ETSI TS 103 757 V1.1.1 (2020-12)

SmartM2M; Asynchronous Contact Tracing System; Fighting pandemic disease with Internet of Things (IoT)

DTS/SmartM2M-103757

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Technical Committee: SmartM2M - Smart M2M
• Current Stage: 50 - Withdrawn
• Due Date: 02-Feb-2021
• Completion Date: 02-Feb-2021

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TS 103 757 V1.1.1 (2020-12)






TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SmartM2M;
Asynchronous Contact Tracing System;
Fighting pandemic disease with Internet of Things (IoT)

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2 ETSI TS 103 757 V1.1.1 (2020-12)



Reference
DTS/SmartM2M-103757
Keywords
application, application layer, Covid, IoT,
oneM2M, pandemic, SAREF, semantic, service
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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 8
2.2 Informative references . 9
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 11
3.1 Terms . 11
3.2 Symbols . 11
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 Testing and Contact Tracing . 12
4.1 Introduction . 12
4.2 Tracing and testing problems encountered during this COVID-19 pandemic . 13
4.3 Dorfman's group testing methodology . 13
5 Use Cases and Scenarios to running ACT . 14
5.1 ACT in a nutshell . 14
5.1.0 Foreword . 14
5.1.1 ACT in action . 15
5.1.2 ACT recap . 16
5.2 A Simple Use Case for Asynchronous Contact Tracing. 16
5.3 ACT in Tourism . 17
5.4 ACT in Commerce . 17
5.5 ACT and its relation with Time . 17
6 ACT Method Architecture and Solutions . 19
6.1 ACT Method Architecture and Functionalities . 19
6.2 ACT messages . 23
6.2.1 Service Identifiers . 23
6.2.2 Messages broadcasted by Peripheral Service (and listened by Smartphone application) . 23
6.2.3 Messages between Detection Service and Local Service . 24
6.2.4 Messages between Local Service and Peripheral Service . 25
6.2.5 Messages between Local Service and National Control Service . 25
6.2.6 Messages between Smartphone application and National Control Service . 26
6.2.7 Messages between PC application and National Control Service . 27
6.2.8 Messages between different National Control Services . 28
6.3 oneM2M Resources to implement the ACT Services . 28
6.4 Security, privacy and cybersecurity support . 30
6.5 Management support . 30
7 Asynchronous Contact Tracing oneM2M Communication framework . 30
7.1 Introduction . 30
7.2 Asynchronous Contact Tracing Communication Framework . 31
Annex A (normative): ACT Messages Specification . 32
A.1 Messages between Detection Service and Local Service . 32
A.2 Messages between Local Service and Peripheral Service . 32
A.3 Messages between Local Service and National Control Service . 33
A.4 Messages between Smartphone application and National Control Service. 33
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A.5 Messages between PC application and National Control Service . 34
A.6 Messages between different National Control Services . 35
Annex B (normative): JSON messages examples . 36
B.1 Messages between Detection Service and Local Service . 36
B.2 Messages between Local Service and Peripheral Service . 36
B.3 Messages between Local Service and National Control Service . 36
B.4 Messages between Smartphone application and National Control Service. 36
B.5 Messages between PC application and National Control Service . 37
B.6 Messages between different National Control Services . 37
Annex C (informative): Bibliography . 38
Annex D (informative): Change History . 39
History . 40


