ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)

PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 2: Measurement Methods and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT EMI

DTR/PLT-00029

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Aug-2011
• Technical Committee: PLT - Powerline Telecommunications
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 07-Sep-2011
• Completion Date: 26-Aug-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Report
PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT);
MIMO PLT;
Part 2: Measurement Methods and
Statistical Results of MIMO PLT EMI

2 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)

Reference
DTR/PLT-00029
Keywords
MIMO, powerline
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ETSI
3 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Symbols . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
3.2.1 Abbreviations used for feeding styles . 8
4 Major Project Phases . 8
5 Motivation . 8
6 Measurement Description. . 9
6.1 Introduction . 9
6.2 General Requirements for the Measurements. 11
6.3 Radiation Measurements (k-factor) . 11
6.3.1 Set-Up . 11
6.3.2 Calibration of NWA. 14
6.3.3 Signal injection . 15
6.3.4 Calculation of the final k-factor . 18
6.4 Subjective Evaluation of the Interference to Radio Broadcast . 19
6.4.1 General . 19
6.4.2 Verification and Calibration . 21
6.4.3 Measurement procedure . 21
6.5 General Equipment List . 22
6.5.1 Coaxial Cables . 22
6.5.2 Network Analyzer . 23
6.5.3 Probes to connect to the LVDS . 23
6.5.4 Amplifier . 23
6.5.5 Filter to Isolate Measurement Devices from Mains . 24
7 Statistical Evaluation of Results . 24
7.1 k-factor . 24
7.2 Interference threshold to FM Radio Broadcast . 31
Annex A: Alternative procedure for NWA calibration in case that the amplifier output
power is too high for the NWA input . 34
Annex B: Software for automatic file naming . 35
B.1 General . 35
B.2 Main Dialog . 35
B.3 Antenna Location Description Dialog . 36
B.4 Feed Point Description Dialog . 37
B.5 Help for Injection Types. 38
B.6 File Formats . 38
B.7 Creation of the data for the FTP server . 39
ETSI
4 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Annex C: Bibliography . 40
History . 41

