ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Reference scenario for the deployment of emergency communications; Part 1: Earthquake
Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Reference scenario for the deployment of emergency communications; Part 1: Earthquake
DTS/SES-00341-1
[Not translated]
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);
Reference scenario for the deployment of
emergency communications;
Part 1: Earthquake
2 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
Reference
DTS/SES-00341-1
Keywords
emergency, satellite
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3 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions and Abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviations . 9
4 Disaster scenario . 10
4.1 General . 10
4.2 Scenario definition . 10
4.2.1 General . 10
4.2.2 Physical effects . 11
4.2.2.1 Collapse of buildings. 11
4.2.2.2 Fire . 11
4.2.3 Disruption of infrastructure. 12
4.2.3.1 Road access . 12
4.2.3.2 Power . 12
4.2.3.3 Water supply . 12
4.2.3.4 Sanitation . 12
4.2.3.5 Telecommunication . 12
4.3 Tasks and activities . 12
4.4 Disaster response actions . 12
4.4.1 General . 12
4.4.2 Emergency management . 13
4.4.3 Risk management and damage mitigation . 14
4.4.4 Casualty Logistics . 16
5 Information Exchanges. 17
5.1 General . 17
5.2 Communication needs between emergency management hierarchies . 19
5.3 Communication needs by action . 20
5.3.1 Emergency management . 20
5.3.2 Risk management and damage mitigation . 21
5.3.2.1 Road access . 21
5.3.2.2 Assessment and handling of specific risks . 22
5.3.2.3 Fire-fighting . 23
5.3.2.4 Rescue . 25
5.3.2.5 Maintenance of public order . 28
5.3.2.6 Provisions . 28
5.3.3 Casualty logistics . 30
5.3.3.1 Overview . 30
5.3.3.2 Treatment and medical evacuation . 31
5.3.3.3 Temporary shelter and evacuation . 35
5.4 Characteristics of Emergency Communication Services . 36
5.4.1 Speech services . 36
5.4.1.1 General . 36
5.4.1.2 PMR group call channels . 36
5.4.2 Paging (short message) services . 37
5.4.3 Status monitoring and location services. 37
5.4.4 Data services . 37
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6 Topology model . 38
6.1 General . 38
6.2 Model graphics . 38
6.3 Model specification . 40
6.3.1 Scenario quantities . 40
6.3.2 Locations . 41
6.3.2.1 On-site . 41
6.3.2.2 Off-site . 42
6.3.3 On-site actors . 42
Annex A (informative): Major recent earthquakes . 44
Annex B (informative): Detailed scenario definition . 45
Annex C (informative): Disaster response actions - timelines . 46
C.1 Emergency management . 46
C.2 Risk management and damage mitigation . 46
C.2.1 Road access . 46
C.2.2 Assessment and handling of specific risks . 47
C.2.3 Fire fighting . 47
C.2.4 Rescue . 48
C.2.5 Maintenance of public order . 48
C.2.6 Provisions . 48
C.2.6.1 Power supply restoration . 48
C.2.6.2 Water, food and sanitation . 48
C.2.6.3 Telecommunication . 49
C.3 Casualty logistics . 49
C.3.1 Treatment and medical evacuation . 49
C.3.2 Temporary shelter and evacuation . 49
Annex D (informative): Modelling specification of objects, parameters and behaviour . 51
D.1 Modelling assumptions. 51
D.2 Pseudo-code describing the model behaviour . 51
D.2.1 Pseudo-code describing the initialization of the model including placement of locations . 51
D.2.2 Pseudo code describing the mobility and sequential actions of the respective actors . 52
D.2.3 Pseudo code describing the end of the incident and "ramp down" . 55
D.3 Modelling action/time parameters . 56
D.4 Objects and their parameters . 57
D.4.1 Locations on-site . 57
D.4.2 Locations off-site . 58
D.4.3 Actors . 59
History . 63
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5 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Satellite Earth Stations and
Systems (SES).
