ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)

SmartM2M; SAREF extension investigation; Requirements for AgriFood domain

DTR/SmartM2M-103511

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 01-Oct-2018
• Technical Committee: SmartM2M - Smart M2M
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 01-Apr-2019
• Completion Date: 02-Oct-2018

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)






TECHNICAL REPORT
SmartM2M;
SAREF extension investigation;
Requirements for AgriFood domain

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2 ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)



Reference
DTR/SmartM2M-103511
Keywords
agriculture, food, IoT, oneM2M, ontology,
SAREF, semantic
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3 ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 References . 5
2.1 Normative references . 5
2.2 Informative references . 5
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 6
3.1 Definitions . 6
3.2 Abbreviations . 6
4 SAREF extension for the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain domain . 7
5 Related initiatives . 7
5.1 Introduction . 7
5.2 Standardization initiatives and associations . 7
5.2.1 AEF . 7
5.2.2 AgGateway . 8
5.2.3 AIOTI . 8
5.3 Standards . 8
5.4 Ontologies . 8
5.5 European projects . 8
5.5.1 IoF2020 (H2020 Large Scale Pilot) . 8
5.5.2 DISAC project . 9
5.5.3 DDINGS project . 9
5.5.4 SDF project . 9
5.6 ETSI initiatives . 9
6 Use cases . 10
6.1 Use case 1: On-farm precision farming . 10
6.2 Use case 2: Smart irrigation . 11
6.3 Use case 3: Agriculture or forestry equipment from the fields in the road . 11
6.4 Additional use cases . 12
6.4.1 Greenhouses . 12
6.4.2 Food chain . 12
7 Requirements . 12
7.0 Introduction . 12
7.1 Livestock farming. 13
7.2 Smart Irrigation . 14
7.3 Agricultural machines from the field on the road . 15
8 Conclusions . 15
Annex A: Bibliography . 17
History . 18


ETSI

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4 ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Smart Machine-to-Machine
communications (SmartM2M).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.

