ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
DEN/ERM-TG28-0421-1
Elektromagnetna združljivost in zadeve v zvezi z radijskim spektrom (ERM) - Naprave kratkega dosega (SRD) - Radijska oprema, ki se uporablja v frekvenčnem območju od 40 GHz do 246 GHz - 1. del: Tehnične karakteristike in preskusne metode
Ta dokument velja za naslednje glavne vrste opreme naprav kratkega dosega:
• splošne naprave kratkega dosega, vključno z alarmi, telekomando, telemetrijo, splošni prenos podatkov itd.
Te vrste radijske opreme so zmožne delovati v dovoljeni frekvenčnih pasovih v razponu od 40 GHz do 246 GHz, kot je določen v preglednici 1:
• bodisi s povezavo z radiofrekvenčnim (RF) izhodom in namensko anteno bodisi z vgrajeno anteno;
• za vse vrste modulacij.
Preglednica 1 prikazuje seznam frekvenčnih pasov, kot je določeno v priporočilu CEPT/ERC 70-03 [i.1], znanim na datum objave tega dokumenta.
OPOMBA 1: Preglednica 1 predstavlja najbolj splošno izvedeno postavko v državah članicah CEPT [i.1], vendar se ne sme predpostavljati, da so vsi opredeljeni pasovi na voljo v vseh državah. Prav tako se predvideva, da se lahko te frekvence uporabijo v točkah [i.2], [i.3] in [i.4] v prihodnosti.
OPOMBA 2: Poleg tega je trebe opozoriti, da so napravam kratkega dosega v razponu od 40 GHz do 246 GHz, ki ga zajema ta dokument, lahko na voljo drugi frekvenčni pasovi v državi. Glej priporočilo CEPT/ERC 70-03 [i.1], kot se izvaja z državnimi radijskimi vmesniki (NRI) ali dodatnimi NRI, kjer je ustrezno.
OPOMBA 3: Na neharmoniziranih parametrih lahko državni upravni organi naložijo nekatere pogoje, kot so na primer vrsta modulacije, frekvenca, ločevanje kanala/frekvence, največja moč oddajanja oddajnika, obratovalni cikel in vključitev avtomatskih naprav za izklop oddajnikov, ki se zahtevajo za izdajo individualnih pravic za uporabo spektra ali za splošno avtorizacijo ali uporabo z »licenčno izjemo«, kot velja večinoma za naprave kratkega dosega.
Ta dokument zajema stalne, mobilne in prenosne postaje.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
European Standard
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Radio equipment to be used
in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TG28-0421-1
Keywords
radio, SRD, testing
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3 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Technical requirements specifications . 9
4.1 General requirements . 9
4.1.1 Receiver category . 9
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 10
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing . 10
4.2.2 Testing of equipment with alternative power levels . 10
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 10
4.3.1 General . 10
4.3.2 Controls . 10
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility . 10
4.3.4 Receiver automatic switch-off . 11
4.3.5 Marking (equipment identification) . 11
4.3.5.1 Equipment identification . 11
4.3.5.2 Marking . 11
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment . 11
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 11
4.6 RF waveguides . 12
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 13
4.7.1 Introduction. 13
4.7.2 Signal identification . 14
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 14
4.8 Interpretation of the measurement results . 14
4.8.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 15
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 16
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions . 16
5.2 Test power source . 16
5.2.1 External test power source . 16
5.2.2 Internal test power source . 17
5.3 Normal test conditions . 17
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 17
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 17
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 17
5.3.2.2 Other power sources . 17
5.4 Extreme test conditions . 17
5.4.1 Extreme temperatures . 17
5.4.2 Extreme test source voltages . 17
5.4.2.1 Mains voltage . 17
5.4.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources . 18
5.4.2.3 Power sources using other types of batteries . 18
5.4.2.4 Other power sources . 18
6 General conditions . 18
6.1 Normal test signals and test modulation . 18
6.1.1 Normal test signals for data . 19
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4 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
6.1.2 Product Information . 19
6.1.3 Testing of frequency agile or hopping equipment . 19
6.2 Test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements . 19
6.2.1 Test fixture . 19
6.2.1.1 Requirements . 19
6.2.1.2 Calibration . 20
6.2.1.3 Test Sites and general arrangement . 21