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering the reference scenario for the deployment of
emergency communications, as identified below:
Part 1: "Earthquake";
Part 2: "Mass casualty incident in public transportation".
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "may not", "need", "need not", "will",
"will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms
for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
Major emergencies or disasters may result in a need for additional resources in local telecommunications networks,
especially if they are damaged or overloaded, in order to maintain or enhance the ability of emergency services to
respond and coordinate their activities effectively. Satellites can play a role in replacing or supplementing other
telecommunications links in these scenarios. For example satellite systems can provide:
• broadband and secure communication facilities anywhere/anytime in locations where no other facilities are
available; and
• temporary replacement of broken/saturated infrastructures by means of backhauling;
• fast deployment of temporary communication networks in emergency situations.
Hence a basis for requirements for such links needs to be established, and it is intended that the scenarios defined here
may be used for this purpose at a later stage.
The present document is also a response to EC mandate M/496 [i.12], specifically dossier 9 "Disaster Management"
part 2: "Emergency Telecommunication Services" which aims to support standardization for the optimal needs of the
emergency responders.
The use of satellite communication in disasters is described in ETSI TS 102 181 [i.1].
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6 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
In the present document clause 4 defines the scenario, in terms of physical effects, what actions need to be taken by
which actors (who will have communications needs) and what their tasks are. This definition constitutes a basis for
clause 5, which defines the nature of information exchanges needed. Clause 6 defines the detailed parameters relating to
positions and movements of scenario actors, which are intended to forma basis for modelling of the scenario response
topology. These parameters are generic enough to be applicable or adapted to similar but different scenarios, and may
eventually be used to model the requirements for actors' communication exchanges, and associated capacities.
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7 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
1 Scope
The present document defines an earthquake disaster scenario. The scenario includes definition of the responders
involved and their gross communication needs without specifying the network technologies involved. Finally the
topology modelling of the responders involved is defined, in terms of their disposition in the Incident Area, their time
evolution and their movements (if any).
The scenario is not generic in the sense of representing all emergencies of this type, but is intended to be a "typical"
example, and thus a reference in order to allow evaluation and dimensioning of required overall emergency
telecommunications.
The regulations and operating procedures for Emergency Responses vary between countries e.g. the organization
responsible for the emergency can be the police, the fire and rescue organization, a dedicated organization for this
purpose (e.g. civil protection) or others.
The response services defined are limited to safety-related services (i.e. not security such as law enforcement).
Casualties and personnel not active in the rescue operations (e.g. the press) have been excluded, as their
communications needs are not covered by the emergency communication systems considered here, but their needs are
considered in ETSI TR 102 410 [i.2].
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TS 102 181: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Requirements for communication
between authorities/organizations during emergencies".
[i.2] ETSI TR 102 410: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Basis of requirements for
communications between individuals and between individuals and authorities whilst emergencies
are in progress".
[i.3] ETSI TR 102 643: "Human Factors (HF); Quality of Experience (QoE) requirements for real-time
communication services".
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8 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
[i.4] Recommendation ITU-T G.114: "Series g: Transmission systems and media, digital systems and
networks. One-way transmission time".
[i.5] European Union Handbook on assistance intervention in the Frame of community mechanism for
the cooperation of civil protection.
[i.6] United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination UNDAC Field Handbook.
[i.7] Hamdi Monia, Franck Laurent and Lagrange Xavier: "Topology modelling and network
partitioning: an application to forest firefighting". Radio science bulletin, 2013, pp.8-20.
[i.8] Franck Laurent, Hamdi Monia and Giraldo Rodriguez Carlos: "Topology modelling of emergency
communication networks: caveats and pitfalls"; The International Emergency Management
Society Workshop 2011, The International Management Society, 22-23 June 2011, Nîmes, France,
2011.
[i.9] Aschenbruck Nils, Gerhards-Padilla Elmar and Martini Peter: "Modelling mobility in disaster area
scenarios". Performance Evaluation, 2009, vol. 66, n 12, p. 773-790.
