ETSI TR 102 762 V1.1.1 (2010-04)

Human Factors (HF); Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); ICT in cars

DTR/HF-00117

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 12-Apr-2010
• Technical Committee: HF - Human Factors
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 12-Apr-2010
• Completion Date: 13-Apr-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Report
Human Factors (HF);
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS);
ICT in cars
2 ETSI TR 102 762 V1.1.1 (2010-04)

Reference
DTR/HF-00117
Keywords
ICT, safety
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3 ETSI TR 102 762 V1.1.1 (2010-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 11
3.1 Definitions . 11
3.2 Abbreviations . 12
4 Background . 12
4.1 What is "ICT in cars"? . 12
4.2 Previous work on ICT in cars . 13
4.3 Major achievements during the last ten years and identified problems . 13
5 Driver interactions . 14
5.1 Introduction . 14
5.2 Interaction with the car and passengers . 14
5.3 Interaction with the immediate environment . 14
5.4 Interaction with the planned route . 15
6 Human performance issues . 15
6.1 Fundamental issues. 15
6.2 Vision . 15
6.3 Hearing . 16
6.4 Physical performance . 16
6.5 Hand-eye co-ordination . 16
6.6 Attention and distraction . 16
6.7 Cognitive overload . 18
6.7.1 Learning and behavioural adaptations to new driver support systems . 18
6.8 Trust, reliability and accuracy . 19
6.8.1 Sufficient reliance on support systems. 19
6.8.2 Over-reliance on support systems . 19
6.8.3 Trust and privacy . 19
7 User interaction and information management . 20
7.1 Fundamental principles . 20
7.2 Input methods . 21
7.2.1 Alternative input methods . 21
7.2.2 Speech recognition and spoken commands . 22
7.3 Output methods . 22
7.4 Alerting the driver . 23
7.5 Multimodality . 23
7.6 Implementation of the user interaction methods . 23
8 Ways of identifying a car occupant . 24
8.1 Driver recognition . 24
9 ICT Services . 26
9.1 Introduction . 26
9.2 Safety related HMI . 26
9.3 Avoiding conflicts between concurrent actions . 26
9.4 Route related . 27
9.5 Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) . 27
9.5.1 Overview . 27
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9.5.2 Navigation systems linked to ITS services . 28
9.6 Services not part of the primary driving task. 28
9.7 Commercial and security services . 29
9.8 Services related to emergency situations . 30
9.8.1 Introduction. 30
9.8.2 eCall service. 30
9.8.3 Extended eSafety services . 30
9.9 Nomadic device integration . 30
9.10 Green ICT . 31
10 Personalization . 32
10.1 Current situation . 32
10.2 Ideal situation . 32
10.3 User profiles for personalization . 32
10.4 Service personalization examples . 32
10.4.1 Travel planning and navigation systems . 32
10.4.2 Information from the external environment . 33
10.4.3 Parking assistance . 33
10.4.4 Comfort and entertainment . 33
10.4.5 eSafety services . 33
10.4.6 Maintenance and reminders . 33
10.4.7 Adaptive assistance systems . 33
10.4.8 Green ICT . 34
10.4.9 Information acquisition . 34
11 Service and device integration . 35
11.1 Introduction . 35
11.2 ITS vehicle station communication architecture . 36
11.3 Architectural considerations for the HMI . 39
11.3.1 Introduction. 39
11.3.2 Availability of common interaction interfaces . 39
11.3.3 Human-centred design . 40
11.4 AIDE architecture for an integrated in-vehicle HMI system . 40
11.4.1 Centralized control . 40
11.4.2 Driver vehicle environment . 42
11.4.3 AIDE in other projects . 43
11.5 Benefits of an architecture with centralised control . 43
12 The human in the design loop . 44
12.1 Meeting the user's needs . 44
12.2 A process . 44
12.3 Analysis . 44
12.4 Development . 44
12.5 Test . 45
13 Scenarios . 45
13.1 Travelling to catch a train . 45
13.2 eSafety services . 47
13.3 Parking in cities . 48
13.3.1 Background . 48
13.3.1.1 Targeted parking scenario . 49
13.3.1.2 Assisted parking . 49
13.3.2 The parking in cities use case . 50
13.3.3 Human factors issues . 52
14 Discussions and further work . 52
14.1 The application of personalization . 52
14.2 Alternate user interaction styles for in-car usage . 53
14.3 Need for additional actions . 54
Annex A: Detailed ICT service analysis . 55
A.1 Safety related service examples . 55
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A.2 Other services . 59
Annex B: Summary of existing work . 64
B.1 Analysis of existing work . 64
B.2 Other projects, standards activities and initiatives analysed . 76