6.2.1.3.1 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 21
6.2.1.3.2 Other test sites . 22
6.2.1.3.3 Semi-Anechoic Rooms with a conductive Ground Plane . 22
6.2.1.3.4 Fully Anechoic Rooms (FAR) . 23
6.2.1.3.5 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 25
6.3 Measuring receiver . 26
6.4 Antennas . 27
6.4.1 Test antenna . 27
6.4.2 Substitution antenna . 27
6.4.3 Signalling antenna . 28
7 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters . 28
7.1 Spectral power density . 28
7.1.1 Definition . 28
7.1.2 Limit . 28
7.1.3 Conformance. 28
7.2 RF output power . 30
7.2.1 Definition . 30
7.2.2 Limit . 30
7.2.3 Conformance. 30
7.3 Permitted range of operating frequencies . 31
7.3.1 Definition . 31
7.3.2 Method of measurement . 31
7.3.3 Method of measurement for equipment using FHSS modulation . 32
7.3.4 Limit . 32
7.4 Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain. 32
7.4.1 Definition . 32
7.4.2 Method of measurement - radiated unwanted emissions . 33
7.4.3 Limits . 34
8 Receiver . . 34
8.1 Unwanted emissions . 34
8.1.1 Definition . 34
8.1.2 Method of measurement radiated unwanted components . 34
8.1.3 Limits . 35
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurements . 36
A.1 Substitution method . 36
A.1.1 Principle of the substitution measurement method . 36
A.2 Pre-Substitution method . 37
A.2.1 Principle of radiated power measurement based on site attenuation (Pre-Substitution) . 37
Annex B (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 39
B.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 39
B.2 Material dependent attenuations . 41
Annex C (informative): Bibliography . 43
History . 44
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5 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and
Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range,
as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
For non EEA countries the present document may be used for regulatory (type approval) purposes.
National transposition dates
Date of adoption of this EN: 28 June 2011
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 30 September 2011
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 31 March 2012
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 31 March 2012
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6 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
1 Scope
The present document applies to the following Short Range Device major equipment types:
• Generic Short Range Devices, including alarms, telecommand, telemetry, data transmission in general, etc.
These radio equipment types are capable of operating in frequency bands within the 40 GHz to 246 GHz range as
specified in table 1:
• either with a Radio Frequency (RF) output connection and dedicated antenna or with an integral antenna;
• for all types of modulation.
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated in the CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [i.1] as known at
the date of publication of the present document.
NOTE 1: Table 1 represents the most widely implemented position within the CEPT countries [i.1], but it should
not be assumed that all designated bands are available in all countries. It is also foreseen that these
frequencies may be implemented in [i.2], [i.3] and [i.4] in the future.
Table 1: Short Range Devices within the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range
Frequency Bands Applications Notes
(Transmit and Receive)
57 GHz to 66 GHz Non-specific SRD CEPT-ECC and European Commission
regulatory implementation is under discussion
61,0 GHz to 61,5 GHz Non-specific SRD
122 GHz to 123 GHz Non-specific SRD
244 GHz to 246 GHz Non-specific SRD
NOTE 2: In addition, it should be noted that other frequency bands may be available for short range devices in a
country within the frequency range 40 GHz to 246 GHz covered by the present document. See the
CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [i.1] or as implemented through National Radio Interfaces (NRI) and
additional NRI as relevant.
NOTE 3: On non-harmonized parameters, national administrations may impose certain conditions such as the type
of modulation, frequency, channel/frequency separations, maximum transmitter radiated power, duty
cycle, and the inclusion of an automatic transmitter shut-off facility, as a condition for the issue of an
individual or general licence, or as a condition for the issuing of Individual Rights for use of spectrum or
General Authorization, or as a condition for use "under licence exemption" as it is in most cases for Short
Range Devices.
