ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
REN/ERM-TGTLPR-0117-1
Elektromagnetna združljivost in zadeve v zvezi z radijskim spektrom (ERM) - Naprave kratkega dosega (SRD) - Oprema za odkrivanje in premikanje - Radar za sondiranje nivoja v rezervoarjih (TLPR), ki deluje v frekvenčnih pasovih 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz in 77 GHz - 1. del: Tehnične karakteristike in preskusne metode
Ta dokument določa zahteve za uporabe radarja za sondiranje nivoja v rezervoarjih (TLPR), temelječih na pulznem RF, FMCW ali podobnih širokopasovnih tehnikah, ki delujejo v naslednjih frekvenčnih pasovih ali delih, kot je opredeljeno v preglednici 1.
Preglednica 1: Frekvenčni pasovi, določeni za radarje za sondiranje nivoja v rezervoarjih (TLPR)
Frekvenčni pasovi/ Frekvence (GHz)
Oddajanje in prejemanje Od 4,5 do 7
Oddajanje in prejemanje Od 8,5 do 10,6
Oddajanje in prejemanje Od 24,05 do 26,5
Oddajanje in prejemanje Od 57 do 64
Oddajanje in prejemanje Od 75 do 85
Preglednica 1 prikazuje seznam frekvenčnih pasov, kot je določen za radarje za sondiranje nivoja v rezervoarjih z Odločbo Komisije 2009/381 [i.4] in priporočili CEPT/ERC/REC 70-03 [i.1], znanimi na datumu objave tega dokumenta. TLPR so uporabljeni za uporabe merjenja nivoja v rezervoarjih. Obseg je omejen na TLPR, ki delujejo kot naprave kratkega dosega, vgrajene v zaprte kovinske rezervoarje ali utrjene betonske ali podobne zaprte strukture, izdelane iz primerljivih oslabljenih materialov, ki zadržujejo snovi, tekočine ali prah.
Uporabe radarja v tem dokumentu niso predvidene za potrebe komunikacij. Njihova predvidena uporaba izvzema kakršno koli namerno uporabo za sevanje v okolje.
Ta dokument velja za TLPR, ki sevajo signale RF neposredno z vrha rezervoarja navzdol na površino snovi, zajete v zaprtem rezervoarju. Kakršno koli sevanje zunaj rezervoarja je posledica puščanja in se šteje za nenamerne emisije. Velja samo za TLPR, nameščene z namenskimi antenami. Ta dokument ne vključuje nujno vseh značilnosti, ki so lahko potrebne za uporabnika, niti ne predstavlja nujno največje dosegljive zmogljivosti.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
European Standard
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Equipment for Detection and Movement;
Tanks Level Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the
frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz,
25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
Reference
REN/ERM-TGTLPR-0117-1
Keywords
EHF, radar, regulation, SHF, short range, SRD,
testing, UWB
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3 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Technical requirements specifications . 10
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 10
4.2 Choice of model for testing . 10
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 10
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) . 11
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification . 11
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information . 11
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 11
4.6 RF waveguides . 12
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators . 13
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 13
4.7.1 Introduction. 13
4.7.2 Signal identification . 14
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 14
4.8 Preamplifier . 14
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results . 15
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 15
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions . 15
5.2 External test power source. 15
5.3 Normal test conditions . 15
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 15
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 16
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 16
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power source . 16
5.3.2.3 Other power sources . 16
6 General conditions . 16
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements . 16
6.2 Measuring receiver . 17
7 Measurement uncertainty . 17
7.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 18
8 Methods of measurement and limits. 19
8.1 Frequency band of operation . 19
8.1.1 Definition . 19
8.1.2 Method of measurement . 19
8.1.3 Limits . 20
8.2 Duty cycle . 20
8.2.1 Duty cycle resulting from application . 21
8.2.2 Duty cycle resulting from modulation . 21
8.2.2.1 Method of measurement . 21
8.2.3 Limits . 21
8.3 Equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) . 22
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4 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
8.3.1 Definition . 22
8.3.2 Method of measurement . 22
8.3.3 Limits . 23
8.4 Emissions . 23
8.4.1 Definition . 23
8.4.2 Method of measurement . 23
8.4.3 Limits . 26
8.5 Range of modulation parameters . 26
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 27
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 27
A.1.1 Anechoic Chamber . 27
A.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane . 28
A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 29
A.1.4 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 30
A.1.5 Test antenna . 32
A.1.6 Substitution antenna . 32
A.1.7 Measuring antenna . 32
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 32
A.2.1 Verification of the test site . 32
A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 33
A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 33
A.2.4 Range length . 33
A.2.5 Site preparation . 34
A.3 Coupling of signals . 34
A.3.1 General . 34
Annex B (normative): Installation requirements of Tank Level Probing Radar (TLPR)
Equipment . 35
Annex C (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 36
Annex D (informative): Electromagnetic leakage from a EUT . 37
D.1 General . 37
D.2 Survey of sources of leakage . 37
Annex E (normative): Requirements on Test Tank . 39
Annex F (informative): Practical test distances for accurate measurements . 40
F.1 Introduction . 40
F.2 Conventional near-field measurements distance limit . 40
F.3 Near-field conditions outside a test tank . 40
Annex G (normative): Range of modulation parameters . 41
G.1 Pulse modulation . 41
G.1.1 Definition . 41
G.1.2 Operating parameters . 42
G.2 Frequency modulated continuous wave . 42
G.2.1 Definition . 42
G.2.2 Operating parameters . 43
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5 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
Annex H (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 44
H.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 44
H.2 Material dependent attenuations . 47
History . 48
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6 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and
Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar
(TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz, as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
National transposition dates
Date of adoption of this EN: 21 February 2011
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 May 2011
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 30 November 2011
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 30 November 2011
ETSI
7 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Tank Level Probing Radar (TLPR) applications based on pulse RF,
FMCW, or similar wideband techniques, operating in the following frequency bands or part hereof as specified in
table 1.
Table 1: Frequency bands designated to Tank Level Probing Radars (TLPR)
Frequency Bands/frequencies
(GHz)
Transmit and Receive 4,5 to 7
Transmit and Receive 8,5 to 10,6
Transmit and Receive 24,05 to 26,5
Transmit and Receive 57 to 64
Transmit and Receive 75 to 85
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated to Tank Level Probing Radars in the
EC-Decision 2009/381 [i.4] and Recommendation CEPT/ERC/REC 70-03 [i.1] as known at the date of publication of
the present document. TLPRs are used for tank level measurement applications.
The scope is limited to TLPRs operating as Short Range Devices, in which the devices are installed in closed metallic
tanks or reinforced concrete tanks, or similar enclosure structures made of comparable attenuating material, holding a
substance, liquid or powder.
The radar applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes. Their intended usage
excludes any intended radiation into free space.
The present document applies to TLPRs radiating RF signals directly from the tank top downwards to the surface of a
substance contained in a closed tank. Any radiation outside of the tank is caused by leakage and is considered as
unintentional emission. It applies only to TLPRs fitted with dedicated antennas. The present document does not
necessarily include all the characteristics, which may be required by a user, nor does it necessarily represent the
optimum performance achievable.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[2] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[3] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference".
ETSI
8 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
[4] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[5] ETSI EN 302 372-2 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar
(TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz;
Part 2: Harmonized EN under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] CEPT/ERC/Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.2] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of Ultra-wideband transmissions".
[i.3] ETSI TS 103 051: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Expanded
measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated electromagnetic fields".
[i.4] Commission Decision 2006/771/EC on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short range
devices as amended by commission decision 2009/381/EC.