ETSI

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Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Smart Machine-to-Machine
communications (SmartM2M).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The present document defines properties and usage of IoT and M2M technology in Contact Tracing.
It introduces the method of Asynchronous Contact Tracing (ACT). ACT registers the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus
on IoT connected objects (waste water, or air conditioning filters, or dirty objects, or dirty cleaning tools, etc.) or
connected locations (such as a shops, restaurants, corridors in a supermarket, sanitary facilities in a shopping mall,
railway stations, airports terminals and gates, etc.) using Group Test (sometime called in the literature Pooling Test).
ACT identifies contacts with IoT connected objects that have been contaminated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and works
in synergy with solutions designed for manual and digital contact tracing to identify and alert people who may have
been infected by the virus. In case the object is suspected to host or have hosted the SARS-CoV-2 virus, ACT allows
users that have been in contact with the object or visited the connected location to be informed.
This shifts the paradigm from synchronously tracing the contacts of the people infected by COVID-19 to
asynchronously tracing of contacts of materials (such as infected surfaces, waste-water, air-conditioning filters, etc.)
that are hosting the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
This enables people who have come into contact asynchronously with those particular materials to be alerted of a
potential COVID-19 contagion, and, at the same time, it signals that one or more persons have been in contact with the
material which is now spreading the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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This methodology is particularly effective as the SARS-CoV-2 virus can survive for a significant time on objects that
have been contaminated. The degree of contamination depends on the object (e.g. a surface), the concentration of the
virus, the temperature, the humidity conditions, and the exposure to sun light. Viral contamination can be active for a
few hours or last for several days.
The ACT method uses existing, ready-to-market IoT-based technology and well-established wireless network
techniques. The methodology is not dependent on achieving a certain number of tests, or of people adopting it, in order
for the results to be useful, but from the number of (grouping) tests performed. Moreover, it does not require the
transmission of any personal information by the user, respecting both EU GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)
and people's sensibility to personal privacy.
The present document also shows a number of relevant case studies in many different areas.
The present document also defined requirements and the functionalities required to meet the requirements.
The present document specifies a solution for the ACT method using the oneM2M standard communication framework.
This process was inspired by Occam's Razor [i.5] or the Law of Parsimony (Latin: Lex Parsimoniae), that states that
entities and theories useful to solve a problem should not be multiplied unless necessary. On the contrary, simpler
entities and theories are preferable to more complex ones because they are easier to test and more likely to be true.
Introduction
"C'est un projet qui répond à une crise historique sans laquelle il n'existerait pas et au-delà de laquelle il n'existera
pas: l'épidémie de COVID-19" [i.10].
Asynchronous Contact Tracing is a method (network protocol + appropriate IoT infrastructure based on
SmartM2M/oneM2M + mobile and web applications) [i.15] conceived for regular, 'peace time' use, as opposed to
(Synchronous) Contact Tracing methods [i.6], [i.7], [i.8] and [i.9] which tend to be employed when society is put on an
urgent, war footing in reaction to an acute problem.
The ACT process is not only applicable to the current pandemic wave. The parameters can be adapted to any other virus
in a future pandemic.
ACT is able to work alone or in coordination with all existing (Synchronous) Contact Tracing solutions. It has been
designed as a service and a methodology that will be available for all pandemic, epidemic and other contagious
illnesses, as well as for other applications intended for protecting and tracing users. ACT is not only applicable to the
current wave of COVID-19. The parameters can be adapted to any other virus as required, and for testing and tracing of
e.g. situations related to leaks of discomforting or dangerous gasses and liquids.
ACT is intended to be socially and economically acceptable to people who consider Asynchronous Contact Tracing to
be a social-service (that is offered by, for example, a health or social security organization) and should not be perceived
to be an obligatory requirement.
ACT will promote individual testing only in the unfortunate event of the user receiving official notifications that he/she
may be potentially at risk. It can be applied to all the contexts where people share the same physical space, such as a
supermarket, schools, restaurants, hotels, gyms, offices, working plants, hospitals, hospices, etc. It can also be applied
to an object that is encountering people while it is in movement, such as a public transportation network.
ACT traces the contacts of objects with people and other objects and uses IoT technologies to react when a connected
object may 'host' or 'has hosted' the virus and spread the virus to other people. It is intrinsically asynchronous because it
does not require people to be in the same place at the same time, and, even stronger, it does not require the exchange of
any information between people, as the virus will be tracked back, or uncovered by doing (group) testing on objects and
not on people.
For many communities, this type of tracing will promote a quicker return to normal after, or avoiding lockdowns. This
will benefit many social and industrial organizations, cities, tourism, education, commerce, and travel, etc.
ACT has been designed as a service and a methodology that will also be available for COVID-19 and future pandemic
attacks.
ACT traces the contacts of objects with people and other objects and uses IoT technologies to react in the case that such
connected object will 'host' the virus and widespread a pandemic virus with people.
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The process is intrinsically asynchronous because it does not require people to be in the same place and at the same
time, and, more importantly, it does not require any information exchange between humans, since the virus has been
detected by Group Testing on materials and not on humans.
For many communities, this type of tracing will support an elaborate form of selective lockdown, i.e. the surgical
closure of specific areas following a forecast announcing a new spike of infection. It is without doubt a process that will
naturally benefit many social and industrial organizations, cities, tourism, education, commerce, and travel, etc.

