematic): A component of the uncertainty of measurement which, in the course of a
number of measurements of the same measurand remains constant or varies in a predictable way.
uncertainty (limits of uncertainty of a measuring instrument): The extreme values of uncertainty
permitted by specifications, regulations etc. for a given measuring instrument.
NOTE 6: This term is also known as "tolerance".
uncertainty (standard): The representation of each individual uncertainty component that contributes to
the overall measurement uncertainty by an estimated standard deviation is termed the standard
uncertainty.
uncertainty (combined standard): The combined standard uncertainty of a measurement is calculated by
combining the standard uncertainties for each of the individual contributions identified.
NOTE 7: This combination is carried out by applying the Root of the Sum of the Squares (the
RSS) method under the assumption that all contributions are stochastic i.e. independent
of each other.
uncertainty (expanded): The combined standard uncertainty is multiplied by a constant to give the
expanded uncertainty limits.
upper specified AF limit: The maximum audio frequency of the audio pass-band. It is dependent on the
channel separation.
wanted signal level: For conducted measurements, a level of +6 dBmV emf referred to the receiver input
under normal test conditions. Under extreme test conditions the value is +12 dBmV emf.
NOTE 8: For analogue measurements the wanted signal level has been chosen to be equal to
the limit value of the measured usable sensitivity. For bit stream and message
measurements the wanted signal has been chosen to be +3 dB above the limit value of
measured usable sensitivity.
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ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this ETR, the following symbols apply:
b2p/l (radians/m)
gincidence angle with ground plane (°)
lwavelength (m)
fphase angle of reflection coefficient (°)
H
h120p Ohms - the intrinsic impedance of free space (W)
mpermeability (H/m)
antenna factor of the receive antenna (dB/m)
AF
R
antenna factor of the transmit antenna (dB/m)
AF
T
mutual coupling correction factor (dB)
AF
TOT
calculated on the basis of given and measured data
c
cross correlation coefficient
C
cross
derived from a measuring equipment specification
d
fdirectivity of the source
D(q, )
distance between dipoles (m)
d
dskin depth (m)
an antenna or EUT aperture size (m)
d
an antenna or EUT aperture size (m)
d
path length of the direct signal (m)
d
dir
path length of the reflected signal (m)
d
refl
electric field intensity (V/m)
E
max
calculated maximum electric field strength in the receiving antenna height scan
E
DH
from a half wavelength dipole with 1 pW of radiated power (for horizontal
polarization) (mV/m)
max
calculated maximum electric field strength in the receiving antenna height scan
E
DV
from a half wavelength dipole with 1 pW of radiated power (for vertical
polarization) (mV/m)
antenna efficiency factor
e
ff
fangle (°)
Dbandwidth (Hz)
f
frequency (Hz)
f
fgain of the source (which is the source directivity multiplied by the antenna
G(q, )
efficiency factor)
magnetic field intensity (A/m)
H
the (assumed constant) current (A)
I
the maximum current amplitude
I
m
2p/lk
a factor from Student's t distribution
k
Boltzmann's constant (1,38 x 10-23 Joules/Kelvin)
k
relative dielectric constant
K
the length of the infinitesimal dipole (m)
l
the overall length of the dipole (m)
L
the point on the dipole being considered (m)
l
measured
m
lwavelength (m)
power
p
probability of error n
Pe
(n)
probability of position n
Pp
(n)
antenna noise power (W)
P
r
power received (W)
P
rec
power transmitted (W)
P
t
qangle (°)
rreflection coefficient
rectangular distribution
r
the distance to the field point (m)
r
rreflection coefficient of the generator part of a connection
g
Page 17
ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
rreflection coefficient of the load part of the connection
l
equivalent surface resistance (W)
R
s
sconductivity (S/m)
sstandard deviation
Signal to noise ratio at a specific BER
SNR
b*
Signal to noise ratio per bit
SNR
b
antenna temperature (Kelvin)
T
A
U-distribution
u
the expanded uncertainty corresponding to a confidence level of %: = ·
U x U k u
c
the combined standard uncertainty
u
c
general type A standard uncertainty
u
i
random uncertainty
u
i01
general type B uncertainty
u
j
reflectivity of absorbing material: EUT to the test antenna
u
j01
reflectivity of absorbing material: substitution or measuring antenna to the test
u
j02
antenna
reflectivity of absorbing material: transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna
u
j03
mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the absorbing material
u
j04
mutual coupling: de-tuning effect of the absorbing material on the EUT
u
j05
mutual coupling: substitution, measuring or test antenna to its image in the
u
j06
absorbing material
mutual coupling: transmitting or receiving antenna to its image in the absorbing
u
j07
material
mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT
u
j08
mutual coupling: de-tuning effect of the test antenna on the EUT
u
j09
mutual coupling: transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna
u
j10
mutual coupling: substitution or measuring antenna to the test antenna
u
j11
mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction
u
j12
factors
mutual coupling: EUT to its image in the ground plane
u
j13
mutual coupling: substitution, measuring or test antenna to its image in the
u
j14
ground plane
mutual coupling: transmitting or receiving antenna to its image in the ground
u
j15
plane
range length
u
j16
correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane
u
j17
correction: measurement distance
u
j18
cable factor
u
j19
position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume
u
j20
positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the
u
j21
turntable
position of the phase centre: measuring, substitution, receiving, transmitting or
u
j22
test antenna
position of the phase centre: LPDA
u
j23
Stripline: mutual coupling of the EUT to its images in the plates
u
j24
Stripline: mutual coupling of the three-axis probe to its image in the plates
u
j25
Stripline: characteristic impedance
u
j26
Stripline: non-planar nature of the field distribution
u
j27
Stripline: field strength measurement as determined by the three-axis probe
u
j28
Stripline: transform Factor
u
j29
Stripline: interpolation of values for the transform factor
u
j30
Stripline: antenna factor of the monopole
u
j31
Stripline: correction factor for the size of the EUT
u
j32
Stripline: influence of site effects
u
j33
ambient effect
u
j34
mismatch: direct attenuation measurement
u
j35
mismatch: transmitting part
u
j36
mismatch: receiving part
u
j37
Page 18
ETR 273-1-2: February 1998
u signal generator: absolute output level
j
u signal generator: output level stability
j
u insertion loss: attenuator
j
u insertion loss: cable
j
u insertion loss: adapter
j
u insertion loss: antenna balun
j
u antenna: antenna factor of the transmitting, receiving or measuring antenna
j
u antenna: gain of the test or substitution antenna
j
u antenna: tuning
j
u receiving device: absolute level
j
u receiving device: linearity
j
u receiving device: power measuring receiver
j
u EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier
j
u EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the spurious emission level
j
u EUT: degradation measurement
j
u EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier
j
u EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the spurious emission level
j
...