ETSI
5 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Powerline Telecommunications (PLT).
The present document is part 2 of a multi-part deliverable. Full details of the entire series can be found in part 1 [i.9].
Introduction
In order to study and compare MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) characteristics of the LVDN network in
different countries the STF 410 (Special Task Force) was set up. The present document is one of three TRs which
present the result of the work of STF 410. The work items in ETSI TC PLT dealing with the results of STF 410 are
TR 101 562-1 [i.9], the present document and TR 101 562-3 [i.5]. The PLT coupler used to feeding the signals into the
LVDN is described in TR 101 562-1 [i.9].
The present document specified the measurement tools, set-up and procedure to record the interference potential of
MIMO PLT transmissions.
ETSI
6 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
1 Scope
MIMO PLT EMI review and statistical analysis taking into account such matters as earthing variation, country
variation, operator differences, phasing and distribution topologies, domestic, industrial and housing types along with
local network loading.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Sartenaer, T. & Delogne, P., "Powerline Cables Modelling for Broadband Communications",
ISPLC 2001, pp. 331-337.
[i.2] R. Hashmat, P. Pagani, A; Zeddam, T. Chonavel, "MIMO Communications for Inhome PLC
Networks: Measurements and Results up to 100 MHz", IEEE International Symposium on Power
Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), Rio, Brasil, March 2010.
[i.3] A. Schwager, "Powerline Communications: Significant Technologies to become Ready for
Integration" Doctoral Thesis at University of Duisburg-Essen, May 2010.
[i.4] ETSI TR 102 175 (V1.1.1): "PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); Channel characterization and
measurement methods".
[i.5] ETSI TR 101 562-3: "Powerline Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 3: Measurement
Methods and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT channels".
[i.6] ETSI TR 102 616 (V1.1.1): "PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); Report from PlugtestsTM
2007 on coexistence between PLT and short wave radio broadcast; Test cases and results".
[i.7] ITU-R Recommendation BS.1284: "General methods for the subjective assessment of sound
quality".
NOTE: See http://stason.org/TULARC/radio/shortwave/08-What-is-SINPO-SIO-Shortwave-radio.html.
ETSI
7 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
[i.8] SCHWARZBECK MESS - ELEKTRONIK; EFS 9218 Active Electric Field Probe with Biconical
Elements and built-in Amplifier 9 kHz . 300 MHz.
NOTE: See http://www.schwarzbeck.de/Datenblatt/m9218.pdf.
[i.9] ETSI TR 101 562-1: "PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 1: Universal
Coupler, Operating Instructions - Description".
[i.10] R&S®HFH2-Z2 Loop Antenna Broadband active loop antenna for measuring the magnetic
field-strength; 9 kHz - 30 MHz.
NOTE: See http://www2.rohde-
schwarz.com/en/products/test_and_measurement/emc_field_strength/emc_accessories/.
[i.11] CISPR 11 (Ed. 5.0): "Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement".
[i.12] CISPR 22 (Ed. 6.0): "Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics -
Limits and methods of measurement".
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
A Inductance factor
L
I Current
L Inductance
L Protective earth inductance
PE
nF nanoFarads
nH nanoHenry
Z Impedance
Z Asymmetric impedance
asy
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AM Amplitude Modulation
BNC Bayonet Nut Connector
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CM Common Mode
CMAD Common Mode Absorption Devices
CSV Comma separated values
DM Differential Mode
E Protective Earth contact
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI Electro Magnetic Interference
FD Frequency Domain
FM Frequency Modulation
GPS Global Positioning System
HF High Frequency
HIFI High Fidelity
IF Intermediate frequency
LCZC Line Cycle Zero Crossing
LISN Line Impedance Stabilization Network
LVDN Low voltage distribution network
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
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8 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
N Neutral contact
NOTE: Used as decoupling filter.
NWA Network Analyzer
P Phase or life contact
PC Personal computer
PE Protective Earth
PLC PowerLine Communication
PLT Powerline Telecommunication
PSD Power Spectral Density
RF Radio Frequency
Rx Receiver
SINPO Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation, Overall
SISO Single Input Single Output
STF Special Task Force
TD Time Domain
Tx Transmitter
VHF Very High Frequency
3.2.1 Abbreviations used for feeding styles
EPNT Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between E and P, PN and NE not terminated
EP Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between E and P, PN and NE terminated
NENT Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between N and E, PN and EP not terminated
NE Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between N and E, PN and EP terminated
PNNT Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between P and N, NE and EP not terminated
(SISO)
PN Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between P and N, NE and EP terminated
CM Signal feed mode: Common mode, P, N, E terminated to ground
APN Signal feed mode: Dual wire feed (version C in [i.9]) to input P||N E in Figure 11 of [i.9]
PNE Signal feed mode: Dual wire feed (version C in [i.9]) to input PN in Figure 11 of [i.9]
EP-NET Signal feed mode: Differential between E and P, only NE terminated
NE-EPT Signal feed mode: Differential between N and E, only EP terminated
4 Major Project Phases
Table 1
No. Period Topic Event
01 Sept. 2010 Project organization STF 410 preparatory meeting
Definition of targets, what and how to Stuttgart, Germany
measure
02 Nov 2010 Setup of MIMO EMI measurements Several STF 410 phone conferences
03 March 2011 to Field measurements In Spain, Germany, France
June 2011
04 June 2011 Statistical evaluation of results Several STF 410 phone conferences
05 June/July 2011 Drafting and STF 410 review and approval
process
5 Motivation
PLT systems available today use only one transmission path between two outlets. It is the differential channel between
live and neutral contact. Such systems are called SISO (Single Input Single Output) modems. MIMO PLT systems do
not use one transmission path only. The utilisation of the third wire, the PE (Protective Earth) wire allows several
combinations to feed and receive signals into and from the LVDN. Various research publications [i.1], [i.2], [i.3] or [i.4]
describe that up to 8 transmission paths might be used simultaneously.
ETSI
9 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Further descriptions of:
• motivation for MIMO PLT;
• installation types and the existence of the PE wire in private homes;
• measurement Setup description to record throughput communication parameters and their results;
can be found in [i.5] and [i.9].
6 Measurement Description
6.1 Introduction
EMI properties of the LVDN could be recorded in in Time- (TD) or in Frequency Domain (FD). At the beginning of the
work of STF 410 the pros and cons of each possibility were evaluated. STF 410 decided to use the FD approach for the
following reasons.
Most of earlier EMC measurements relating to PLC were performed in FD. Thus the comparison between the results of
STF 410 and those of the past is much easier in FD.
The human ear is essentially an FD analyzer.
Interferences assessed by human ears like the SINPO measurements use Consumer Electronic devices like AM or FM
radio receivers. Such measurements were performed in [i.6] and [i.7]. MIMO tests signals are fed to all Tx paths
simultaneously or sequentially. These investigations are conducted with a pulsed signal to allow recognition by the
human ear-brain-chain.
Field levels are monitored with a calibrated antenna. It is straight forward to process this in FD. EMI measurements in
TD risk that periodicities in the transmitted PN-sequence may cause additional spurs. Furthermore the measurement
dynamic seems not to be adequate in TD. EMI principally occur at transmissions of PLC modems and is considered at
statistical evaluations.
FD measurements could be done using a comb generator and spectrum (or EMI) analyser. This setup has the benefit
that transmitter and receiver does not have to be synchronized. On the other hand the dynamic range or frequency
resolution is limited due to the feeding energy of the comb generator has to be shared among all signal carriers.
Alternatively a sweeping source like a network analyser (NWA) might be used. Care has to be taken that especially the
signals received by the antenna are not influenced by additional signal ingress into the long cables connecting it to the
NWA. To minimize this effect double shielded cables, common mode absorption devices (CMADs) and ferrites have to
be installed. Due to the faster recoding time of a frequency sweep and the high dynamic range this measurement method
is selected by STF 410.
To enhance the number of measurements to be recorded STF 410 is split into several teams operating in parallel in
various countries. Measurement campaigns where conducted in Germany, Swiss, Belgium, France and Spain. To
guarantee comparability of the individually recorded data each team is equipped with identical probes or PLT couplers.
The antenna is shipped to each team. The measurements itself are performed with a general purpose NWA.
Due to its frequency range of up to 100 MHz a commercial available small biconical antenna (with built-in amplifier) is
used. In one location the loop antenna (limited to frequencies up to 30 MHz) is used for a comparison of this field tests
with earlier measurement campaigns.
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10 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Figure 1 shows the measurement equipment used for EMI measurements.