ETSI

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1 Scope
The present document is structured as follows:
• Clauses 1 to 3 set the scene and provide references as well as definitions of terms, symbols and abbreviations,
which are used in the present document.
• Clause 4 shortly describes contact tracing and testing techniques, with in particular Dorfman's Group testing
[i.1], which contributes to of the ACT methodology.
• Clause 5 describes some use cases that are be useful to understand the usefulness of ACT method. These use
cases provide some relevant examples (among all the potential ones in the areas of Tourism, Commerce,
Transportations, Schools, Hospices, etc.) that are then used as reference for the specification development.
• Clause 6 specifies the solution for the ACT method using the oneM2M standard communication framework. It
allocates the functionalities in the architectural framework of the solution and the related interfaces. It defines
the oneM2M resources required to implement the functionalities. It specifies the ACT method in oneM2M, in
terms of features, resources, parameters, API, considering modifications to the existing ones and/or definition
of new ones.
• Clause 7 presents the ACT oneM2M communication framework.
• Annex A (normative) presents the ACT Messages Specification.
• Annex B (normative) presents some JSON messages examples.
• Annex C (informative) contains a Bibliography.
• Annex D (informative) contains the repsent document Change History.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TS 118 101: "oneM2M; Functional Architecture (oneM2M TS-0001)".
NOTE: Available at https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/118100_118199/118101/.
[2] IEEE 802.11-2020™: "IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks -- Specific
requirements -- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications".
NOTE: Available at https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_11-2020.html.
[3] ISO 8601: "Data and Time Format".
NOTE: Available at https://www.iso.org/iso-8601-date-and-time-format.html.
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9 ETSI TS 103 757 V1.1.1 (2020-12)
[4] ISO 6709: "Standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates".
NOTE: Available at https://www.iso.org/standard/39242.html.
[5] ETSI TS 118 111: "oneM2M; Common Terminology (oneM2M TS-0011)".
[6] ETSI TS 118 102: "oneM2M; Requirements (oneM2M TS-0002)".
[7] ETSI TS 118 104: "oneM2M; Service Layer Core Protocol Specification (oneM2M TS-0004)".
[8] ETSI TS 118 103: "oneM2M; Security solutions (oneM2M TS-0003)".
[9] ETSI TS 118 105: "oneM2M; Management Enablement (OMA) (oneM2M TS-0005).
[10] ETSI TS 118 106: "oneM2M; Management Enablement (BBF) (oneM2M TS-0006)".
[11] ETSI TS 118 109: "oneM2M; HTTP Protocol Binding (oneM2M TS-0009)".
[12] ETSI TS 118 120: "oneM2M; WebSocket Protocol Binding (oneM2M TS-0020)".
[13] ETSI TS 118 112: "oneM2M; Base Ontology (oneM2M TS-0012)".
[14] ETSI TS 118 115: "oneM2M; Testing Framework (oneM2M TS-0015)".
[15] ETSI TS 118 113: "oneM2M; Interoperability Testing (oneM2M TS-0013)".
[16] ETSI TS 118 122: "oneM2M; Field Device Configuration (oneM2M TS-0022)".
[17] oneM2M TS-0016: "Secure Environment Abstraction".
[18] ETSI TS 118 132: "MAF and MEF Interface Specification (oneM2M TS-0032)".
[19] ETSI TS 118 126: "3GPP Interworking (oneM2M TS-0026)".
[20] oneM2M TS-0030: "Ontology based Interworking".
[21] oneM2M TS-0031: "Feature Catalog".
[22] oneM2M TS-0033: "Interworking Framework".
[23] oneM2M TS-0034: "Semantics Support".
[24] ETSI TS 103 264: "SmartM2M; Smart Applications; Reference Ontology and oneM2M
Mapping".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] R. Dorfman "The detection of defective members of large populations", Annals of Mathematical
Statistics, 14, 436-440, 1943.
NOTE: Available at https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aoms/1177731363.