ETSI

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5 ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for an initial semantic model for smart agriculture and food chain
domain (AgriFood) based on a limited set of use cases and from available existing data models. The present document
is developed in close collaboration with AIOTI, the H2020 Large Scale Pilots and with ETSI activities in the smart
agriculture and food chain domain. Further extensions are envisaged in the future to cover entirely the smart agriculture
and food chain domain. The associated ETSI TS 103 410-6 [i.13] will define the extension (i.e. the semantic model) for
the smart agriculture and food chain domain based on the requirements and use cases specified in the present document.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] European Commission and TNO: "Smart Appliances REFerence ontology (SAREF)", April 2015.
NOTE: Available at http://ontology.tno.nl/saref.
[i.2] European Commission and TNO: "D-S4 Final Report - SMART 2013-0077 - Study on Semantic
Assets for Smart Appliances Interoperability", March 2015.
NOTE: Available at https://sites.google.com/site/smartappliancesproject/documents.
[i.3] ETSI TS 103 264 (V1.1.1) (11-2015): "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances; Reference Ontology and
oneM2M Mapping".
[i.4] ETSI TR 103 411 (V1.1.1) (02-2017): "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances; SAREF extension
investigation".
[i.5] ETSI TS 103 410-1: "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances Extension to SAREF; Part 1: Energy
Domain".
[i.6] ETSI TS 103 410-2: "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances Extension to SAREF; Part 2: Environment
Domain".
[i.7] ETSI TS 103 410-3: "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances Extension to SAREF; Part 3: Building
Domain".
[i.8] ETSI TR 103 545: "SmartM2M; Pilot test definition and guidelines for testing cooperation
between oneM2M and Ag equipment standards".
[i.9] Brewster C: "The landscape of agrifood data standards: From ontologies to messages". EFITA
WCCA 2017 conference, Montpellier, France, July 2017.
[i.10] Kempenaar C. et al.: "Big data analysis for smart farming. Results of TO2 project in theme food
security".
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6 ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)
NOTE: Available at http://edepot.wur.nl/391652.
[i.11] Verhoosel J. and Spek J.: "Applying Ontologies in the Dairy Farming Domain for Big Data
st
Analysis". CEUR-WS Joint Proceedings of the 3rd Stream Reasoning (SR 2016) and the 1
Semantic Web Technologies for the Internet of Things (SWIT 2016) workshops, co-located with
th
15 International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2016), Kobe, Japan, October 2016.
NOTE: Available at http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1783/.
[i.12] Abendroth L. J., Elmore R. W., Boyer M. J. & Marlay S. K.: "Corn growth and development",
2011.
[i.13] ETSI TS 103 410-6: "SmartM2M; Extension to SAREF; Part 6: Smart Agriculture and Food Chain
Domain".
[i.14] ISO 11783 series: "Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry -- Serial control and
communications data network".
[i.15] ETSI TS 103 410 series: "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances Extension to SAREF".
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
ontology: formal specification of a conceptualization, used to explicit capture the semantics of a certain reality
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AEF Agricultural industry Electronics Foundation
AIOTI Alliance for the Internet of Things Innovation
EPCIS Electronic Product Code Information Services
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GPS Global Positioning System
GTIN Global Trade Item Number
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
ICT Information and Communications Technology
IoT Internet of Things
ISOBUS International Standard Organization Binary Unit System
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
RDF Resource Description Framework
RFID Radio-Frequency IDentification
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
RTK Real-Time Kinematic
SAREF Smart Appliances REFerence ontology
SAREF4AGRI SAREF extension for the AgriFood domain
SDF Smart Dairy Farming
SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS-XL SKOS eXtension for Labels
STF Specialists Task Force
TNO Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research
TR Technical Report
TS Technical Specification
XML Extensible Markup Language
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7 ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)
4 SAREF extension for the Smart Agriculture and Food
Chain domain
SAREF [i.1] is a reference ontology for IoT created in close interaction with the industry during a study requested by
the European Commission in 2015 [i.2] and subsequently transferred into an ETSI TS 103 264 [i.3].
SAREF contains core concepts that are common to several IoT domains and, to be able to handle specific data elements
for a certain domain, dedicated extensions of SAREF can be created. Each domain can have one or more extensions,
depending on the complexity of the domain. As a reference ontology, SAREF serves as the means to connect the
extensions in different domains. The earlier document ETSI TR 103 411 [i.4] specifies the rationale and methodology
used to create, publish and maintain the SAREF extensions.
The present document specifies the requirements for an initial SAREF extension for the Smart Agriculture and Food
Chain domains based on a limited set of use cases and from available existing data models. The present document has
been developed in the context of the STF 534 (https://portal.etsi.org/STF/STFs/STFHomePages/STF534.aspx), which
was established with the goal to create SAREF extensions for the domains of Smart Cities, Smart Industry &
Manufacturing, and Smart AgriFood. The STF 534 follows the outcomes of the earlier STF 513, which developed an