The present document covers fixed stations, mobile stations and portable stations.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
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7 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods".
[2] ITU-T Recommendation O.153: "Basic parameters for the measurement of error performance at
bit rates below the primary rate".
[3] ETSI TR 102 273 (V1.2.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[4] ETSI TR 100 028 (V1.4.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[5] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.2] European Commission Decision 2006/771/EC of 9 November 2006 on harmonization of the radio
spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.3] European Commission Decision 2008/432/EC of 23 May 2008 (amending Decision 2006/771/EC)
on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.4] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 74-01: "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain", Hradec
Kralove, Cardiff 2011.
[i.5] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5 (2001): "Attenuation by atmospheric gases".
[i.6] European Commission Decision 2009/381/EC of 13 May 2009 (amending Decision 2006/771/EC)
on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.7] IEC 60153: "Hollow metallic waveguides".
[i.8] ETSI TR 102 215: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Recommended approach, and possible limits for measurement uncertainty for the measurement of
radiated electromagnetic fields above 1 GHz".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
alarm: use of radio communication for indicating an alarm condition at a distant location
artificial antenna: non-radiating dummy load equal to the nominal impedance specified by the provider
assigned frequency band: frequency band within which the device is authorized to operate and to perform the intended
function of the equipment
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8 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): form of modulation where a combination of data to be transmitted and a
fixed code sequence (chip sequence) is used to directly modulate a carrier, e.g. by phase shift keying
NOTE: The code rate determines the occupied bandwidth.
dedicated antenna: removable antenna supplied and tested with the radio equipment, designed as an indispensable part
of the equipment
fixed station: equipment intended for use in a fixed location
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS): spread spectrum technique in which the transmitter signal occupies a
number of frequencies in time, each for some period of time, referred to as the dwell time
NOTE: Transmitter and receiver follow the same frequency hop pattern. The number of hop positions and the
bandwidth per hop position determine the occupied bandwidth.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
mobile station: equipment normally fixed in a vehicle or used as a transportable station
necessary bandwidth: width of the emitted frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of
information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions
NOTE: The necessary bandwidth including the frequency tolerances is accommodated within the assigned
frequency band.
occupied bandwidth: width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the
mean powers emitted are each equal to 0,5 % of the total mean power of a given emission
NOTE: This corresponds to the -23 dBc bandwidth of the signal.
operating frequency: nominal frequency at which equipment is operated; this is also referred to as the operating centre
frequency
NOTE: Equipment may be able to operate at more than one operating frequency.
operating frequency range: range of operating frequencies over which the equipment can be adjusted through tuning,
switching or reprogramming
portable station: equipment intended to be carried, attached or implanted
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
spread spectrum: modulation technique in which the energy of a transmitted signal is spread throughout a large
portion of the frequency spectrum
ultra low power equipment: equipment using transmit envelope power below the receiver and idle/standby transmitter
limits given in CEPT/ERC Recommendation 74-01 [i.4], see table 5
unwanted emissions: emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level
of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information
NOTE: Unwanted emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and
frequency conversion products.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
D Aperture dimension of the radiating antenna
ant
dB deciBel
dBi gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
E Electrical field strength
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9 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
Eo Reference electrical field strength
NOTE: See annex A.
f Frequency
P Power
R Distance
Ro Reference distance
NOTE: See annex A.
t Time
λ wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropical radiated power
EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility
emf electromagnetic field
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FH Frequency Hopping
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous-Wave radar
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FSL Free Space Loss
IF Intermediate Frequency
ITU-R International Telecommunications Union, Radio Sector
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union, Telecommunications Sector
LO Local Oscillator
NRI National Radio Interfaces
NSA Normalized Site Attenuation
OATS Open Area Test Site
OBW Occupied BandWidth
PDL Power Density Limit
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
RX Receiver
SRD Short Range Device
SRDMG Short Range Device Maintenance Group
TX Transmitter
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 Technical requirements specifications
4.1 General requirements
4.1.1 Receiver category
For SRDs in the scope of the present document, there is no need to distinguish between different receiver categories.