[i.2] Chin Awh, et al.: "Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions", The Lancet
Microbe 2020.
NOTE: Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30003-3.
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[i.3] Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al.:
"Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1", New England
Journal of Medicine, 2020.
NOTE: Available at https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmc2004973.
[i.4] Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E.: "Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces
and their inactivation with biocidal agents", Journal of Hospital Infection 2020.
NOTE: Available at https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(20)30046-3/fulltext.
[i.5] Schaffer, Jonathan: "What Not to Multiply Without Necessity". Australasian Journal of
Philosophy. 93 (4): 644-664, 2015.
[i.6] Inria and Fraunhofer AISEC. ROBERT protocol, v1.1: "Candidate proposal for PEPP-PT (Pan
European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing)".
NOTE: Available at https://github.com/ROBERT-proximity-tracing/documents/blob/master/ROBERT-
specification-EN-v1_1.pdf.
[i.7] EPFL etal. DP3T (Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing).
NOTE: Available at https://github.com/DP-3T/documents/blob/master/DP3T%20White%20Paper.pdf.
[i.8] MIT etal. PACT (Private Automated Contact Tracing).
NOTE: Available at https://pact.mit.edu/.
[i.9] Apple and Google: Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing.
[i.10] Cédric O, Discours prononcé à l'Assemblé nationale, 27 Mai, Assemblée Nationale, Paris, France.
NOTE: Available at https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/275301-cedric-o-27052020-stopcovid.
[i.11] Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé, France: "Guider votre choix parmi les 316 tests
COVID-19 du marché".
NOTE: Available at https://covid-19.sante.gouv.fr/tests.
[i.12] The Airbnb cleaning handbook: "Your step-by-step guide to Airbnb's enhanced cleaning protocol",
38 pages, 2020.
NOTE: Available at https://news.airbnb.com/introducing-airbnb-enhanced-clean/.
[i.13] Sizun J, Yu MW, Talbot PJ.: "Survival of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in suspension and
after drying on surfaces: a possible source of hospital-acquired infections", J Hosp Infect 2000.
NOTE: Available at https://doi.org//10.1053/jhin.2000.0795.
[i.14] Abigail P. Harvey, Erica R. Fuhrmeister, Molly Cantrell, Ana K. Pitol, Jenna M. Swarthout, Julie
E. Powers, Maya L. Nadimpalli, Timothy R. Julian, Amy J. Pickering: "Longitudinal monitoring
of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on high-touch surfaces in a community setting".
NOTE: Available at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.27.20220905, November 2020.
[i.15] L. Liquori, S. Wood, and E. Scarrone : "Asynchronous Contact Tracing".
NOTE: Available at https://hal.inria.fr/hal-02989404v2, December 2020.
[i.16] ETSI TR 118 501: "oneM2M Use Case collection (oneM2M TR-001)".
[i.17] ETSI TR 118 525: "oneM2M; Application Developer Guide".
[i.18] ETSI TR 118 535: "oneM2M; Developer guide: device management (oneM2M TR-0035) ".
[i.19] ETSI TR 118 545: " oneM2M; Developer Guide: Implementing Semantics (oneM2M TR-0045)".
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11 ETSI TS 103 757 V1.1.1 (2020-12)
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
Void.
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
5G Fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks
ACT Asynchronous Contact Tracing
AE Application Entity (in oneM2M architecture)
AI Artificial Intelligence
API Application Programming Interface
ASN Application Service Node
ATM Automated Teller Machine
NOTE: In French: DAB Distributeur Automatique de Billets.
BSSID Basic Service Set IDentifier
COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019
CSE Common Service Entity
CT Contact Tracing
EU European Union
...