[i.5] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
[i.6] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5 (2001): "Attenuation by atmospheric gases".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
dedicated antenna: antenna that is designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Device Under Test (DUT): TLPR under test without a test tank
DU: Activity Factor which is used to describe different modulation parameters and activity levels of TLPR devices and
defined as the ratio of active measurement periods (bursts, sweeps, scans) within the overall repetitive measurement
cycle, i.e. T /T
meas meas_cycle
duty cycle: ratio of the total on time of the transmitter to the total time in any one-hour period reflecting normal
operational mode
emissions: signals that leaked or are scattered into the air within the frequency range (that includes harmonics) which
depend on equipment's frequency band of operation
NOTE: For TLPRs there is no intended emission outside the tank.
Equipment Under Test (EUT): TLPR under test mounted on a test tank
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power transmitted, assuming an isotropic radiator
NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power into the antenna" and "antenna gain". e.i.r.p. is used for
both peak and average power.
ETSI
9 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar: radar where the transmitter power is fairly constant but
possibly zero during periods giving a big duty cycle (such as 0,1 to 1)
NOTE: The frequency is modulated in some way giving a very wideband spectrum with a power versus time
variation which is clearly not pulsed.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated
pulsed radar (or here simply "pulsed TLPR"): radar where the transmitter signal has a microwave power consisting
of short RF pulses
power spectral density (psd): amount of the total power inside the measuring receiver bandwidth
expressed in dBm/MHz
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRF variations
radiated measurements: measurements that involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
radiation: signals emitted intentionally inside a tank for level measurements
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
f Frequency
f Frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
C
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
t Time
k Boltzmann constant
T Temperature
G Efficient antenna gain of radiating structure
G Declared measurement antenna gain
a
d Largest dimension of the antenna aperture of the TLPR
d Largest dimension of the DUT/dipole after substitution (m)
d Largest dimension of the test antenna (m)
D Duty cycle
D Duty cycle determined by the users transmission time
U
D Duty cycle determined by the transmitters modulation type
X
P Output power of the signal generator measured by power meter
s
Δf Bandwidth
X Minimum radial distance (m) between the DUT and the test antenna
λ Wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
dB deciBel
dBi antenna gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
IF Intermediate Frequency
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10 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
LO Local Oscillator
OATS Open Area Test Site
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
SA Spectrum Analyser
SRD Short Range Device
TLPR Tank Level Probing Radar
Tx Transmitter
UWB Ultra WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 Technical requirements specifications
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
The provider shall submit one or more samples of the equipment as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the
presentation of equipment for testing purposes (clause 4), conditions of testing (clauses 5 and 6) and the measurement
methods (clause 8).
The provider shall offer equipment complete with any auxiliary equipment needed for testing. The provider shall also
submit a suitable test tank, as described in annex E.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to create the highest unintentional
emissions outside the tank structure.
In addition, when a device has the capability of using different dedicated antennas, tank connections or other features
that affect the RF parameters, at least the worst combination of features from an emission point of view as agreed
between the provider and the test laboratory shall be tested.
The choice of model(s) for testing shall be recorded in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
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11 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification)
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. Where this is not possible
due to physical constraints, the marking shall be included in the user's manual.
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information
All necessary set-up information shall accompany the TLPR equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of UWB technology implemented in the TLPR equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the TLPR transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the TLPR radio equipment;
• for FMCW, FH, FSK, stepped frequency hopping or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important
to describe the modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are
used. Important parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period,
rate of modulation (Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repetition Frequency PRF is to be stated.
All necessary test signal sources, set-up information, and the test tank shall accompany the equipment when it is
submitted for testing.
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
ETSI
12 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~ 0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Band Frequency Designations Internal Designations of frequently used
dimensions of flanges
waveguide
UG-XXX/U
MIL- 153- RCSC in MIL-F-
in GHz EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
W-85 IEC (British) inches 3922
(reference)
Ka 26,5 to 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x 54-006 UG-559/U Rectangular
3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 to 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
2,84 0,112
U 40,0 to 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
2,388 0,094
V 50,0 to 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 0,148 x
67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879 0,074
E 60,0 to 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 0,122 x
67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549 0,061
W 75,0 to 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 0,100 x
67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
110,0 1,270 0,050
As waveguides are rigid, it is unpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
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13 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators
Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input
powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle
corresponding powers.
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 26,5 GHz / 67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic
mixers. Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range
is too complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the local oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower intermediate
frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than
with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high
IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for
conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal.
To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal
should be as low as possible. For this, the frequency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO
frequency ranges are for example 3 GHz to 6 GHz or 7 GHz to 15 GHz. IF frequencies are in the range from 320 MHz
to about 700 MHz. If the measured air interface is wider than the IF bandwidth, then it is advisable to split the
measurement in several frequency ranges, i.e. a one step total RF output power measurement should not be performed.
Because of the great frequency spacing between the LO and the IF signal, the two signals can be separated by means of
a simple diplexer. The diplexer may be realized as part of the mixer or the spectrum analyzer, or as a separate
component. Mixers with an integrated diplexer are also referred to as three-port mixers, mixers without diplexers as
two-port mixers. Figure 1 shows an example where a diplexer is used to convey both, the IF and LO frequencies.
Figure 1: Set-up of measurement receiver, diplexer and mixer
Coaxial cable connections to an external mixer (diplexer) shall be calibrated as well and in conjunction when calibrating
the mixer and the measuring receiver. Those cables shall not be replaced in concrete measurements. In particular the
cable length shall not be varied.
ETSI
14 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
It shall be regarded that the mixer inputs are sufficiently insulated towards the antenna port with regard to the injected
signal (mixed signal) so that the mixed signal, multiplied by the LO, is sufficiently absorbed.
4.7.2 Signal identification
A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 x f , as there
IF
is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of > 2 x f both, wanted and image response overlap
IF
and cannot be separated any more.
Depending on the width of the analyzed frequency bands additional responses created from other harmonics may be
displayed. In these cases it has to be determined by signal identification techniques, which of the displayed responses
are false responses. Signal identification techniques implemented in spectrum analyzers are based on the fact that only
responses corresponding to the selected number of harmonic show a frequency spacing of 2 x f .
IF
This can be used for automated signal identification: Apart from the actual measurement sweep, in which the lower
sideband is defined as "wanted", a reference sweep is performed. For the reference sweep, the frequency of the LO
signal is tuned such that the user-selected harmonic of the LO signal (order m') is shifted downwards by 2 x f relative
IF
to the measurement sweep.
Parameters which influence the signal identification routines are:
• Number of harmonic: The higher the harmonic number the more false responses will be created. A high LO
frequency range which results in a lower harmonic number for a given frequency range is desirable.
• IF Frequency: The higher the IF frequency of the spectrum analyzer, the greater the spacing at which image
frequency response is displayed on the frequency axis. For a single modulated or unmodulated input signal
displayed on the frequency axis, an image-free range of 2 x f is obtained around this signal in which no signal
IF
identification is necessary.
4.7.3 Measurement hints
To obtain accurate and reproducible results, the following points should be observed:
• A low-loss cable with a substantially flat frequency response should be used for feeding the LO signal to the
mixer. The conversion loss of the mixer is normally specified for a defined LO level. It is therefore important
to maintain this level at the LO port of the mixer in order to achieve the desired accuracy. This is especially
essential if the antenna/ mixer combination is located away from the measuring receiver.
• In level correction on the spectrum analyzer, the insertion loss of the cable used for tapping the IF signal is to
be taken into account.
• If an external diplexer is used for connecting a two-port mixer, the insertion loss of the IF path of the diplexer
is to be taken into account in level correction on the spectrum analyzer.
Additional information on radiated measurements up to 100 GHz is available in TS 103 052 [i.5].
4.8 Preamplifier
Preamplifiers shall have asymmetric inputs and outputs with an impedance of 50 Ω. Preamplifier shall be sufficiently
calibrated with regard to frequency response, amplification factor, linearity and compression. Should this not be
obtainable, the amplification factor shall be determined at a certain frequency with a certain input power by substitution
with a certain signal which is similarly defined as the original signal.