Annex C: ITS . 77
C.1 History of ITS . 77
C.2 What is ITS? . 77
C.3 How can ITS be categorised? . 78
C.4 ITS Service Domains, Service Groups and Service Types . 79
C.4.1 Traveller Information . 80
C.4.2 Traffic Management and Operations . 80
C.4.3 Vehicle Services . 80
C.4.4 Freight Transport and Logistics . 81
C.4.5 Public Transport . 81
C.4.6 Emergency . 81
C.4.7 Transport-related Electronic Payment . 82
C.4.8 Road Transport Related Personal Safety . 82
C.4.9 Weather and environmental conditions monitoring. 82
C.4.10 Disaster response management and coordination . 82
C.4.11 National security . 83
C.4.12 ITS Data Management . 83
C.5 Other Views of ITS Services . 83
C.5.1 Services to Drivers . 83
C.5.1.1 Driver/User Information Services . 84
C.5.1.2 Driver Assistance Services . 84
C.5.1.3 Collaborative Driver Assistance Services . 84
C.5.1.4 Collaborative Driving Services . 85
C.5.1.5 Background services . 85
C.5.2 Other categorization options. 85
C.6 ITS Users . 86
History . 87

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Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Human Factors (HF).
Intended readers of the present document are:
• manufacturers of vehicles and their suppliers;
• manufacturers of after-market equipment intended for use in the vehicle;
• ITS service providers;
• mobile network operators;
• developers of equipment communicating with in-vehicle networks;
• suppliers of other services and devices that may be used in a vehicle;
• mobile communication device manufacturers;
• road administrations;
• road operators;
• insurance companies;
• European Research and Development projects.
Introduction
Whilst driving, the driver needs to focus on multiple tasks. This leads to varying levels of concentration and particularly
a lower level of visual attention and ability. The present document highlights the potential dangers of driver distraction
and the consequential impact that this can have on road safety. The present document also considers the use of ICT by
passengers and of ICT jointly used by drivers and passengers.
The state of the art in the area has been studied, including the "European Statement of Principles on the Design of
Human Machine Interaction, European Commission, 2006 (ESoP)" [i.21] which is currently being implemented by car
manufacturers. Whereas the focus is on the users' needs and applications in this area, the present document identifies
potential possibilities and any limitation(s) of technical solutions and, where appropriate, provides examples of the
application of the ESoP and suggests future actions in order to open up new service opportunities.
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1 Scope
The present document identifies the key aspects of use of ICT in cars and provides advice on safer and more effective
use. Both the driver's and the passenger's requirements are examined. Factors relating to the safe use of ICT and to the
personalization of the user experience are identified.
Issues with services and devices related to both the driver and passengers are addressed, including devices which are:
• mounted rigidly in the vehicle, either fitted during manufacture or later (e.g. for navigation, entertainment,
games, emergency assistance services);
• communicating with the in-vehicle network e.g. for connecting phones, navigation equipment;
• portable equipment used in the vehicle.
Those aspects of ICT in cars with which the car user has no involvement are outside the scope of the present document.
Also excluded from the scope are special functions designed exclusively for use in taxis or cars used as emergency
service vehicles.
The approach taken in the present document is compatible with the European Statement of Principles on the Design of
Human Machine Interaction [i.21].
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] ETSI EG 202 325: "Human Factors (HF); User Profile Management".
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8 ETSI TR 102 762 V1.1.1 (2010-04)
[i.2] ETSI ES 202 746: "Human Factors (HF); Personalization and User Profile Management; User
Profile Preferences and Information".
[i.3] ETSI TS 102 747: "Human Factors (HF); Personalization and User Profile Management;
Architectural Framework".
[i.4] ETSI EG 202 421: "Human Factors (HF); Multicultural and language aspects of multimedia
communications".
[i.5] ETSI ES 202 076: "Human Factors (HF); User Interfaces; Generic spoken command vocabulary
for ICT devices and services".