[i.10] Schwamborn Matthias, Aschenbruck Nils and Martini Peter: "A realistic trace-based mobility
model for first responder scenarios". Proceedings of the 13th ACM international conference on
Modeling, analysis, and simulation of wireless and mobile systems, Bodrum, Turkey, October 17-
21, 2010.
[i.11] Huang Ying, He Wenbo, Nahrstedt Klara and Lee Whay C.:"CORPS: Event-driven mobility
model for first responders in incident scene". Proceedings of the IEEE Military Communications
Conference (MILCOM08), November 2008, pp. 1-7.
[i.12] EC mandate M/496: "M/496 Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop
standardisation regarding spaceindustry (phase 3 of the process)".
3 Definitions and Abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
casualty: individual in the incident area and requiring evacuation including those who are:
(i) non-injured, but affected,
(ii) injured and treated on site,
(iii) injured and needing treatment off-site (medevac), and
(iv) deceased.
common operating picture (COP): single display of information collected from and shared by more than one agency
or organization that contributes to a common understanding of a situation and its associated hazards and risks along
with the position of resources and other overlays of information that support individual and collective decision
making [i.5]
control centre: operations centre from which the management and co-ordination of the response by each emergency
service to an emergency are carried out [i.5]
emergency control centre (ECC): facilities used by emergency organizations to handle rescue actions in response to
emergency calls ETSI TS 102 181 [i.1]
emergency service: service, recognized as such by the member state, that provides immediate and rapid assistance in
situations where there is a direct risk to life or limb, individual or public health or safety, to private or public property,
or the environment but not necessarily limited to these situations [i.1]
field emergency control centre (FECC): facilities used by emergency service organizations to manage, command,
coordinate, and control rescue works and logistics in the incident area
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9 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
hazard area: area with obvious or supposed threats to physical/psychological health, properties, and/or environment
holding area: generic term for an area to which resources and personnel not immediately required at the scene or being
held for further use, can be directed to standby [i.5]
incident area: area where the incident occurred, and/or the area which needs communication coverage to manage the
response implemented ETSI TS 102 181 [i.1]
incident commander: nominated officer with overall responsibility for management, command, coordination, and
control of rescue and relief works in the incident area
local emergency management authority (LEMA): local organization within the public services fully or partly
responsible for emergency preparedness and handling of incidents (based on ETSI TS 102 181 [i.1])
mass casualty incident (MCI): incident (or series of incidents) causing casualties on a scale that is beyond the normal
resources of the emergency services [i.5]
non-governmental organization (NGO): organization that is neither run or controlled by a government nor a profit-
oriented business
personal protective equipment (PPE): protective clothing, helmets, goggles or other garment designed to protect the
wearer's body from injury [i.5]
public safety answering point (PSAP): physical location where emergency calls are received under the responsibility
of a public authority ETSI TS 102 181 [i.1]
site incident officer: representative from the affected organization, when an incident occurs within the perimeter of an
industrial or commercial establishment, public venue, airport or harbour, to liaise with the emergency management
structures [i.5]
triage: assessment of casualties and allocation of priorities by the medical or ambulance staff (based on [i.5])
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
CCP Casualty Collection Point
CFECC Coordinating Field Emergency Control Centre
CFEEC Coordinating Field Emergency Control Centre
COP Common Operating Picture
DCP Deceased Collection Point
ECC Emergency Control Centre
EM-DAT The International Disaster Database
EMTEL EMergency TELecommunications
EQ Earthquake
ET Emergency Team
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FECC Field Emergency Control Centre
IC Incident Commander
ICC Misprint for ECC
ID IDentification
IPR Intellectual Property Right
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union Telecommunications Sector
LEMA Local Emergency Management Authority
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MCI Mass Casualty Incident
MIC Medical Incident Commander
MT Mid-Term Step
NGO Non Governmental Organization
PMR Private Mobile Radio
PPE Personal protective equipment
PSAP Public Safety Answering Point
QoE Quality of Experience
QoS Quality of Service
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SAR Search and rescue
SatEC Satellite Emergency Communications Working Group
SECC Sub Service Emergency Control Room
SES Satellite Earth Station and Systems
SQ Scenario Quantities
TCC Temporary Care Centre
TR Technical Report
TS Technical Specification
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
USGS US Geological Survey
4 Disaster scenario
4.1 General
This clause defines an earthquake (EQ) scenario, firstly in terms of its main constituent events and secondly by its
physical consequences. Subsequently the response actions by emergency services to this scenario are defined in terms
of the casualties involved, the actors and organizations, overall operating modes, duration and dimensioning factors, etc.