When using a preamplifier it shall be regarded that the amplifier has sufficient impulse response and that it is not
overloaded with a too high input signal, which can lead to erroneous measurement results.
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15 ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02)
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results
The interpretation of the results for the measurements described in the present document shall be as follows:
1) the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an equipment meets the
requirements of the present document;
2) the measurement uncertainty value for the measurement of each parameter shall be recorded;
3) the recorded value of the measurement uncertainty shall be wherever possible, for each measurement, equal to
or lower than the figures in clause 7, table 4.
For the test methods, according to the present document, the measurement uncertainty figures shall be calculated in
accordance with the guidance provided in TR 100 028 [2] and shall correspond to an expansion factor (coverage factor)
k = 1,96 or k = 2 (which provide confidence levels of respectively 95 % and 95,45 % in the case where the distributions
characterizing the actual measurement uncertainties are normal (Gaussian)).
Table 4 in clause 7 is based on such expansion factors.
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient
temperatures
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions
Testing shall be made under normal test conditions.
The TLPR equipment is for professional applications to which installation and maintenance are performed by
professionally trained indivi
...
Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Equipment for Detection and Movement;
Tanks Level Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the
frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz,
25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
Reference
REN/ERM-TGTLPR-0117-1
Keywords
EHF, radar, regulation, SHF, short range, SRD,
testing, UWB
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ETSI
3 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Technical requirements specifications . 10
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 10
4.2 Choice of model for testing . 10
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 10
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) . 11
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification . 11
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information . 11
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 11
4.6 RF waveguides . 12
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators . 13
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 13
4.7.1 Introduction. 13
4.7.2 Signal identification . 14
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 14
4.8 Preamplifier . 14
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results . 15
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 15
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions . 15
5.2 External test power source. 15
5.3 Normal test conditions . 15
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 15
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 16
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 16
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power source . 16
5.3.2.3 Other power sources . 16
6 General conditions . 16
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements . 16
6.2 Measuring receiver . 17
7 Measurement uncertainty . 17
7.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 18
8 Methods of measurement and limits. 19
8.1 Frequency band of operation . 19
8.1.1 Definition . 19
8.1.2 Method of measurement . 19
8.1.3 Limits . 20
8.2 Duty cycle . 20
8.2.1 Duty cycle resulting from application . 20
8.2.2 Duty cycle resulting from modulation . 21
8.2.2.1 Method of measurement . 21
8.2.3 Limits . 21
8.3 Equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) . 21
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4 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
8.3.1 Definition . 21
8.3.2 Method of measurement . 22
8.3.3 Limits . 23
8.4 Emissions . 23
8.4.1 Definition . 23
8.4.2 Method of measurement . 23
8.4.3 Limits . 26
8.5 Range of modulation parameters . 26
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 27
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 27
A.1.1 Anechoic Chamber . 27
A.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane . 28
A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 29
A.1.4 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 30
A.1.5 Test antenna . 32
A.1.6 Substitution antenna . 32
A.1.7 Measuring antenna . 32
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 32
A.2.1 Verification of the test site . 32
A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 33
A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 33
A.2.4 Range length . 33
A.2.5 Site preparation . 34
A.3 Coupling of signals . 34
A.3.1 General . 34
Annex B (normative): Installation requirements of Tank Level Probing Radar (TLPR)
Equipment . 35
Annex C (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 36
Annex D (informative): Electromagnetic leakage from a EUT . 37
D.1 General . 37
D.2 Survey of sources of leakage . 37
Annex E (normative): Requirements on Test Tank . 39
Annex F (informative): Practical test distances for accurate measurements . 40
F.1 Introduction . 40
F.2 Conventional near-field measurements distance limit . 40
F.3 Near-field conditions outside a test tank . 40
Annex G (normative): Range of modulation parameters . 41
G.1 Pulse modulation . 41
G.1.1 Definition . 41
G.1.2 Operating parameters . 42
G.2 Frequency modulated continuous wave . 42
G.2.1 Definition . 42
G.2.2 Operating parameters . 43
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5 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
Annex H (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 44
H.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 44
H.2 Material dependent attenuations . 46
History . 48
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6 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the Vote phase of the
ETSI standards Two-step Approval Procedure.
For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar
(TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz, as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
Proposed national transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doa
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 6 months after doa
ETSI
7 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Tank Level Probing Radar (TLPR) applications based on pulse RF,
FMCW, or similar wideband techniques, operating in the following frequency bands or part hereof as specified in
table 1.
Table 1: Frequency bands designated to Tank Level Probing Radars (TLPR)
Frequency Bands/frequencies
(GHz)
Transmit and Receive 4,5 to 7
Transmit and Receive 8,5 to 10,6
Transmit and Receive 24,05 to 26,5
Transmit and Receive 57 to 64
Transmit and Receive 75 to 85
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated to Tank Level Probing Radars in the
EC-Decision 2009/381 [i.4] and Recommendation CEPT/ERC/REC 70-03 [i.1] as known at the date of publication of
the present document. TLPRs are used for tank level measurement applications.
The scope is limited to TLPRs operating as Short Range Devices, in which the devices are installed in closed metallic
tanks or reinforced concrete tanks, or similar enclosure structures made of comparable attenuating material, holding a
substance, liquid or powder.
The radar applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes. Their intended usage
excludes any intended radiation into free space.
The present document applies to TLPRs radiating RF signals directly from the tank top downwards to the surface of a
substance contained in a closed tank. Any radiation outside of the tank is caused by leakage and is considered as
unintentional emission. It applies only to TLPRs fitted with dedicated antennas. The present document does not
necessarily include all the characteristics, which may be required by a user, nor does it necessarily represent the
optimum performance achievable.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[2] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[3] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference".
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8 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
[4] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[5] ETSI EN 302 372-2 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar
(TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz;
Part 2: Harmonized EN under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] CEPT/ERC/Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.2] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of Ultra-wideband transmissions".
[i.3] ETSI TS 103 051: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Expanded
measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated electromagnetic fields".
[i.4] Commission Decision 2006/771/EC on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short range
devices as amended by commission decision 2009/381/EC.
[i.5] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
[i.6] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5 (2001): "Attenuation by atmospheric gases".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
dedicated antenna: antenna that is designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Device Under Test (DUT): TLPR under test without a test tank
DU: Activity Factor which is used to describe different modulation parameters and activity levels of TLPR devices and
defined as the ratio of active measurement periods (bursts, sweeps, scans) within the overall repetitive measurement
cycle, i.e. T /T
meas meas_cycle
duty cycle: ratio of the total on time of the transmitter to the total time in any one-hour period reflecting normal
operational mode
emissions: signals that leaked or are scattered into the air within the frequency range (that includes harmonics) which
depend on equipment's frequency band of operation
NOTE: For TLPRs there is no intended emission outside the tank.
Equipment Under Test (EUT): TLPR under test mounted on a test tank
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power transmitted, assuming an isotropic radiator
NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power into the antenna" and "antenna gain". e.i.r.p. is used for
both peak and average power.