[i.6] ETSI EG 202 417: "Human Factors (HF); User education guidelines for mobile terminals and
services".
[i.7] ETSI TR 102 638: "Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of
Applications; Definitions".
[i.8] ETSI TS 102 665: "Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications Architecture".
[i.9] ISO 4040 (2001): "Road vehicles - passenger cars - location of hand controls, indicators and
tell-tales".
[i.10] ISO 3958: "Road vehicles - Passenger car driver hand control reach".
[i.11] ISO 2575 (2004): "Road Vehicles - Symbols for Controls, Indications and Telltales".
[i.12] ISO 7000 (2004): "Graphical symbols for use on equipment - Index and synopsis".
[i.13] ISO 14813-1:2006: "Intelligent transport systems - Reference model architecture(s) for the ITS
sector - Part 1: ITS service domains, service groups and services".
[i.14] ISO 14813-1:2007: "Intelligent transport systems - Reference model architecture(s) for the ITS
sector - Part 1: ITS service domains, service groups and services".
[i.15] ISO/EN 16951: "Road vehicles - Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems -
Procedure for determining priority of on-board messages presented to drivers".
[i.16] ISO/EN 15005: "Road vehicles - Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems -
Dialogue management principles and compliance procedures".
[i.17] ISO/EN 15006: "Road vehicles - Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems -
Specifications and compliance procedures for in-vehicle auditory presentation".
[i.18] ISO/EN 15008: "Road vehicles - Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems -
Specifications and test procedures for in-vehicle visual presentation".
[i.19] ISO 11429: "Ergonomics - System of auditory and visual danger and information signals".
[i.20] ISO 17287: "Road vehicles - Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems -
Procedure for assessing suitability for use while driving".
[i.21] European Commission (2006): "European Statement of Principles on the Design of Human
Machine Interaction".
[i.22] European Commission (1999): "European Statement of Principles on the Design of Human
Machine Interaction, European Commission".
[i.23] Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the
protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement
of such data.
[i.24] Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning
the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications
sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications).
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9 ETSI TR 102 762 V1.1.1 (2010-04)
[i.25] Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the
retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available
electronic communications services or of public communications networks and amending
Directive 2002/58/EC.
[i.26] Nomadic Device Forum: Final Report - Short Form-, September 2009, eSafety Forum.
NOTE: See
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/esafety/doc/2009/steering_group/09_ndf__final_report_
short.pdf.
[i.27] Definition of Vehicle Categories.
NOTE: See http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/rf/DEFINITION_OF_VEHICLE_CATEGORIES.pdf.
[i.28] COMeSafety-DEL-D31-EuropeanITSCommunicationArchitecture-v2.0.pdf.
NOTE: See http://www.comesafety.org/index.php?id=17.
[i.29] AIDE deliverable D2.1.3: "Considerations on Test Scenarios".
NOTE: See http://www.aide-eu.org/pdf/sp2_deliv_new/aide_d2_1_3.pdf.
[i.30] Specification of AIDE methodology, AIDE D2.1.4 Summary.
NOTE: See http://www.aide-eu.org/pdf/sp2_deliv_new/aide_d2_1_4_summary.pdf.
[i.31] "The vision of AIDE".
NOTE: See http://www.aide-eu.org/vision.html.
[i.32] Final presentation of AIDE Sub-project 3.
NOTE: See http://www.aide-eu.org/res_sp3.html.
[i.33] AIDE deliverable D3.2.2: "System Architecture, data flow protocol definition and design AIDE
specifications".
NOTE: The summary of [i.33] is available at
http://www.aide-eu.org/pdf/sp3_deliv_new/aide_d3_2_2_summary.pdf.
The entire document is available upon request.
[i.34] Bart van Arem, Cornelie J. G. van Driel, and Ruben Visser (2006): "The impact of Co-operative
Adaptive Cruise Control on traffic flow characteristics", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, Vol. 7, No. 4., pp. 429-436.
[i.35] Mohamed Morsi Mahmod MSc, Prof. dr. Bart van Arem (October 2008): "A simulation
framework for modelling the impacts of an integrated road-vehicle system on local air quality",
TRAIL Research School, Delft.
[i.36] "TRaffic Accident Causation in Europe (TRACE): Electronic Architecture and System
Engineering for Integrated Safety Systems".
