ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)

Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Sustainable Digital Multiservice Communities; Broadband Deployment and Energy Management; Part 2: Multiservice Networking Infrastructure and Associated Street Furniture; Sub-part 2: The use of lamp-posts for hosting sensing devices and 5G networking

RTS/ATTMSDMC-11

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Technical Committee: ATTM SDMC - Sustainable Digital Multiservice Communities
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 30-Nov-2020
• Completion Date: 26-Nov-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)






TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM);
Sustainable Digital Multiservice Communities;
Broadband Deployment and Energy Management;
Part 2: Multiservice Networking Infrastructure and
Associated Street Furniture;
Sub-part 2: The use of lamp-posts for hosting
sensing devices and 5G networking

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2 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)



Reference
RTS/ATTMSDMC-11
Keywords
digital, network, service, smart city, sustainability,
user

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3 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)
Content
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 8
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 The path towards Smart street lighting . 11
4.1 General . 11
4.2 Stage 1: Switching to LED bulbs . 14
4.3 Stage 2: Connected street lighting . 14
4.4 Stage 3: New service development . 15
5 Functionality and availability . 15
5.1 Stage 2 . 15
5.1.1 Functionality . 15
5.1.1.1 Data connection . 15
5.1.1.2 Power supply . 16
5.1.2 Availability . 17
5.2 Stage 3 . 17
5.2.1 Functionality . 17
5.2.1.1 Data connection - front-haul and mid-haul networks . 17
5.2.1.2 Power supply . 19
5.2.2 Availability . 19
5.2.2.1 General . 19
5.2.2.2 Data connection . 20
5.2.2.3 Power supply . 21
6 RRU infrastructure . 21
6.1 General . 21
6.2 Power supply converter . 22
6.3 Power amplifier . 22
6.4 RF transceiver . 22
7 RRU Installation . 23
7.1 General . 23
7.2 RRU top-mounted installation . 23
7.3 RRU side-mounted installation . 24
7.4 Cover and concealing Box. 24
8 RRU energy consumption . 24
8.1 General . 24
8.2 Power supply converter . 24
8.3 Opto-electronic converter . 24
8.4 Power amplifier . 25
8.5 Antenna . 25
9 Power supply provision . 25
9.1 Power from the grid . 25
9.2 DC power feeding from centralized sites . 26
9.2.1 General . 26
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4 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)
9.2.2 Remote powering at 38-72 VDC . 26
9.2.3 Remote powering in accordance with IEEE 802.3 applications . 26
9.2.4 Higher voltage DC power feeding . 27
9.2.4.1 RTF-C and RFT-V . 27
9.2.4.2 Other solutions . 27
9.3 Hybrid data and power supply cabling . 27
9.4 Earthing . 27
10 Accessing the lamp-posts . 28
10.1 Existing pathways. 28
10.1.1 General . 28
10.1.2 Underground services . 28
10.1.3 Overhead services . 29
10.2 New underground pathways . 29
Annex A (informative): The evolution of Radio Access Network architectures . 30
A.1 Introduction . 30
A.2 Centralized and virtual Radio Access Networks . 30
A.2.1 General . 30
A.2.2 C-RAN . 30
A.2.3 V-RAN . 31
A.3 Front-haul . 32
Annex B (informative): Void . 34
Annex C (informative): Example and Interface of RRUs Installation . 35
C.1 Top-mounted flange interface . 35
C.2 Side-mounted interface. 36
History . 37