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9 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar: radar where the transmitter power is fairly constant but
possibly zero during periods giving a big duty cycle (such as 0,1 to 1)
NOTE: The frequency is modulated in some way giving a very wideband spectrum with a power versus time
variation which is clearly not pulsed.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated
pulsed radar (or here simply "pulsed TLPR"): radar where the transmitter signal has a microwave power consisting
of short RF pulses
power spectral density (psd): amount of the total power inside the measuring receiver bandwidth
expressed in dBm/MHz
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRF variations
radiated measurements: measurements that involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
radiation: signals emitted intentionally inside a tank for level measurements
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
f Frequency
f Frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
C
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
t Time
k Boltzmann constant
T Temperature
G Efficient antenna gain of radiating structure
G Declared measurement antenna gain
a
d Largest dimension of the antenna aperture of the TLPR
d Largest dimension of the DUT/dipole after substitution (m)
d Largest dimension of the test antenna (m)
D Duty cycle
D Duty cycle determined by the users transmission time
U
D Duty cycle determined by the transmitters modulation type
X
P Output power of the signal generator measured by power meter
s
Δf Bandwidth
X Minimum radial distance (m) between the DUT and the test antenna
λ Wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
dB deciBel
dBi antenna gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
IF Intermediate Frequency
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10 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
LO Local Oscillator
OATS Open Area Test Site
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
SA Spectrum Analyser
SRD Short Range Device
TLPR Tank Level Probing Radar
Tx Transmitter
UWB Ultra WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 Technical requirements specifications
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
The provider shall submit one or more samples of the equipment as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the
presentation of equipment for testing purposes (clause 4), conditions of testing (clauses 5 and 6) and the measurement
methods (clause 8).
The provider shall offer equipment complete with any auxiliary equipment needed for testing. The provider shall also
submit a suitable test tank, as described in annex E.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to create the highest unintentional
emissions outside the tank structure.
In addition, when a device has the capability of using different dedicated antennas, tank connections or other features
that affect the RF parameters, at least the worst combination of features from an emission point of view as agreed
between the provider and the test laboratory shall be tested.
The choice of model(s) for testing shall be recorded in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
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11 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification)
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. Where this is not possible
due to physical constraints, the marking shall be included in the user's manual.
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information
All necessary set-up information shall accompany the TLPR equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of UWB technology implemented in the TLPR equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the TLPR transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the TLPR radio equipment;
• for FMCW, FH, FSK, stepped frequency hopping or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important
to describe the modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are
used. Important parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period,
rate of modulation (Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repetition Frequency PRF is to be stated.
All necessary test signal sources, set-up information, and the test tank shall accompany the equipment when it is
submitted for testing.
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
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12 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~ 0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Band Frequency Designations Internal Designations of frequently used
dimensions of flanges
waveguide
MIL- UG-XXX/U
153- RCSC in MIL-F-
in GHz W- EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
IEC (British) inches 3922
85 (reference)
Ka 26,5 to 40,0 3- WR- R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x 54-006 UG-559/U Rectangular
006 28 3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 to 55,0 3- WR- R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
010 22 2,84 0,112
U 40,0 to 60,0 3- WR- R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
014 19 2,388 0,094
V 50,0 to 75,0 3- WR- R620 WG-25 3,759 0,148 x
017 15 x 0,074 67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879
E 60,0 to 90,0 3- WR- R740 WG-26 3,099 0,122 x
020 12 x 0,061 67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549
W 75,0 to 3- WR- R900 WG-27 2,540 0,100 x
110,0 023 10 x 0,050 67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
1,270
As waveguides are rigid, it is unpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
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13 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators
Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input
powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle
corresponding powers.
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 26,5 GHz / 67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic
mixers. Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range
is too complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the local oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower intermediate
frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than
with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high
IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for
conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal.
To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal
should be as low as possible. For this, the frequency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO
frequency ranges are for example 3 GHz to 6 GHz or 7 GHz to 15 GHz. IF frequencies are in the range from 320 MHz
to about 700 MHz. If the measured air interface is wider than the IF bandwidth, then it is advisable to split the
measurement in several frequency ranges, i.e. a one step total RF output power measurement should not be performed.
Because of the great frequency spacing between the LO and the IF signal, the two signals can be separated by means of
a simple diplexer. The diplexer may be realized as part of the mixer or the spectrum analyzer, or as a separate
component. Mixers with an integrated diplexer are also referred to as three-port mixers, mixers without diplexers as
two-port mixers. Figure 1 shows an example where a diplexer is used to convey both, the IF and LO frequencies.
Figure 1: Set-up of measurement receiver, diplexer and mixer
Coaxial cable connections to an external mixer (diplexer) shall be calibrated as well and in conjunction when calibrating
the mixer and the measuring receiver. Those cables shall not be replaced in concrete measurements. In particular the
cable length shall not be varied.
ETSI
14 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
It shall be regarded that the mixer inputs are sufficiently insulated towards the antenna port with regard to the injected
signal (mixed signal) so that the mixed signal, multiplied by the LO, is sufficiently absorbed.
4.7.2 Signal identification
A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 x f as there
IF,
is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of > 2 x f both, wanted and image response overlap
IF
and cannot be separated any more.
Depending on the width of the analyzed frequency bands additional responses created from other harmonics may be
displayed. In these cases it has to be determined by signal identification techniques, which of the displayed responses
are false responses. Signal identification techniques implemented in spectrum analyzers are based on the fact that only
responses corresponding to the selected number of harmonic show a frequency spacing of 2 x f
IF.
This can be used for automated signal identification: Apart from the actual measurement sweep, in which the lower
sideband is defined as "wanted", a reference sweep is performed. For the reference sweep, the frequency of the LO
signal is tuned such that the user-selected harmonic of the LO signal (order m') is shifted downwards by 2 x f relative
IF
to the measurement sweep.
Parameters which influence the signal identification routines are:
• Number of harmonic: The higher the harmonic number the more false responses will be created. A high LO
frequency range which results in a lower harmonic number for a given frequency range is desirable.
• IF Frequency: The higher the IF frequency of the spectrum analyzer, the greater the spacing at which image
frequency response is displayed on the frequency axis. For a single modulated or unmodulated input signal
displayed on the frequency axis, an image-free range of 2 x f is obtained around this signal in which no signal
IF
identification is necessary.
4.7.3 Measurement hints
To obtain accurate and reproducible results, the following points should be observed:
• A low-loss cable with a substantially flat frequency response should be used for feeding the LO signal to the
mixer. The conversion loss of the mixer is normally specified for a defined LO level. It is therefore important
to maintain this level at the LO port of the mixer in order to achieve the desired accuracy. This is especially
essential if the antenna/ mixer combination is located away from the measuring receiver.
• In level correction on the spectrum analyzer, the insertion loss of the cable used for tapping the IF signal is to
be taken into account.
• If an external diplexer is used for connecting a two-port mixer, the insertion loss of the IF path of the diplexer
is to be taken into account in level correction on the spectrum analyzer.
Additional information on radiated measurements up to 100 GHz is available in TS 103 052 [i.5].
4.8 Preamplifier
Preamplifiers shall have asymmetric inputs and outputs with an impedance of 50 Ω. Preamplifier shall be sufficiently
calibrated with regard to frequency response, amplification factor, linearity and compression. Should this not be
obtainable, the amplification factor shall be determined at a certain frequency with a certain input power by substitution
with a certain signal which is similarly defined as the original signal.
When using a preamplifier it shall be regarded that the amplifier has sufficient impulse response and that it is not
overloaded with a too high input signal, which can lead to erroneous measurement results.
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15 Final draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-12)
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results
The interpretation of the results for the measurements described in the present document shall be as follows:
1) the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an equipment meets the
requirements of the present document;
2) the measurement uncertainty value for the measurement of each parameter shall be recorded;
3) the recorded value of the measurement uncertainty shall be wherever possible, for each measurement, equal to
or lower than the figures in clause 7, table 4.
For the test methods, according to the present document, the measurement uncertainty figures shall be calculated in
accordance with the guidance provided in TR 100 028 [2] and shall correspond to an expansion factor (coverage factor)
k = 1,96 or k = 2 (which provide confidence levels of respectively 95 % and 95,45 % in the case where the distributions
characterizing the actual measurement uncertainties are normal (Gaussian)).
Table 4 in clause 7 is b
...
Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Equipment for Detection and Movement;
Tanks Level Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the
frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
Reference
REN/ERM-TGTLPR-0117-1
Keywords
EHF, radar, regulation, SHF, short range,
SRD, testing, UWB
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ETSI
3 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Technical requirements specifications . 9
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 9
4.2 Choice of model for testing . 9
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 9
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) . 10
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification . 10
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information . 10
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 10
4.6 RF waveguides . 11
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators . 12
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 12
4.7.1 Introduction. 12
4.7.2 Signal identification . 13
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 13
4.8 Preamplifier . 13
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results . 14
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 14
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions . 14
5.2 External test power source. 14
5.3 Normal test conditions . 14
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 14
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 15
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 15
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power source . 15
5.3.2.3 Other power sources . 15
6 General conditions . 15
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements . 15
6.2 Measuring receiver . 16
7 Measurement uncertainty . 16
7.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 17
8 Methods of measurement and limits. 18
8.1 Frequency band of operation . 18
8.1.1 Definition . 18
8.1.2 Method of measurement . 18
8.1.3 Limits . 19
8.2 Duty cycle . 19
8.2.1 Duty cycle resulting from application . 19
8.2.2 Duty cycle resulting from modulation . 20
8.2.2.1 Method of measurement . 20
8.3 Equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) . 20
8.3.1 Definition . 20
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4 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
8.3.2 Method of measurement . 21
8.3.3 Limits . 22
8.4 Emissions . 22
8.4.1 Definition . 22
8.4.2 Method of measurement . 22
8.4.3 Limits . 25
8.5 Range of modulation parameters . 25
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 26
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 26
A.1.1 Anechoic Chamber . 26
A.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane . 27
A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 28
A.1.4 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 29
A.1.5 Test antenna . 31
A.1.6 Substitution antenna . 31
A.1.7 Measuring antenna . 31
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 31
A.2.1 Verification of the test site . 31
A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 32
A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 32
A.2.4 Range length . 32
A.2.5 Site preparation . 33
A.3 Coupling of signals . 33
A.3.1 General . 33
Annex B (normative): Installation requirements of Tank Level Probing Radar (TLPR)
Equipment . 34
Annex C (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 35
Annex D (informative): Electromagnetic leakage from a EUT . 36
D.1 General . 36
D.2 Survey of sources of leakage . 36
Annex E (normative): Requirements on Test Tank . 38
Annex F (informative): Practical test distances for accurate measurements . 39
F.1 Introduction . 39
F.2 Conventional near-field measurements distance limit . 39
F.3 Near-field conditions outside a test tank . 39
Annex G (normative): Range of modulation parameters . 40
G.1 Pulse modulation . 40
G.1.1 Definition . 40
G.1.2 Operating parameters . 41
G.2 Frequency modulated continuous wave . 41
G.2.1 Definition . 41
G.2.2 Operating parameters . 42
Annex H (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 43
H.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 43
H.2 Material dependent attenuations . 45
History . 47
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5 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the Public Enquiry phase
of the ETSI standards Two-step Approval Procedure.
For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar
(TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz, as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
Proposed national transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doa
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 6 months after doa
ETSI
6 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Tank Level Probing Radar (TLPR) applications based on pulse RF,
FMCW, or similar wideband techniques, operating in the following frequency bands or part hereof as specified in
table 1.
Table 1: Frequency bands designated to Tank Level Probing Radars (TLPR)
Frequency Bands/frequencies
(GHz)
Transmit and Receive 4,5 to 7
Transmit and Receive 8,5 to 10,6
Transmit and Receive 24,05 to 26,5
Transmit and Receive 57 to 64
Transmit and Receive 75 to 85
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated to Tank Level Probing Radars in the
EC-Decision 2009/381 [i.4] and Recommendation CEPT/ERC/REC 70-03 [i.1] as known at the date of publication of
the present document. TLPRs are used for tank level measurement applications.
The scope is limited to TLPRs operating as Short Range Devices, in which the devices are installed in closed metallic
tanks or reinforced concrete tanks, or similar enclosure structures made of comparable attenuating material, holding a
substance, liquid or powder.
The radar applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes. Their intended usage
excludes any intended radiation into free space.
The present document applies to TLPRs radiating RF signals directly from the tank top downwards to the surface of a
substance contained in a closed tank. Any radiation outside of the tank is caused by leakage and is considered as
unintentional emission. It applies only to TLPRs fitted with dedicated antennas. The present document does not
necessarily include all the characteristics, which may be required by a user, nor does it necessarily represent the
optimum performance achievable.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[2] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[3] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference".
ETSI
7 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
[4] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[5] ETSI EN 302 372-2 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar
(TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz;
Part 2: Harmonized EN under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] CEPT/ERC/Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.2] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of Ultra-wideband transmissions".
[i.3] ETSI TS 103 051: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Expanded
measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated electromagnetic fields".
[i.4] Commission Decision 2006/771/EC on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short range
devices as amended by commission decision 2009/381/EC.
[i.5] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
[i.6] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5 (2001): "Attenuation by atmospheric gases".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
dedicated antenna: antenna that is designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Device Under Test (DUT): TLPR under test without a test tank
DU: Activity Factor which is used to describe different modulation parameters and activity levels of TLPR devices and
defined as the ratio of active measurement periods (bursts, sweeps, scans) within the overall repetitive measurement
cycle, i.e. T /T
meas meas_cycle
duty cycle: ratio of the total on time of the transmitter to the total time in any one-hour period reflecting normal
operational mode
emissions: signals that leaked or are scattered into the air within the frequency range (that includes harmonics) which
depend on equipment's frequency band of operation
NOTE: For TLPRs there is no intended emission outside the tank.
Equipment Under Test (EUT): TLPR under test mounted on a test tank
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power transmitted, assuming an isotropic radiator
NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power into the antenna" and "antenna gain". e.i.r.p. is used for
both peak and average power.
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar: radar where the transmitter power is fairly constant but
possibly zero during periods giving a big duty cycle (such as 0,1 to 1)
ETSI
8 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
NOTE: The frequency is modulated in some way giving a very wideband spectrum with a power versus time
variation which is clearly not pulsed.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated
pulsed radar (or here simply "pulsed TLPR"): radar where the transmitter signal has a microwave power consisting
of short RF pulses
power spectral density (psd): amount of the total power inside the measuring receiver bandwidth
expressed in dBm/MHz
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRF variations
radiated measurements: measurements that involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
radiation: signals emitted intentionally inside a tank for level measurements
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
f Frequency
f Frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
C
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
t Time
k Boltzmann constant
T Temperature
G Efficient antenna gain of radiating structure
G Declared measurement antenna gain
a
d Largest dimension of the antenna aperture of the TLPR
d Largest dimension of the DUT/dipole after substitution (m)
d Largest dimension of the test antenna (m)
D Duty cycle
D Duty cycle determined by the users transmission time
U
D Duty cycle determined by the transmitters modulation type
X
P Output power of the signal generator measured by power meter
s
Δf Bandwidth
X Minimum radial distance (m) between the DUT and the test antenna
λ Wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
dB deciBel
dBi antenna gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
IF Intermediate Frequency
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
LO Local Oscillator
OATS Open Area Test Site
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9 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
SA Spectrum Analyser
SRD Short Range Device
TLPR Tank Level Probing Radar
Tx Transmitter
UWB Ultra WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 Technical requirements specifications
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
The provider shall submit one or more samples of the equipment as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the
presentation of equipment for testing purposes (clause 4), conditions of testing (clauses 5 and 6) and the measurement
methods (clause 8).
The provider shall offer equipment complete with any auxiliary equipment needed for testing. The provider shall also
submit a suitable test tank, as described in annex E.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to create the highest unintentional
emissions outside the tank structure.