Biconal Active Electric Field Probe [i.8] AM, FM radio receiver: Sony® ICF-SW1000T

Biconal Antenna on wooden tripod Loop Antenna (magnetic field) [i.10]
ETSI
11 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)

NWA, Spectum Analyzer, Amp, Isolation NWA, Amp, mounted Antenna, and double
Transformer, LISN and power filters shielded cables

NOTE: Sony® ICF-SW1000T is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given
for the convenience of users of the present document and does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of
this product.
Figure 1: Measurement equipment used by individual teams
6.2 General Requirements for the Measurements
At the beginning of a measurement day the power supply for the measurements equipment has to be prepared. It has to
be clean and maximal separated from the grid of the living unit under test. It is recommended to use the power supply
from e.g. a neighbour flat, a backup power supply or at least a power plug far away from the installation to be
measured. In case of a connection to the electricity grid the power supply has to be filtered. A filtering device for phase,
neutral and the protective earth is documented in [i.5]. An isolation transformer is also be included into the power
supply filtering. The isolation transformer cuts the protective earth. This is necessary because usually today's power
filters do not filter protective earth wire. This is also valid for the used measurement equipment.
The test signals for all EMI measurements are fed using the MIMO PLC couplers specified in [i.9].
6.3 Radiation Measurements (k-factor)
6.3.1 Set-Up
The measurement set-up basically consists of a NWA connected with coupler A to the mains. The power supply of the
NWA is separated from the LVDN under test by a filter providing > 100 dB isolation for each DM path as well CM
signals. To enhance the dynamic range of the setup the NWA is connect to an amplifier and the amplified signal is feed
in the MIMO Coupler. On the other side the antenna is connect through a cable with ferrites to a high-pass and the
receiving end of the NWA. As High pass filter the HPF-002 described in [i.5], clause 7.6.1 (Noise measurement set-up)
could be used. It attenuates signals below 2 MHz. In a few cases signals below 2 MHz have been identified reducing the
dynamic range of the NWA. This is why they have to be filtered.
ETSI
12 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)