updated the SAREF specification ETSI TS 103 264 [i.3], and the first extensions of SAREF in the energy [i.5],
environment [i.6] and building [i.7] domains.
The STF 534 consists of the following two main tasks:
1) gather requirements, collect use cases and identify existing sources (e.g. standards, data models, ontologies,
etc.) from the domains of interest (i.e. Smart Cities, Smart Industry & Manufacturing, and Smart AgriFood);
and
2) produce extensions of SAREF for each domain based on these requirements.
The present document focuses on the extension of SAREF for the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain domain, which
will result in a new ontology, called SAREF4AGRI, to be published in the companion ETSI TS 103 410-6 [i.13] as part
of the SAREF extensions series ETSI TS 103 410 [i.15].
5 Related initiatives
5.1 Introduction
In this clause, some of the main related initiatives in terms of modelling and standardization in the Smart Agriculture
and Food Chain domain are reviewed. Existing efforts range from national or international standardization initiatives to
specific European or national projects related to these standardization initiatives. The potential stakeholders identified
for the SAREF4AGRI extension can be classified as: farmers, industry vendors (e.g. suppliers of agriculture equipment
and machinery, farm management systems, climate control systems for greenhouses, etc.), associations related to
Internet of Things and Smart AgriFood, European projects, research community, platforms for IoT data processing, and
standardization bodies. An overview of the landscape of agrifood standards including those for crop research, farming,
food supply chain and food retail purposes is provided by Brewster 2017 [i.9] (for additional links to related literature,
portals and repositories, see also http://aims.fao.org/activity/blog/agrovoc-and-other-community-agreements-agrifood-
related-sectors).
5.2 Standardization initiatives and associations
5.2.1 AEF
The Agricultural Industry Electronics Foundation (AEF) (http://www.aef-online.org) is an independent organization
founded on October 2008 by seven international agricultural equipment manufacturers and two associations. Currently,
eight manufacturers and three associations work as core members of the AEF together with 200 general members. Their
work aims at improving cross-manufacturer compatibility of electronic and electric components in agricultural
equipment and to establish transparency about compatibility issues. Implementing international electronic standards is
therefore a cornerstone of the AEF work.
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8 ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)
While the AEF's intention is to enable mutually beneficial links between companies, the effort is first and foremost
directed at their farming customers, i.e. to make work easier for them and to provide them with economic benefits. The
AEF promotes compatibility across manufacturers or brands using standards, which is increasingly considered as a
competitive advantage, as opposed to the idea of customers buying all their machinery from one manufacturer.
Moreover, it aims to establish transparency about compatibility and to provide customers with relevant information
prior to a purchase of agricultural machinery.
5.2.2 AgGateway
AgGateway (http://www.aggateway.org/) is a non-profit consortium of businesses serving the agriculture industry.
AgGateway manages standardization through the agriculture value chain (horizontal). Their mission is to promote and
enable the industry's transition to digital agriculture and expand the use of information to maximize efficiency and
productivity. AgGateway counts more than 230 member companies working within the following eight major segments:
Ag Retail, Allied Providers (systems & software developers and service providers), Crop Nutrition, Crop Protection,
Grain & Feed, Precision Agriculture, Seed, Specialty Chemical. Each segment forms a council that operates
autonomously within the overall guidelines of AgGateway.
5.2.3 AIOTI
The Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation (https://aioti.eu/), founded by the European Commission in 2015,
consists on thirteen working groups. The WG03 on IoT standardization is a horizontal working group that addresses,
amongst other, the issue of semantic interoperability in the IoT that is especially relevant to SAREF. The WG06 on
Smart Farming and Food Security is a vertical working group dedicated to IoT scenarios/use cases that allow
monitoring and control of the plant and animal products life cycle ("from farm to fork").
5.3 Standards
The most relevant standard for this work is ISOBUS, a communication protocol for the agriculture industry promoted
by AEF. ISOBUS is based on the ISO 11783 standard series, parts 1 to 14 [i.14] and AEF works to coordinate enhanced
certification tests for the ISO 11783 standard [i.14]. In the past, every manufacturer used their own proprietary
solutions, which required special adaption for every combination of tractor and implementations. In contrast, ISOBUS
promotes a plug and play solution based on international standards that increase the safety, effectiveness, precision and
efficiency of agricultural equipment, regardless of the manufacturer. All signals, such as speed, position of the lower
links, power take-off RPM, etc. are available in a standardized form. The communication between the implement and
the farm management system is also standardized and simplified through the use of ISO-XML.
5.4 Ontologies
The most relevant ontology for this work is AGROVOC (http://aims.fao.org/vest-registry/vocabularies/agrovoc-
multilingual-agricultural-thesaurus), a controlled vocabulary developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) that contains over 34 000 concepts available in 29 languages including food, nutrition,
agriculture, fisheries, forestry, environment, etc. It is maintained by an international community of experts and
institutions active in the area of agriculture and related domains. It is available as an SKOS-XL concept scheme and is