In addition, when a device has the capability of using different dedicated antennas, tank connections or other features
that affect the RF parameters, at least the worst combination of features from an emission point of view as agreed
between the provider and the test laboratory shall be tested.
The choice of model(s) for testing shall be recorded in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
ETSI
10 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification)
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. Where this is not possible
due to physical constraints, the marking shall be included in the user's manual.
4.3.1.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information
All necessary set-up information shall accompany the TLPR equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of UWB technology implemented in the TLPR equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the TLPR transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the TLPR radio equipment;
• for FMCW, FH, FSK, stepped frequency hopping or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important
to describe the modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are
used. Important parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period,
rate of modulation (Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repetition Frequency PRF is to be stated.
All necessary test signal sources, set-up information, and the test tank shall accompany the equipment when it is
submitted for testing.
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
ETSI
11 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~ 0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Band Frequency Designations Internal Designations of frequently used
dimensions of flanges
waveguide
MIL- UG-XXX/U
153- RCSC in MIL-F-
in GHz W- EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
IEC (British) inches 3922
85 (reference)
Ka 26,5 to 40,0 3- WR- R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x 54-006 UG-559/U Rectangular
006 28 3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 to 55,0 3- WR- R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
010 22 2,84 0,112
U 40,0 to 60,0 3- WR- R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
014 19 2,388 0,094
V 50,0 to 75,0 3- WR- R620 WG-25 3,759 0,148 x
017 15 x 0,074 67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879
E 60,0 to 90,0 3- WR- R740 WG-26 3,099 0,122 x
020 12 x 0,061 67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549
W 75,0 to 3- WR- R900 WG-27 2,540 0,100 x
110,0 023 10 x 0,050 67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
1,270
As waveguides are rigid, it is unpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
ETSI
12 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators
Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input
powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle
corresponding powers.
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 26,5 GHz / 67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic
mixers. Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range
is too complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the local oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower intermediate
frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than
with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high
IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for
conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal.
To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal
should be as low as possible. For this, the frequency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO
frequency ranges are for example 3 GHz to 6 GHz or 7 GHz to 15 GHz. IF frequencies are in the range from 320 MHz
to about 700 MHz. If the measured air interface is wider than the IF bandwidth, then it is advisable to split the
measurement in several frequency ranges, i.e. a one step total RF output power measurement should not be performed.
Because of the great frequency spacing between the LO and the IF signal, the two signals can be separated by means of
a simple diplexer. The diplexer may be realized as part of the mixer or the spectrum analyzer, or as a separate
component. Mixers with an integrated diplexer are also referred to as three-port mixers, mixers without diplexers as
two-port mixers. Figure 1 shows an example where a diplexer is used to convey both, the IF and LO frequencies.
Figure 1: Set-up of measurement receiver, diplexer and mixer
Coaxial cable connections to an external mixer (diplexer) shall be calibrated as well and in conjunction when calibrating
the mixer and the measuring receiver. Those cables shall not be replaced in concrete measurements. In particular the
cable length shall not be varied.
ETSI
13 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
It shall be regarded that the mixer inputs are sufficiently insulated towards the antenna port with regard to the injected
signal (mixed signal) so that the mixed signal, multiplied by the LO, is sufficiently absorbed.
4.7.2 Signal identification
A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 x f as there
IF,
is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of > 2 x f both, wanted and image response overlap
IF
and cannot be separated any more.
Depending on the width of the analyzed frequency bands additional responses created from other harmonics may be
displayed. In these cases it has to be determined by signal identification techniques, which of the displayed responses
are false responses. Signal identification techniques implemented in spectrum analyzers are based on the fact that only
responses corresponding to the selected number of harmonic show a frequency spacing of 2 x f
IF.
This can be used for automated signal identification: Apart from the actual measurement sweep, in which the lower
sideband is defined as "wanted", a reference sweep is performed. For the reference sweep, the frequency of the LO
signal is tuned such that the user-selected harmonic of the LO signal (order m') is shifted downwards by 2 x f relative
IF
to the measurement sweep.
Parameters which influence the signal identification routines are:
• Number of harmonic: The higher the harmonic number the more false responses will be created. A high LO
frequency range which results in a lower harmonic number for a given frequency range is desirable.
• IF Frequency: The higher the IF frequency of the spectrum analyzer, the greater the spacing at which image
frequency response is displayed on the frequency axis. For a single modulated or unmodulated input signal
displayed on the frequency axis, an image-free range of 2 x f is obtained around this signal in which no signal
IF
identification is necessary.
4.7.3 Measurement hints
To obtain accurate and reproducible results, the following points should be observed:
• A low-loss cable with a substantially flat frequency response should be used for feeding the LO signal to the
mixer. The conversion loss of the mixer is normally specified for a defined LO level. It is therefore important
to maintain this level at the LO port of the mixer in order to achieve the desired accuracy. This is especially
essential if the antenna/ mixer combination is located away from the measuring receiver.
• In level correction on the spectrum analyzer, the insertion loss of the cable used for tapping the IF signal is to
be taken into account.
• If an external diplexer is used for connecting a two-port mixer, the insertion loss of the IF path of the diplexer
is to be taken into account in level correction on the spectrum analyzer.
Additional information on radiated measurements up to 100 GHz is available in TS 103 052 [i.5].
4.8 Preamplifier
Preamplifiers shall have asymmetric inputs and outputs with an impedance of 50 Ω. Preamplifier shall be sufficiently
calibrated with regard to frequency response, amplification factor, linearity and compression. Should this not be
obtainable, the amplification factor shall be determined at a certain frequency with a certain input power by substitution
with a certain signal which is similarly defined as the original signal.
When using a preamplifier it shall be regarded that the amplifier has sufficient impulse response and that it is not
overloaded with a too high input signal, which can lead to erroneous measurement results.
ETSI
14 Draft ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2010-08)
4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results
The interpretation of the results for the measurements described in the present document shall be as follows:
1) the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an equipment meets the
requirements of the present document;
2) the measurement uncertainty value for the measurement of each parameter shall be recorded;
3) the recorded value of the measurement uncertainty shall be wherever possible, for each measurement, equal to
or lower than the figures in clause 7, table 4.
For the test methods, according to the present document, the measurement uncertainty figures shall be calculated in
accordance with the guidance provided in TR 100 028 [2] and shall correspond to an expansion factor (coverage factor)
k = 1,96 or k = 2 (which provide confidence levels of respectively 95 % and 95,45 % in the case where the distributions
characterizing the actual measurement uncertainties are normal (Gaussian)).
Table 4 in clause 7 is based on such expansion factors.
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient
temperatures
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions
Testing shall be made under normal test conditions.
The TLPR equipment is for professional applications to which installation and maintenance are performed by
professionally trained individuals only. In addition, due to its usage o
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.PHWRGHElectromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM) - Short Range Devices (SRD) - Equipment for Detection and Movement - Tanks Level Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz - Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods33.100.01Elektromagnetna združljivost na splošnoElectromagnetic compatibility in general33.060.20Sprejemna in oddajna opremaReceiving and transmitting equipmentICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 302 372-1 Version 1.2.1SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011en01-april-2011SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 2
Reference REN/ERM-TGTLPR-0117-1 Keywords EHF, radar, regulation, SHF, short range, SRD, testing, UWB ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00
Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2011. All rights reserved.
DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTM, TIPHONTM, the TIPHON logo and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. LTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI currently being registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association. SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights . 6 Foreword . 6 1 Scope . 7 2 References . 7 2.1 Normative references . 7 2.2 Informative references . 8 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8 3.1 Definitions . 8 3.2 Symbols . 9 3.3 Abbreviations . 9 4 Technical requirements specifications . 10 4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 10 4.2 Choice of model for testing . 10 4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 10 4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) . 11 4.3.1.1 Equipment identification . 11 4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information . 11 4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 11 4.6 RF waveguides . 12 4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators . 13 4.7 External harmonic mixers . 13 4.7.1 Introduction. 13 4.7.2 Signal identification . 14 4.7.3 Measurement hints . 14 4.8 Preamplifier . 14 4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results . 15 5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 15 5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions . 15 5.2 External test power source. 15 5.3 Normal test conditions . 15 5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 15 5.3.2 Normal test power source . 16 5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 16 5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power source . 16 5.3.2.3 Other power sources . 16 6 General conditions . 16 6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements . 16 6.2 Measuring receiver . 17 7 Measurement uncertainty . 17 7.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 18 8 Methods of measurement and limits. 19 8.1 Frequency band of operation . 19 8.1.1 Definition . 19 8.1.2 Method of measurement . 19 8.1.3 Limits . 20 8.2 Duty cycle . 20 8.2.1 Duty cycle resulting from application . 21 8.2.2 Duty cycle resulting from modulation . 21 8.2.2.1 Method of measurement . 21 8.2.3 Limits . 21 8.3 Equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) . 22 SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 4 8.3.1 Definition . 22 8.3.2 Method of measurement . 22 8.3.3 Limits . 23 8.4 Emissions . 23 8.4.1 Definition . 23 8.4.2 Method of measurement . 23 8.4.3 Limits . 26 8.5 Range of modulation parameters . 26 Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 27 A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 27 A.1.1 Anechoic Chamber . 27 A.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane . 28 A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 29 A.1.4 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 30 A.1.5 Test antenna . 32 A.1.6 Substitution antenna . 32 A.1.7 Measuring antenna . 32 A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 32 A.2.1 Verification of the test site . 32 A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 33 A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 33 A.2.4 Range length . 33 A.2.5 Site preparation . 34 A.3 Coupling of signals . 34 A.3.1 General . 34 Annex B (normative): Installation requirements of Tank Level Probing Radar (TLPR) Equipment . 35 Annex C (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications . 36 Annex D (informative): Electromagnetic leakage from a EUT . 37 D.1 General . 37 D.2 Survey of sources of leakage . 37 Annex E (normative): Requirements on Test Tank . 39 Annex F (informative): Practical test distances for accurate measurements . 40 F.1 Introduction . 40 F.2 Conventional near-field measurements distance limit . 40 F.3 Near-field conditions outside a test tank . 40 Annex G (normative): Range of modulation parameters . 41 G.1 Pulse modulation . 41 G.1.1 Definition . 41 G.1.2 Operating parameters . 42 G.2 Frequency modulated continuous wave . 42 G.2.1 Definition . 42 G.2.2 Operating parameters . 43 SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 5 Annex H (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 44 H.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 44 H.2 Material dependent attenuations . 47 History . 48
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 6 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes. The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz, as identified below: Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods"; Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
National transposition dates Date of adoption of this EN: 21 February 2011 Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 May 2011 Date of latest publication of new National Standard or endorsement of this EN (dop/e):
30 November 2011 Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 30 November 2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 7 1 Scope The present document specifies the requirements for Tank Level Probing Radar (TLPR) applications based on pulse RF, FMCW, or similar wideband techniques, operating in the following frequency bands or part hereof as specified in table 1. Table 1: Frequency bands designated to Tank Level Probing Radars (TLPR)
Frequency Bands/frequencies (GHz) Transmit and Receive 4,5 to 7 Transmit and Receive 8,5 to 10,6 Transmit and Receive 24,05 to 26,5
Transmit and Receive 57 to 64 Transmit and Receive 75 to 85
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated to Tank Level Probing Radars in the
EC-Decision 2009/381 [i.4] and Recommendation CEPT/ERC/REC 70-03 [i.1] as known at the date of publication of the present document. TLPRs are used for tank level measurement applications. The scope is limited to TLPRs operating as Short Range Devices, in which the devices are installed in closed metallic tanks or reinforced concrete tanks, or similar enclosure structures made of comparable attenuating material, holding a substance, liquid or powder. The radar applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes. Their intended usage excludes any intended radiation into free space. The present document applies to TLPRs radiating RF signals directly from the tank top downwards to the surface of a substance contained in a closed tank. Any radiation outside of the tank is caused by leakage and is considered as unintentional emission. It applies only to TLPRs fitted with dedicated antennas. The present document does not necessarily include all the characteristics, which may be required by a user, nor does it necessarily represent the optimum performance achievable. 2 References References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. 2.1 Normative references The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. [1] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus". [2] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics". [3] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated Emission Measurements in Electro Magnetic Interference". SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 8 [4] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties". [5] ETSI EN 302 372-2 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz;
Part 2: Harmonized EN under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive". 2.2 Informative references The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] CEPT/ERC/Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)". [i.2] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of Ultra-wideband transmissions". [i.3] ETSI TS 103 051: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Expanded measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated electromagnetic fields". [i.4] Commission Decision 2006/771/EC on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short range devices as amended by commission decision 2009/381/EC. [i.5] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz". [i.6] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5 (2001): "Attenuation by atmospheric gases". 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: dedicated antenna: antenna that is designed as an indispensable part of the equipment Device Under Test (DUT): TLPR under test without a test tank DU: Activity Factor which is used to describe different modulation parameters and activity levels of TLPR devices and defined as the ratio of active measurement periods (bursts, sweeps, scans) within the overall repetitive measurement cycle, i.e. Tmeas/Tmeas_cycle duty cycle: ratio of the total on time of the transmitter to the total time in any one-hour period reflecting normal operational mode emissions: signals that leaked or are scattered into the air within the frequency range (that includes harmonics) which depend on equipment's frequency band of operation NOTE: For TLPRs there is no intended emission outside the tank. Equipment Under Test (EUT): TLPR under test mounted on a test tank equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power transmitted, assuming an isotropic radiator NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power into the antenna" and "antenna gain". e.i.r.p. is used for both peak and average power. SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 9 Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar: radar where the transmitter power is fairly constant but possibly zero during periods giving a big duty cycle (such as 0,1 to 1) NOTE: The frequency is modulated in some way giving a very wideband spectrum with a power versus time variation which is clearly not pulsed. integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated pulsed radar (or here simply "pulsed TLPR"): radar where the transmitter signal has a microwave power consisting of short RF pulses power spectral density (psd): amount of the total power inside the measuring receiver bandwidth expressed in dBm/MHz Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to cover all PRF variations radiated measurements: measurements that involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field radiation: signals emitted intentionally inside a tank for level measurements 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: f Frequency fC Frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum fH
Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation fL Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation t Time k Boltzmann constant T Temperature G Efficient antenna gain of radiating structure Ga Declared measurement antenna gain d Largest dimension of the antenna aperture of the TLPR d1 Largest dimension of the DUT/dipole after substitution (m) d2 Largest dimension of the test antenna (m) D Duty cycle DU