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10 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
Where appropriate, testing shall be carried out on suitable frequencies for the equipment concerned.
If equipment is designed to operate with different carrier powers, measurements of each transmitter parameter shall be
performed at the highest power level at which the transmitter is intended to operate.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
available.
A test fixture for equipment with an integral antenna may be supplied (see clause 6.2).
To simplify and harmonize the testing procedures between the different testing laboratories, measurements shall be
performed, according to the present document, on samples of equipment defined in clauses 4.2.1 to 4.2.2.
These clauses are intended to give confidence that the requirements set out in the present document have been met
without the necessity of performing measurements on all frequencies.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing
One or more samples of the equipment, as appropriate, shall be tested.
Stand alone equipment shall be tested complete with any ancillary equipment needed for testing.
If equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to be the most complex.
4.2.2 Testing of equipment with alternative power levels
If a family of equipment has alternative output power levels provided by the use of separate power modules or add on
stages, or additionally has alternative frequency coverage, then all these shall be declared. Each module or add on stage
shall be tested in combination with the equipment. The necessary samples and tests shall be based on the requirements
of clause 4.2. As a minimum, measurements of the radiated power (e.i.r.p.) and unwanted emissions shall be performed
for each combination and shall be stated in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
4.3.1 General
The equipment tested shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good engineering practice
and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
Transmitters and receivers may be individual or combination units.
4.3.2 Controls
Those controls which, if maladjusted, might increase the interfering potentialities of the equipment shall not be easily
accessible to the user.
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility
If the transmitter is equipped with an automatic transmitter shut-off facility, it should be made inoperative for the
duration of the test. In the case this not possible, a proper test method shall be described and documented.
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11 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
4.3.4 Receiver automatic switch-off
If the receiver is equipped with a battery-saving circuit for automatic switch-off, this circuit shall be made inoperative
for the duration of the tests. In the case this is not possible, a proper test method shall be described and documented.
4.3.5 Marking (equipment identification)
4.3.5.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.3.5.2 Marking
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. In cases where the
equipment is too small to carry the marking, it is sufficient to provide the relevant information in the users' manual.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment
All necessary test signal sources and set-up information shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of modulation technology implemented in the equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the transmitter/transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels in
the main beam;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the radio equipment;
• for FMCW, FH, FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the modulation
parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important parameters
are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation (Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating , hopping or stepped frequency hopping;
• the implementation of any mitigation techniques such as duty cycle;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) is to be stated.
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
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12 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimetre range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cut-off frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC [i.7] for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Internal
Designations of frequently used
Designations dimensions of
flanges
Frequency waveguide
Band
in GHz UG-XXX/U
MIL- 153- RCSC in MIL-F-
EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
W-85 IEC (British) inches 3922
(reference)
54-006
Ka 26,5 to 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x UG-559/U Rectangular
3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 to 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
2,84 0,112
U 40,0 to 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
2,388 0,094
V 50,0 to 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 0,148 x
67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879 0,074
E 60,0 to 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 0,122 x
67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549 0,061
W 75,0 to 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 0,100 x
67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
110,0 1,270 0,050
As waveguides are rigid, it is unpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
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13 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 40/67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers.
Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too
complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the Local Oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower Intermediate
Frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than
with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high
IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for
conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal.
To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal
should be as low as possible. For this, the frequency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO
frequency ranges are for example 3 GHz to 6 GHz or 7 GHz to 15 GHz. IF frequencies are in the range from 320 MHz
to about 700 MHz. If the measured air interface is wider than the IF bandwidth, then it is advisable to split the
measurement in several frequency ranges, i.e. a one step total RF output power measurement should not be performed.