Figure 2: General measurement set-up for radiated EMI

Figure 3: General measurement set-up to record the k-factor
ETSI
13 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
The outlets used for feeding the signals are arbitrary selected in the building. The antenna is positioned in a distance of
10 m or 3 m from the exterior wall outside the building. Some antenna points are also selected within the building.
Several antenna locations may be selected and the radiations recorded. If the measurement dynamic is not sufficient
(signal has to be at least 10 dB above noise floor, i.e. the signal indicated by the NWA without the signal injection
connected) an RF amplifier is placed in the line between NWA generator side and signal injection box. Care should be
taken, that the output power is not more than 1 W to avoid damage of the injection boxes and disturbances of the
appliances connected to the mains grid. In that case an attenuator of 30 dB has to be inserted between the cable
connectors for calibration. For the calculation of the k-factor the 30 dB has to be subtracted from that derived
according Eq.1.
NWA is operated using the following settings:
• Start Frequency: 1 MHz
• Stop Frequency: 100 MHz
• Number of measurement points per sweep: 1 601
• IF Bandwidth: 1 kHz
• Feeding Power: +10 dBm, 0 dBm
• Data are recorded in ASCII format including at least: frequency, Real part, Imaginary part,
absolute value in dB.
Care has to be taken that the amplifier is not saturated.
The file name convention of the EMI record is:
Ptt_Fa_Ayy_Dp_o_xx.xx.CSV where:
st
• 'tt' is the number of the transmitting plug. The 1 digit indicates the level in the building where feeding was
done.
• 'Fa' is the port where signals are fed differentially: EP, PN, NE, EPNT, PNNT, NENT, APN, PNE, EP-NET,
NE-EPT and CM (see Figure 6).
• 'yy' identifies the location of the antenna (e.g. A01, A02, …., leading zeros are required).
• 'p' specified the place of the antenna: '0' is for 10m distance, '3' for 3m distance outside the building and 'I' for
indoor.
• 'o' is the orientation of the antenna:
- v' or 'h' in case of the biconical antenna. 'h' means the axis from dipole to dipole is in parallel to the
horizon and 'v'-direction is vertically. Since this measurement campaign focus on the radiation produced
by PLT, the measurements are performed with this two polarisations in agreement with typical
disturbance field strengths measurements for products as defined in CISPR 11 [i.11] and
CISPR 22 [i.12]. The max value out of the 2 orientations is used as specified in clause 6.3.4.
- 'x', 'z' or 'z' in case of the loop antenna (x means H-field parallel to the building wall, z means H-field
towards ground). It is common practise to measure the magnetic field in three directions (e.g. see
German SchuTSEV). The vector sum of the 3 orientations will give the total H-field as specified in
clause 6.3.4.
• 'xx.xx' is the timing distance to the rising LCZC at Tx coupler in ms when the sweep was recorded. If trigger
of NWA was not in sync to LCZC 'xx.xx' is not applied.
E.g. if the filename is P22_PNNT_A01_D3_v.csv the feeding was done between P and N on the delta style and the
2 other ports (NE and EP) are not terminated. This is the conventional SISO style. The biconal Antenna was located at
antenna position 01 in 3 m distance from the outside wall of the building in vertical orientation.
All antenna measurements are saved in the 'EMI' folder. The folder tree consists of:
STF 410� Initials of Expert � Name of Location � EMI.
ETSI
14 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
At least for the common mode injection a ground plane is required. The ground plane has to be connected directly (low
inductance) to the coupling box. The size of the ground plane has to be at least 1 m .
For convenience the file handling tool (see annex B) can be used. This tool also can be helpful to guide through the
measurements.
6.3.2 Calibration of NWA
To eliminate effects from the long cables used in the building the NWA needs to be calibrated. A response (thru)
calibration is done by shortcutting the endings of both coaxial cables. As calibration kit a conventional adapter (BNC
female to BNC female) is used.
Prior to the measurements the NWA has to be calibrated according to Figure 4. To prevent overload of the NWA input,
the NWA generator setting has to be reduced as much as possible (typically -25 dBm). If the output power of the
amplifier is still to much for the NWA input, refer to the alternative calibration procedure in annex A. Usually the
Analyser automatically corrects the calibration data when the feeding power is raised after the calibration process.
cable used for
amplifier signal injection
NWA
antenna cable (with ferrites for suppression of sheat current)