Duty cycle determined by the users transmission time DX Duty cycle determined by the transmitters modulation type Ps Output power of the signal generator measured by power meter Δf Bandwidth X Minimum radial distance (m) between the DUT and the test antenna λ Wavelength 3.3 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: dB deciBel dBi antenna gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna DUT Device Under Test e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility ERC European Radiocommunication Committee EUT Equipment Under Test FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave IF Intermediate Frequency SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 10 LNA Low Noise Amplifier LO Local Oscillator OATS Open Area Test Site PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency PRI Pulse Repetition Interval PSD Power Spectral Density R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment RBW Resolution BandWidth RF Radio Frequency RMS Root Mean Square SA Spectrum Analyser SRD Short Range Device TLPR Tank Level Probing Radar Tx Transmitter UWB Ultra WideBand VBW Video BandWidth VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 4 Technical requirements specifications 4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all frequencies over which it is intended to operate. The provider shall submit one or more samples of the equipment as appropriate for testing. Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be supplied. The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the presentation of equipment for testing purposes (clause 4), conditions of testing (clauses 5 and 6) and the measurement methods (clause 8). The provider shall offer equipment complete with any auxiliary equipment needed for testing. The provider shall also submit a suitable test tank, as described in annex E. The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions. 4.2 Choice of model for testing If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to create the highest unintentional emissions outside the tank structure. In addition, when a device has the capability of using different dedicated antennas, tank connections or other features that affect the RF parameters, at least the worst combination of features from an emission point of view as agreed between the provider and the test laboratory shall be tested. The choice of model(s) for testing shall be recorded in the test report. 4.3 Mechanical and electrical design The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services. SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 11 4.3.1 Marking (equipment identification) The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. Where this is not possible due to physical constraints, the marking shall be included in the user's manual. 4.3.1.1 Equipment identification The marking shall include as a minimum: • the name of the manufacturer or his trademark; • the type designation. 4.4 Auxiliary test equipment and product information All necessary set-up information shall accompany the TLPR equipment when it is submitted for testing. The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer: • the type of UWB technology implemented in the TLPR equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed); • the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment; • the intended combination of the TLPR transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels; • the nominal power supply voltages of the TLPR radio equipment; • for FMCW, FH, FSK, stepped frequency hopping or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation (Hz/s); • the implementation of features such as gating; • for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repetition Frequency PRF is to be stated. All necessary test signal sources, set-up information, and the test tank shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing. 4.5 General requirements for RF cables All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used: • a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end; • a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB. When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered. All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used in connection with the cables. SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 12 Table 2: Connector systems Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm SMA 18 GHz (some up to 26 GHz) ~ 0,56 Nm 3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 2,92 mm 40 GHz (some up to 46 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 2,40 mm 50 GHz (some up to 60 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 1,85 mm 65 GHz (some up to 75 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
4.6 RF waveguides Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation. The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on waveguides. Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides Band Frequency Designations Internal dimensions of waveguide Designations of frequently used flanges
in GHz MIL-W-85 EIA 153-IEC RCSC (British) in mm in inches MIL-F-3922 UG-XXX/U equivalent (reference) Remarks Ka 26,5 to 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 3,56 0,280 x 0,140 54-006 68-002 67B-005 UG-559/U - UG-381/U Rectangular Rectangular Round Q 33,0 to 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 2,84 0,224 x 0,112 67B-006 UG-383/U Round U 40,0 to 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 2,388 0,188 x 0,094 67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round V 50,0 to 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 1,879 0,148 x 0,074 67B-008 UG-385/U Round E 60,0 to 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 1,549 0,122 x 0,061 67B-009 UG-387/U Round W 75,0 to 110,0 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 1,270 0,100 x 0,050 67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
As waveguides are rigid, it is unpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna. SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 13 4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle corresponding powers. 4.7 External harmonic mixers 4.7.1 Introduction Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz. The frequency range is extended from 26,5 GHz / 67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers. Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these bands for calibrated measurements. In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the local oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower intermediate frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal. To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal should be as low as possible. For this, the frequency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO frequency ranges are for example 3 GHz to 6 GHz or 7 GHz to 15 GHz. IF frequencies are in the range from 320 MHz to about 700 MHz. If the measured air interface is wider than the IF bandwidth, then it is advisable to split the measurement in several frequency ranges, i.e. a one step total RF output power measurement should not be performed. Because of the great frequency spacing between the LO and the IF signal, the two signals can be separated by means of a simple diplexer. The diplexer may be realized as part of the mixer or the spectrum analyzer, or as a separate component. Mixers with an integrated diplexer are also referred to as three-port mixers, mixers without diplexers as two-port mixers. Figure 1 shows an example where a diplexer is used to convey both, the IF and LO frequencies.
Figure 1: Set-up of measurement receiver, diplexer and mixer Coaxial cable connections to an external mixer (diplexer) shall be calibrated as well and in conjunction when calibrating the mixer and the measuring receiver. Those cables shall not be replaced in concrete measurements. In particular the cable length shall not be varied. SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 14 It shall be regarded that the mixer inputs are sufficiently insulated towards the antenna port with regard to the injected signal (mixed signal) so that the mixed signal, multiplied by the LO, is sufficiently absorbed. 4.7.2 Signal identification A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 x fIF, as there is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of > 2 x fIF both, wanted and image response overlap and cannot be separated any more. Depending on the width of the analyzed frequency bands additional responses created from other harmonics may be displayed. In these cases it has to be determined by signal identification techniques, which of the displayed responses are false responses. Signal identification techniques implemented in spectrum analyzers are based on the fact that only responses corresponding to the selected number of harmonic show a frequency spacing of 2 x fIF. This can be used for automated signal identification: Apart from the actual measurement sweep, in which the lower sideband is defined as "wanted", a reference sweep is performed. For the reference sweep, the frequency of the LO signal is tuned such that the user-selected harmonic of the LO signal (order m') is shifted downwards by 2 x fIF relative to the measurement sweep. Parameters which influence the signal identification routines are: • Number of harmonic: The higher the harmonic number the more false responses will be created. A high LO frequency range which results in a lower harmonic number for a given frequency range is desirable. • IF Frequency: The higher the IF frequency of the spectrum analyzer, the greater the spacing at which image frequency response is displayed on the frequency axis. For a single modulated or unmodulated input signal displayed on the frequency axis, an image-free range of 2 x fIF is obtained around this signal in which no signal identification is necessary. 4.7.3 Measurement hints To obtain accurate and reproducible results, the following points should be observed: • A low-loss cable with a substantially flat frequency response should be used for feeding the LO signal to the mixer. The conversion loss of the mixer is normally specified for a defined LO level. It is therefore important to maintain this level at the LO port of the mixer in order to achieve the desired accuracy. This is especially essential if the antenna/ mixer combination is located away from the measuring receiver. • In level correction on the spectrum analyzer, the insertion loss of the cable used for tapping the IF signal is to be taken into account. • If an external diplexer is used for connecting a two-port mixer, the insertion loss of the IF path of the diplexer is to be taken into account in level correction on the spectrum analyzer.
Additional information on radiated measurements up to 100 GHz is available in TS 103 052 [i.5]. 4.8 Preamplifier Preamplifiers shall have asymmetric inputs and outputs with an impedance of 50 Ω. Preamplifier shall be sufficiently calibrated with regard to frequency response, amplification factor, linearity and compression. Should this not be obtainable, the amplification factor shall be determined at a certain frequency with a certain input power by substitution with a certain signal which is similarly defined as the original signal. When using a preamplifier it shall be regarded that the amplifier has sufficient impulse response and that it is not overloaded with a too high input signal, which can lead to erroneous measurement results. SIST EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 302 372-1 V1.2.1 (2011-02) 15 4.9 Interpretation of the measurement results The interpretation of the results for the measurements described in the present document shall be as follows: 1) the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an equipment meets the requirements of the present document; 2) the measurement uncertainty value for the measurement of each parameter shall be recorded; 3) the recorded value of the measurement uncertainty shall be wherever possible, for each measurement, equal to or lower than the figures in clause 7, table 4. For the test methods, according to the present document, the measurement uncertainty figures shall be calculated in accordance with the guidance provided in TR 100 028 [2] and shall correspond to an expansion factor (coverage factor) k = 1,96 or k = 2 (which provide confidence levels of respectively 95 % and 95,45 % in the case where the distributions characterizing the actual measurement uncertainties are normal (Gaussian)). Table 4 in clause 7 is based on such expansion factors. 5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures 5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions Testing shall be made under normal test conditions. The TLPR equipment is for professional applications to which installation and maintenance are performed by professionally trained individuals only. In addition, due to its usage of UWB technology there are no strict requirements on frequency stability. The power supply is normally provided via the mains. Consequently, there is
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