The scenario is used as a basis for the topology model, as defined in clause 6.
The earthquake is over in minutes, whereas the responses may continue for days and weeks. Clause 4.4 below and
Annex C provide a set of timelines for the various response actions taken.
The main characteristics of an earthquake in an urban area are:
• Many casualties in the incident area.
• The damage may be distributed over a large geographic area.
• Access limitations (damage to infrastructure).
• The need for emergency services exceeds the available resources.
• Limited local hospital treatment capacities and/or treatment specialities.
• Sparse communication network coverage/capacities, both for PMR and commercial wireless services.
A summary of recent earthquakes and their effects is given in annex A as examples of the scale of events being
considered.
4.2 Scenario definition
4.2.1 General
A summary of recent EQ s and their effects is given in annex A as examples of the scale of events being considered.
The disaster scenario is an EQ in an urban area. It is of a magnitude sufficient to cause a multitude of physical effects,
such as collapsed buildings, disruption of infrastructure, lack of power, lack of telecommunications, fires, risks of
chemical accidents, etc. Each of these incidents may not differ much from isolated similar incidents of this nature, but
the added challenge is that the incidents happen at the same time, thus reinforcing the effects and strains on available
resources.
The EQ hits a city with a total population of 350 000, positioned among mountains in a coastal area. The number of
casualties (individuals within the incident area) is 3 000. The EQ happens on a weekday, at mid-day.
The overall physical disposition of effects of the EQ in the incident area is defined in Figure 4.1.
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11 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
Figure 4.1: Incident area
The distances are:
• Ambulance station to residential area: 3 km
• Ambulance station to industrial area: 2 km
• Ambulance station to entrance small road/ bridge: 6 km
The epicentre of the EQ is at the outskirts of the city. Severe damages, like landslides, collapsed buildings, etc. are
limited to an area within a distance of 6 - 8 km from the epicentre.
Outside this area there are limited damages, like broken windows, limited damages to buildings, etc. Hence the incident
area is defined as an area 12 x 15 km.
A detailed description of the incident is provided in annex B.
4.2.2 Physical effects
4.2.2.1 Collapse of buildings
There is a large number of buildings in varying state of collapse.
In area A the damages are to domestic structures (blocks of flats) a shopping centre and a school with an enrolment of
350 students and a staff of 100 officers. A total of 1 750 individuals are initially unaccounted for, many of them
suspected to be trapped within the buildings, but some may also be out of the area (e.g. at work).
In area B, the damage is primarily to industrial buildings, the total number of individuals in the area at the time of the
EQ was 1 500.
4.2.2.2 Fire
There is a fire in a department store in the shopping centre (area A), threatening to spread to other shops as well.
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12 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
In Area B there is a fire in a bus garage/ workshop.
4.2.3 Disruption of infrastructure
4.2.3.1 Road access
The landslide covers the main road leading into the incident area. Alternative road to the area is via a bridge, which has
a weight limit of 3 tons. A result of the limit is that trucks, such as standard fire engines, are unable to enter into the
incident area. It is initially unclear whether this bridge has got structural damage.
4.2.3.2 Power
There is a complete loss of power within the incident area. As one of the major power lines pass through the area, there
is also a reduced power capacity in the city at large. Some critical facilities, e.g. hospitals, have separate emergency
power supply, but others are faced with periodical power cuts.