NOTE: See http://www.esafetysupport.org/en/esafety_activities/
related_projects/research_and_development/trace.htm.
[i.37] evalue, Testing and Evaluation Methods for ICT-based Safety Systems; Deliverable D1.1: "State
of the Art and eVALUE scope".
NOTE: See http://www.evalue-project.eu/pdf/evalue-080402-d11-v14-final.pdf.
[i.38] White Paper: "Developing telematic applications for the emergency services".
NOTE: See http://www.gstforum.org/download/White%20Papers/DOC_RSQ_White_Paper.pdf.
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[i.39] GST Open Systems Architecture and Interface Specifications.
NOTE: See
http://www.gstforum.org/download/SP%20level%20deliverables/Open%20Systems/DEL_OS_DEV_3_1
_Architecture_and_interface_specifications_v1.1.pdf.
[i.40] COTH-070820-E-DA2: "Specification of knowledge database on guidelines and design criteria,
Deliverable 1 of Task Force", HUMANIST.
NOTE: See http://www.noehumanist.org/documents/Deliverables/TFC/C-1-
HUMANIST_OTH_deliverable_VA2.pdf.
[i.41] Intelligent Mobility AGents, Advanced Positioning and Mapping Technologies INtEgration
Interoperable MulTimodal, location-based services; Fact sheet.
NOTE: See http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/esafety/doc/esafety_library/projects_fact_sheets/
imagine_it.pdf.
[i.42] Intelligent traffic and user-oriented technology (invent): "Driver Behavior and Human-Machine
Interaction FVM".
NOTE: See http://www.invent-online.de/downloads/FVM-handout-E.pdf.
[i.43] The smart-vehicle (SMART-VEI), Smart-Vei project home page.
NOTE: See
http://cordis.europa.eu/icadc/fetch?CALLER=FP7_PROJ_EN&ACTION=D&DOC=260&CAT=PROJ&
QUERY=011aa1a08726:3784:05369063&RCN=86390.
[i.44] Work package 4 Evaluation Task 4.1 - "A priori evaluation of safety function effectiveness;
Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation (LMS)".
NOTE: See http://www.prevent-
ip.org/download/Events/20080110_PReVAL_workshop/TRACE_WP4_Task%204.1_LMS%20methodol
ogy.pdf.
[i.45] G D Jacobs and Amy Aeron-Thomas: "A review of Global Road Accident Fatalities".
NOTE: See
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2
Fwww.transport-
links.org%2Ftransport_links%2Ffilearea%2Fpublications%2F1_771_Pa3568.pdf&ei=fatdS5OYF4r80wS
iu7z6BA&usg=AFQjCNGzUjTjjCHu4D6nZ7PpQ-cs1I8-ow&sig2=yQJ2Q7kUPZO0UrHcyAtaEA.
[i.46] "Make Roads Safe: a new priority for sustainable development". Commission for Global Road
Safety (June 2006).
NOTE: See http://www.makeroadssafe.org/publications/Documents/mrs_report_2007.pdf.
[i.47] Geyer J A & Ragland D R (2004): "Vehicle Occupancy and Crash Risk";
Paper UCB-TSC-RR-2004-16; Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley Traffic Safety
Center (University of California, Berkeley).
NOTE: See http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=its/tsc.
[i.48] Vollrath, M; Meilinger, T; Krueger, H P (2002): "How the presence of passengers influences the
risk of collision with another vehicle"; Accident Analysis & Prevention information,
Vol. 34 No. 5, Elsevier.
[i.49] Endsley, M.R. "Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement". Proceedings of the
Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting pp. 97-101(1988).
[i.50] Parkes, A.M. and Hooijmeijer. (2000): "The influence of the use of mobile phones on driver
situation awareness". Transportation Research Lab., Crowthorne, England.
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[i.51] Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. "Designing for appropriate reliance". Trust in technology; Human Factors,
46(1), 50−80 (2004).
[i.52] Sagberg, F., Fosser, S., & Saetermo, I. A. F. "An investigation of behavioural adaptation to airbags
and antilock brakes among taxi drivers". Accident Analysis and Prevention, 29(3), 293−302.
(1997).