ETSI

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5 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Access, Terminals, Transmission
and Multiplexing (ATTM).
The present document is part 2, sub-part 2 of a multi-part deliverable. Full details of the entire series can be found in
part 1 [i.13].
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The "smart city" concept radically changes the management of the community it services.
The present document discusses the use of lamp-posts, pervasive in urban areas, as a physical infrastructure to host
devices to provide data to support that evolving management model.
This re-purposing of the existing infrastructure can take advantage of the general replacement of existing light sources
with high efficiency Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting systems together with management technologies to control
their operation.
A basic approach is to install circuitry to allow the subsequent installation of sensing devices which provide data
directly to the community addressing parameters such as air and noise pollution. These devices do not demand
substantial bandwidth within an access network and do not major demands on availability of connectivity (including
power supplies).
In comparison, many of the services delivered to and for the community, will be founded on data analysis (Big or Fast
Data) coming from a large number of connected devices.
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6 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)
The major challenges will not be the data itself, but how collect, distribute and transport it and the provision of the
appropriate access networks in order to manage the connected devices, requiring connectivity with a high level of
availability, in the most energy and cost-efficient manner.
The next generation of wireless networks designed as "5G" will radically change the services offered by mobile
networks - not least recognizing the arrival of billions of connected devices constituting the Internet of Things (IoT),
autonomous cars and drones (see Figure 1).
The 5G networks will need improved geographic coverage and enhanced bandwidth to carry higher volumes of data,
with some services requiring very low latency (< 1 ms) and the need to guarantee a much higher degree of service
continuity (availability) than current networks.
Latency
Augmented reality
Autonomous
Tactile Internet
driving
5G-enabled services
1 ms
Virtual reality
Disaster Multi-person
Real-time
alert video
gaming
10 ms
call
Bi-directional
Controlling
Automotive
remote control
remote
ecall
100 ms devices First responder
connectivity
Monitoring Wireless
Personal cloud
sensor cloud-based
1 s
networks office
Video streaming
< 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps > 1 Gbps Throughput

Figure 1: Examples of 5G service demands
The deployment of a 5G compliant infrastructure will have huge consequences in terms of number and variety of access
points and will require substantial number of radio units to be installed at street level so to support new services such as
autonomous driving. The existing lamp-post infrastructure presents an opportunity to host 5G Remote Radio Units
(RRUs) which can avoid deploying a specific and costly infrastructure.
NOTE: 5G, together the need to deploy other connectivity technologies (LiFi, LoRa™, WiFi™, 4G, etc.), will
increase the number of access points.
The 5G radio unit encompasses a series of equipment flavors which are identified as Macro base station, Mini-Macro
cells, Microcells, Picocells, and Femtocells for whose characteristics are listed in Table 1:
• Macro equipment Base Station (BS) - for wide coverage - installed outdoors at higher heights (normally more
than 20 m): In most cases, they will be located in the same sites as the macro-BS of the previous mobile
generations but, to cover special traffic needs, it may occur they are installed at reduced height. The increased
energy demand and the much higher availability need of the 5G equipment will pose tough challenges to the
powering infrastructure and will likely require major upgrades, both in the power capabilities and the backup
duration.
• Mini-Macro cells installed outdoors at low height (normally less than 12 m). These are designed to be quickly
deployed when adding new sites, when there are increasingly requirements for capacity expansion and
coverage issues in densely populated urban areas. Compared with traditional macro base stations, Mini-Macro
cells feature smaller size, light weight, and environment integration that enables a time- and cost-effective
network deployment.
• Microcells installed outdoors at low height (normally less than 12 m. These are designed to support a large
number of users in high data traffic areas, to solve coverage issues and to support very high frequency
deployment capable of covering medium/large cells and suitable for application such as for smart cities, smart
metro, etc.
• Picocells normally installed indoors, at ceilings. These are suitable for enterprises, shopping centres, stadium
applications, etc., for extended network coverage and data throughput.
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7 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)
• Femtocells - normally installed indoors, at ceilings or table-top. these are small mobile base stations designed
to provide extended coverage for residential and Small Offices Home Offices (SOHO) applications. Poor
signal strength from a mobile operator's macro base stations is tackled using femtocell implementation.
Femtocells are primarily introduced to offload network congestion, extend coverage and increase data capacity
to indoor users.
The typical characteristics of radio cells are listed in Table 1 such as power consumption, coverage radius, number of
users, indoor/outdoor installation, etc. It can be noted that the Mini-Macro cells, Microcells and FWA nodes are
normally installed outdoors and appropriate to be mounted on the lamp-posts.
Table 1: Radio Units Characteristics


There are major concerns regarding the capital expenditure required to build and deploy an infrastructure with optimal
coverage, reliability and quality of service and about the complexity of managing a huge number of contracts and
permission with building owners for each equipment they intend to install. As a result, the use of lamp-posts as an
existing physical infrastructure to host the RRUs of 5G networks represents an opportunity for the community to obtain
revenue from third-party operators of the networks and also to obtain additional data to manage the increasingly "smart
city". The opportunity for 5G network operators to manage a contract and permission with a single entity (the city or the
public lighting operator) will drastically reduce the complexity and the bureaucracy of a city-wide deployment.