4.2.3.3 Water supply
Water pipes, both in areas A and B, have been broken, leading to a total loss of water supply.
4.2.3.4 Sanitation
Sewage systems, both in areas A and B, have been broken and are non-functional.
4.2.3.5 Telecommunication
There are widespread damages to telecommunications systems in the incident area. Expert teams are brought in to do
repair.
4.3 Tasks and activities
This clause defines the response entities (actors) and their roles within the incident area in handling the disaster.
Depending on local/ national organization of services and division of tasks/ responsibilities, the entities involved and
their individual areas of work may differ in practice.
In addition to their primary roles, actors may participate in other tasks. The roles will differ between countries, but a
typical distribution of roles is given below.
1) Emergency management: setting up of management structures for all involved emergency services,
coordination of emergency services, and reporting to the emergency control centre (ECC) and to the local
emergency management authority (LEMA) [i.6] and [i.5] leading the coordinating field emergency control
centre (CFECC).
2) Fire-fighting: securing the hazard area, fighting fires.
3) Rescue: securing the hazard area, rescuing casualties.
4) Casualty logistics: triage, registration, and treatment of the injured, organizing and conducting medical
evacuation out of the incident area, organizing and conducting evacuation of non-injured casualties out of the
incident area.
5) Maintenance of public order: documentation.
6) Provisions: providing supplies, shelters and transport.
7) Temporary replacement of destroyed infrastructure/ utilities.
4.4 Disaster response actions
4.4.1 General
The actions of the actors (defined in clause 4.3) in the incident area of this particular scenario are further defined below
including overall duration for each action. A more detailed timeline is given in annex C.
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Figure 4.2 shows the general organizational hierarchy of the teams of actors (responders) involved.
Off-Site/Support Area
Incident Area
Coordinating
Field ECC (CFECC)
Service 1 Service 2
ECC (FECC) ECC(FECC)
SubService 1 SubService 2 SubService 1 SubService 2
ECC (SECC) ECC (SECC) ECC(SECC) ECC(SECC)
ECC: Emergenc y Control Centre
Service e.g. Fire-fighting & Rescue
: Hierarchical links
Sub-Service: e.g. Fire-fighting
Figure 4.2: Responder Organizational Hierarchy
4.4.2 Emergency management
Deployed emergency services set up their own management structure in terms of service field emergency control
centres (FECCs) and SubService emergency control centres (SECCs), as shown in figure 4.2. The actions in table 4.1
are sorted according to their ideal occurrence. In fact, nearly all actions of all involved actors are conducted nearly
simultaneously so that there is no distinct order.
Table 4.1: Emergency management
Involved actors Actions Start Intermediate End point Duration
point point
All involved emergency Transport of emergency First Arrival Arrival Minutes/
services management personnel and alerting hours
equipment (e.g. command
vehicle) to the incident area
Incident commander (IC) Establishing emergency Arrival CFECC in place End of Days
management structures emergency
response works
Fire service Establishing emergency Arrival All
End of Days
management structures FECCs/SECCs in emergency
place response works
Rescue service Establishing emergency Arrival All End of Days
management structures FECCs/SECCs in emergency
place response works
Health service Establishing emergency Arrival All End of Days
management structures FECCs/SECCs in emergency
place response works
Relevant authority/non- Establishing emergency Arrival All End of Days
governmental management structures FECCs/SECCs in emergency
organization (NGO) place response works
Site incident officers E.g. roads department Arrival - End of Days
representatives; emergency
Consulting to emergency response works
services
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4.4.3 Risk management and damage mitigation
Table 4.2: Road access
Involved actors Actions Start point Intermediate End point Duration
point
Roads Initial assessment 30 minutes after When Temporary Hours
department/ the EQ when assessment is repair completed
geologists problems are made and
reported by reparative
operational actions are
emergency initiated.