Figure 4: NWA calibration
During the measurements the cable ends of the NWA have to be connected to the MIMO coupler and the antenna
according to Figure 5. The generator output power can be increased to increase the dynamic range of the measurements.
Care has to be taken that the output power is not more than 1 W, to prevent overload of the MIMO coupler.
cable used for
amplifier signal injection
MIMO PLT LV-
coupler installation
NWA s
antenna
antenna cable (with ferrites for suppression of sheat current)

Figure 5: Use of NWA and setup for the measurements
ETSI
15 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
6.3.3 Signal injection
For the coupling modes the following switch settings for the boxes are to be used.
Coupling mode Switch setting
PNNT
DELTA (differential) mode PN,
NE and EP NOT terminated
(standard SISO PN)
(see clause 10.1 of [i.9])
EPNT
DELTA (differential) mode EP,
PN and NE NOT terminated(SISO EP)
(principle shown in clause 10.1 of [i.9])

NENT
DELTA (differential) mode NE,
EP and PN NOT terminated
(SISO NE)
(principle shown in clause 10.1 of [i.9])

ETSI
16 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Coupling mode Switch setting
PN
DELTA (differential) mode PN,
NE and EP terminated(MIMO)
(principle shown in clause 10.2 of [i.9])

EP
DELTA (differential) mode EP,
PN and NE terminated
(MIMO)
(principle shown in clause 10.2 of [i.9])

NE
DELTA (differential) mode NE,
EP and PN terminated(MIMO)
(see clause 10.2 of [i.9])
ETSI
17 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Coupling mode Switch setting
EP-NET
partial delta type injection,
signal between P and E,
N-E terminated,
P-N not terminated
(MIMO)
NE-EPT
partial delta type injection,
signal between N and E,
P-E terminated,
P-N not terminated
(MIMO)
CM
Common mode
(see clause 10.4 of [i.9])
ETSI
18 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
Coupling mode Switch setting
APN
Dual wire, input P||N - E
(see clause 10.5 (version C) of [i.9])

PNE
Dual wire input PN
(see clause 10.5 (version C) of [i.9])

Figure 6: PLT Coupler switch settings
6.3.4 Calculation of the final k-factor
To evaluate the radiation of buildings the coupling factor (k-factor) is defined by:
k = E − P
E,H antenna max,feed
= U + AF − P + A
Receiver max,amp _ output PLT _Coupler
(Eq. 1)
= P + 107(dBμV - dBm) + AF − P + A
Receiver max,amp _ output PLT _Coupler
= s +107(dBμV - dBm) + AF + A
21 PLT _Coupler
with
E : the field strength received at the location of the antenna, unit: dB(µV/m).
antenna
P : signal at the output of the PLT coupler (in case of terminated output), unit dBm.
max,feed
P : signal at the output of the amplifier provided at the cable end (in case of termination), unit dBm.
max,amp_output
ETSI
19 ETSI TR 101 562-2 V1.1.1 (2011-08)
A : Attenuation of the PLT coupler as described in [i.9], unit dB.
PLT_Coupler
U : voltage at the output of the antenna, unit dB(µV).
Receiver
P : power from the output of the antenna, unit dBm.
Receiver
AF: antenna factor of the antenna, unit dB(1/m).
s : scattering parameter as measured by the network analyser with valid calibration, unit dB.
NOTE: If the alternative calibration procedure of annex A is used, the corrected s values have to be used in
Eq. 1.
k : k-factor with regard to the electric field component (k ) or magnetic field component (k ),
E,H E H
unit dB(µV/m)-dBm.
The k-factor is used first in [i.4]. The formula above says: If a signal is fed with 0 dBm into the mains of a buil
...