[i.53] Woods, D. D. (1994). Automation: Apparent simplicity, real complexity. In M. Mouloua &
R. Parasuraman (Eds.), Human performance in automated systems: Current research and trends
(pp. 1−7). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[i.54] RAC Report on Motoring 2009, Royal Automobile Club, England.
NOTE: See http://www.rac.co.uk/data/media/file/pdf_1837.pdf.
[i.55] Posner M & Petersen SE (1990): "The Attention System of the Human Brain"; Annual Review of
Neurosciences 13:25-42.
[i.56] "Advances for In-Vehicle and Mobile Systems. Challenges for International Standards. Chapter 2:
Driver Recognition System using FNN and Statistical Methods" - ISBN: 978-0-387-33503-2.
[i.57] "Automobile Driving Behaviour Recognition Using Boosting Sequential Labelling Method for
Adaptive Driver Assistance Systems" - ISBN: 978-3-540-85844-7.
[i.58] ISO 21217 (2010): "Intelligent transport systems - Communications access for land mobiles
(CALM) - Architecture".
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
accessibility: ensuring that all sectors of the community have equal access to communications and online information
Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS): "interacting" with the driver with the main purpose of supporting the
driving task on the tracking and regulating levels
car: vehicle with three or more (and most commonly four) wheels that has its own onboard means of propulsion (rather
than being moved by another vehicle or animal) moving primarily on roads, that has seating for one to eight people and
is constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods
feedback: information presented to users that relates to an action that the user has requested
primary driving task: activities that the driver has to undertake while driving in navigating, manoeuvring and handling
a vehicle including steering, braking and accelerating
profile: total set of user related information, preferences, rules and settings which affects the way in which a user
experiences terminals, devices and services
NOTE: The use of the word profile in the present document implies user profile unless otherwise stated.
secondary task: all interaction tasks undertaken by the driver that are not primary tasks
usability: extent to which a product can be used by specific users to achieve specific goals with effectiveness,
efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use
user: person using ICT services
user profile: see profile
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3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ABS Anti-lock Braking System
ACC Adaptive Cruise Control
ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance System
AIDE Adaptive Integrated Driver-vehicle InterfacE
ARV Application Request Vector
AU Application and Control Unit
CALM Communications Access for Land Mobiles
CCAS Car Collision Avoidance System
CCTV Closed-Circuit Television
CCU Communication and Control Unit
CSV Channel Status Vector
DIM Driver Impairment Monitoring
DVE Driver-Vehicle-Environment
DVEM Driver Vehicle Environment Monitoring
GPL Liquefied Petroleum Gas
GPS Global Positioning System
HMI Human Machine Interaction
HUD Head-Up Display
ICA Interaction and Communication Assistant
ICE In-Car Entertainment
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4
IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
ISA Intelligent Speed Adaptation
ITS Intelligent Transport Systems
IVIS In-Vehicle Information and Communication System
MPH Miles Per Hour
MSD Minimum Set of Data
PDA Personal Data Assistant
PM Profile Management
PSAP Public Safety Answering Point
RNV Request No More Valid Vector
RV Reply Vector
TICS Transport Information and Control System
V2X Vehicle to Vehicle or/and to road Infrastructure
VMS Variable Message Signs
4 Background
4.1 What is "ICT in cars"?
"ICT in cars" can be simply and broadly defined as information and communication equipment and related services
which are used within the car environment. The present document focuses on where ICT in cars interacts with the car
occupants. This definition includes the impact of both Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and pure entertainment
systems such as radio, music and video on the driver and passengers.
Those ITS services whose operation does not require a direct interaction with the driver or passengers will not be
considered in the present document.
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4.2 Previous work on ICT in cars
Significant research work that considers how ICT in cars impacts on the drivers and passenger has been carried out over
a number of years in research projects and by in-house work from vehicle manufacturers and road transport testing
laboratories. Much of this work has been undertaken in European research projects, see annex B. The European
Commission has paid particular attention to ensuring that the best research findings were analysed and discussed, and
the outcome of this programme has been incorporated into the "European Statement of Principles on the Design of
Human Machine Interaction", which was first produced in 1999 [i.22] and significantly updated and enhanced in 2006
[i.21]. A detailed analysis has been made of existing ITS projects (National and European) and also of the work of
Consortiums/Organizations/Institutes working in the ITS related area, and the high-level observations on what work
may be relevant to the context of the present document are contained in annex B.
The present document fully reflects th
...