services
Roads Assessment/ Repair of Once Temporary Days
department, broken roads/ removal of assessment is repair completed
landslide/ completed
Table 4.3: Assessment and handling of specific risks
Involved actors Actions Start point Intermediate End point Duration
point
Geologist Assessing risks for further Request made Arrival on scene Conclusion Hours
landslides/ rock falls
Building Assessing risks for further Request made Arrival on scene Conclusion Days
surveyors collapse of buildings
Table 4.4: Fire fighting
Involved actors Actions Start point Intermediate End point Duration
point
Fire service Transport of emergency First alerting Arrival Arrival Minutes/ hours
teams and fire-fighting
equipment to the
incident/hazard area
Fire service Risk assessment Arrival All fires out, End of Days
Set-up of exclusion zone hazard are emergency
(i.e. inner cordon) secured response
Immediate life-saving works
measures
Handing over of casualties
to health service at casualty
collection point(s) (CCP)
Fire-fighting, securing the
hazard area
Reporting to CFECC
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Table 4.5: Rescue
Involved Actions Start point Intermediate End point Duration
actors point
Rescue Transport of emergency teams First alerting Arrival Arrival Minutes/
and rescue equipment to the hours
incident/hazard area
Rescue Risk identification/assessment Arrival All casualties End of rescue Days
Localization of individuals in localized works (all
hazard area casualties
Rescue/evacuation of affected rescued/evacuated
individuals out of hazard area from hazard area)
(e.g. medical evacuation with
stretchers, vehicle extrication)
Immediate life-saving measures
Handing over of casualties to
health service at CCP
Reporting to CFECC
Table 4.6: Maintenance of public order
Involved actors Actions Start point Intermediate End point Duration
point
Police/ defence Public order Arrival of first End of Days
forces/ Documentation police officers emergency
response
works
Table 4.7: Power supply restoration
Involved actors Actions Start point Intermediate End point Duration
point
Power Temporary deployment of Realization of Arrival of first Generators Days
corporation/ emergency generators loss of power generators deployed to
local authorities/ supply/ request critical areas/
civil protection/ for assistance supply lines
NGO for fuel
established
and working
Power Replacement of power lines Once area is Arrival of repair Permanent Days/ weeks
corporation declared safe teams power supply
re-installed
Table 4.8: Water, food and sanitation
Involved actors Actions Start point Intermediate End point Duration
point
Relevant Emergency supply of water and Request for Arrival of Goes on till Days
authority/ NGO food (both to casualties and assistance supplies (4 the end of the
emergency staff). hours after EQ) handling of the
disaster
Relevant Temporary deployment of 1-2 hours after Arrival of Goes on till Hours
authority/ NGO portable toilets, implementation of EQ supplies (4 the end of the
routines for maintenance hours after handling of the
earthquake EQ) disaster
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16 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
Table 4.9: Telecommunication
Involved actors Actions Start point Intermediate End point Duration
point
Telecom Installing/ deploying Telecom Arrival of repair All lines re- 32 hours (the
provider(s) telecommunication services in providers realize teams in the installed contractual
the incident area immediately incident area limit set by
after EQ that (120 minutes some
services are after EQ) Member
down States)
4.4.4 Casualty Logistics
The activities related to casualty management are depicted in figure 4.2. Injured casualties are either transported directly
to hospitals ("immediate medevac") or taken to the temporary care centre (TCC). Depending on their health status and
available resources these casualties are either handed over to temporary shelter or transported to hospitals.
Non-injured casualties are guided to a temporary shelter and then evacuated to shelters outside the incident area.
For the scope of the present document, logistics related to deceased casualties are not considered.
Deceased
Collection
Point(s)
immediate medevac
treatment
Casualty Temporary medevac
Hazard
Collection Care Hospitals
Area
Point(s) Centre(s)
no treatment no medevac
evacuation
Temporary
Shelter
Shelter(s)
Incident Area
Casualties
Figure 4.3: Casualty flow chart
The following tables describe the actors and actions related to casualty logistics both for injured and non-injured
casualties.
ETSI
17 ETSI TS 103 260-1 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
Table 4.10: Treatment and medical evacuation
Involved actors Actions Start p
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