ETSI

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8 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)
1 Scope
The present document addresses the opportunities and challenges offered by the use of lamp-posts to provide facilities
supporting services required by sustainable digital multiservice cities and communities.
The replacement of existing luminaires by LED light sources offers an opportunity to increase the functionality
provided by the lamp-posts - beginning with improved operational control of the lighting provided.
However, additional functionality can be supported by simultaneous installation of an electronics package to enable the
lamp-post to host sensing devices. The present document describes the functions to be supported by this package
together with consideration of power supply to any hosted sensing devices.
A more comprehensive replacement approach includes the incorporation of 5G services by the separate installation of
wireless network components acting as a Remote Radio Unit (RRU). The present document describes the technical
challenges associated with the physical installation, provision of power, cabling and other infrastructures necessary to
meet the required level of availability for these services.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] EN 40-1:1991: "Lighting columns; Part 1: Defintions and Terms" (produced by CEN).
[2] ETSI EN 303 472 (V1.1.1): "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement
methodology and metrics for RAN equipment".
[3] IEC 60050-601: "International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) - Part 601: Generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity - General".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] EN 50173-1: "Information technology - Generic cabling systems - General requirements"
(produced by CENELEC).
[i.2] EN 50174-3: "Information technology - Cabling installation - Installation planning and practices
outside buildings - General requirements" (produced by CENELEC).
[i.3] HD 60364 series: "Electrical Installations for Buildings" (produced by CENELEC).
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9 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.2.1 (2020-11)
[i.4] IEC 62368-3: "Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment - Safety -
Part 3: DC power transfer through information technology communication cabling".
[i.5] IEEE 802.3bt™: "IEEE Standard for Ethernet Amendment 2: Physical Layer and Management
Parameters for Power over Ethernet over 4 pairs".
[i.6] IEEE 802.3cg™: "10Mb/s Single Pair Ethernet".
[i.7] Recommendation ITU-T G.652: "Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable".
[i.8] Recommendation ITU-T G.657: "Characteristics of a bending-loss insensitive single-mode optical
fibre and cable".
[i.9] Recommendation ITU-T K.50: "Safe limits for operating voltages and currents in
telecommunication systems powered over the network".
[i.10] IEC 61140: "Protection Against Electric Shock Common Aspects for Installation and Equipment".
[i.11] IoTUK group: "The Future of Street Lighting".
NOTE: Available at https://iotuk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/The-Future-of-Street-Lighting.pdf.
[i.12] IEC 60479-2: "Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Part 2: Special aspects".
[i.13] ETSI TS 110 174-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Sustainable
Digital Multiservice Cities (SDMC); Broadband Deployment and Energy Management; Part 1:
Overview, common and generic aspects of societal and technical pillars for sustainability".
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
backhaul (network): fixed network interconnecting the BaseBand Units (BBUs), collecting/distributing data traffic
from/to those BBUs, to/from core network access points
Base Station (BS): Network Telecommunications Equipment (NTE) which serves one or more cells within a coverage
area of a mobile access network
big data: structured, semi-structured and unstructured data that has the potential to be mined for information and used
in machine learning projects and other advanced analytics applications
core network: functional elements (that is equipment and infrastructure) that enable communication between operator
sites (OSs) or equivalent ICT sites
Enhanced Mobile Broadband: one of three primary 5G New Radio (NR) use cases defined by the 3GPP as part of its
SMARTER (Study on New Services and Markets Technology Enablers) project
fast data: application of big data analytics to smaller data sets in near-real or real-time in order to solve a problem or
create business value
NOTE: The goal of fast data is to quickly gather and mine structured and unstructured data so that action can be
taken. As the flood of data from sensors, actuators and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communicat
...