also published as a linked data set.
5.5 European projects
5.5.1 IoF2020 (H2020 Large Scale Pilot)
The Internet of Food and Farm 2020 (IoF2020) project is the H2020 Large Scale Pilot that explores the potential of
IoT-technologies for the European food and farming industry (https://www.iof2020.eu/). The goal is to leverage IoT
technologies to make precision farming a reality and to take a vital step towards a more sustainable food value chain,
drop the use of pesticide and fertilizer, optimize the overall efficiency, but also enable better traceability of food,
leading to increased food safety. IoF2020 aims to build a lasting innovation ecosystem that fosters the uptake of IoT
technologies by involving stakeholders along the food value chain together with technology service providers, software
companies and academic research institutions.
Nineteen use-cases organized around five sectors (arable, dairy, fruits, meat and vegetables) develop, test and
demonstrate IoT technologies in an operational farm environment all over Europe.
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9 ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)
The full list of use cases is available at https://iof2020.eu/trials. The IoF2020 project can provide the environment of
stakeholders and use cases to validate the SAREF4AGRI extension.
5.5.2 DISAC project
The Data Intensive Smart Agrifood Chains (DISAC) programme is a public-private partnership between twenty
industrial parties and four knowledge institutes in the Netherlands (https://subsites.wur.nl/en/plb/PL-
Projects/DISAC.htm). The focus is on arable farming and more precisely on precision farming for agricultural fields.
Aim of the programme is to develop a communication infrastructure between sensors and agricultural machinery, which
will enable site-specific and real-time adjustments to crop treatment, harvesting and grazing schemes. The programme
consists of the following three different subprojects:
1) the electronic potato, which tries to use sensors to monitor and control the potato growing process in the field;
2) the N-sensor, which tries to improve the measurement of nitrates in the field; and
3) connectivity on the field for grassland management and weed control.
The latter subproject uses standards for information exchange between machines in the field and the Farm Management
Information System, such as AEF ISO-XML and the AgGateway ADAPT framework (https://adaptframework.org/).
The relation between these standards and SAREF4AGRI can be further investigated.
5.5.3 DDINGS project
The Data-Driven Integrated Growing Systems (DDINGS) project is a Dutch national project that is targeted on data
sharing and exchange for the improvement of greenhouse management. The project involves a large consortium of
greenhouse equipment suppliers that provide appliances to monitor and control housing, windows, screen and climate of
the greenhouse. The goal of the project is to combine data from the greenhouse appliances, as well as data from other
external data sources, in order to perform meaningful data analysis. The ISOBUS standard is currently used in this area,
but SAREF4AGRI could become especially relevant when alignment is needed in the information exchange between
different appliances in the greenhouse.
5.5.4 SDF project
The Smart Dairy Farming project (http://www.smartdairyfarming.nl) is a Dutch national project that involved the main
dairy industry organizations in the Netherlands. The goal of the project was to measure the improvement of the quality
of life of the animals and use the results to better cater the individual needs of the cows, and to be able to detect
symptoms of illness of the animal, making a positive impact on their wellbeing. Sensor equipment was used to monitor
300 cows at 7 dairy farms. A large amount of sensor data was generated on grazing activity, feed intake, weight,
temperature and milk production of individual cows. Semantic alignment of similar concepts (but with different
meaning) in various data sources was necessary for improved decision support and historical analysis. The generated
data was used for decision support for the dairy farmers on feed efficiency in relation to milk production, by answering
complex questions such as "How much food did an individual cow consume in a certain time period at a specific
grassland parcel and how does this relate to the milk production in that period?". More details on the SDF project
results can be found in the literature [i.10].
5.6 ETSI initiatives
The STF 542 is an ETSI Specialist Task Force (STF) dedicated to specify a pilot test plan for interfacing the oneM2M
platform with agriculture machines and standards (https://portal.etsi.org/STF/STFs/STFHomePages/STF542.aspx). By
making use of the oneM2M standards, the STF 542 produced ETSI TR 103 545 [i.8] to be used as input (parameters
and measurement methods) for a pilot Plugtests™ event to validate the possible cooperation between the ETSI
oneM2M standards and AEF ISOBUS standards implemented for communication inside and between agriculture and
forestry machines.
The main scenario envisioned for the pilot Plugtests™ event consists in the dissemination of a warning message to
vehicles passing-by as soon as an agriculture or forestry equipment from the fields has been detected to exit on the road.
The coordination between the detection of this event and the sending of the notification message is envisioned using an
oneM2M gateway in the tractor.
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10 ETSI TR 103 511 V1.1.1 (2018-10)
6 Use cases
6.1 Use case 1: On-farm precision farming
Arable farming, horticulture and livestock farming have seen considerable developments in the actual (or potential) use
of ICT and by extension sensors. There are three steps to precision agriculture:
1) Collection of data with the maximum possible resolution concerning the farm plots or animals which are
managed.
2) Analysis of this data (often requiring integration of multiple data sources) so as to plan a set of actions or
treat
...