Because of the great frequency spacing between the LO and the IF signal, the two signals can be separated by means of
a simple diplexer. The diplexer may be realized as part of the mixer or the spectrum analyzer, or as a separate
component. Mixers with an integrated diplexer are also referred to as three-port mixers, mixers without diplexers as
two-port mixers. Figure 1 shows an example where a diplexer is used to convey both, the IF and LO frequencies.
Coaxial cable connections to an external mixer (diplexer) shall be calibrated as well and in conjunction when calibrating
the mixer and the measuring receiver. Those cables shall not be replaced in concrete measurements. In particular the
cable length shall not be varied.
It shall be regarded that the mixer inputs are sufficiently insulated towards the antenna port with regard to the injected
signal (mixed signal) so that the mixed signal, multiplied by the LO, is sufficiently absorbed.
Figure 1: Set-up of measurement receiver, diplexer and mixer
ETSI
14 ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
4.7.2 Signal identification
A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 × f , as there
IF
is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of > 2 × f both, wanted and image response overlap
IF
and cannot be separated any more.
Depending on the width of the analyzed frequency bands additional responses created from other harmonics may be
displayed. In these cases it has to be determined with good engineering practice, which of the displayed responses are
false responses. Signal identification techniques implemented in spectrum analyzers are based on the fact that only
responses corresponding to the selected number of harmonic show a frequency spacing of 2 × fIF.
This can be used for automated signal identification: Apart from the actual measurement sweep, in which the lower
sideband is defined as "wanted", a reference sweep is performed. For the reference sweep, the frequency of the LO
signal is tuned such that the user-selected harmonic of the LO signal (order m') is shifted downwards by 2 × f relative
IF
to the measurement sweep.
Parameters which influence the signal identification routines are:
• Number of harmonic: the higher the harmonic number the more false responses will be created. A high LO
frequency range which results in a lower harmonic number for a given frequency range is desirable.
• IF Frequency: the higher the IF frequency of the spectrum analyzer, the greater the spacing at which image
frequency response is displayed on the frequency axis. For a single modulated or unmodulated input signal
displayed on the frequency axis, an image-free range of 2 × f is obtained around this signal in which no
IF
signal identification is necessary.
4.7.3 Measurement hints
To obtain accurate and reproducible results, th
...
Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
European Standard
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Radio equipment to be used
in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TG28-0421-1
Keywords
radio, SRD, testing
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ETSI
3 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Technical requirements specifications . 9
4.1 General requirements . 9
4.1.1 Receiver category . 9
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 10
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing . 10
4.2.2 Testing of equipment with alternative power levels . 10
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 10
4.3.1 General . 10
4.3.2 Controls . 10
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility . 10
4.3.4 Receiver automatic switch-off . 11
4.3.5 Marking (equipment identification) . 11
4.3.5.1 Equipment identification . 11
4.3.5.2 Marking . 11
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment . 11
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 11
4.6 RF waveguides . 12
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 13
4.7.1 Introduction. 13
4.7.2 Signal identification . 14
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 14
4.8 Interpretation of the measurement results . 14
4.8.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 15
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 16
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions . 16
5.2 Test power source . 16
5.2.1 External test power source . 16
5.2.2 Internal test power source . 17
5.3 Normal test conditions . 17
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 17
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 17
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 17
5.3.2.2 Other power sources . 17
5.4 Extreme test conditions . 17
5.4.1 Extreme temperatures . 17
5.4.2 Extreme test source voltages . 17
5.4.2.1 Mains voltage . 17
5.4.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources . 18
5.4.2.3 Power sources using other types of batteries . 18
5.4.2.4 Other power sources . 18
6 General conditions . 18
6.1 Normal test signals and test modulation . 18
6.1.1 Normal test signals for data . 19
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4 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
6.1.2 Product Information . 19
6.1.3 Testing of frequency agile or hopping equipment . 19
6.2 Test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements . 19
6.2.1 Test fixture . 19
6.2.1.1 Requirements . 19
6.2.1.2 Calibration . 20
6.2.1.3 Test Sites and general arrangement . 21
6.2.1.3.1 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 21
6.2.1.3.2 Other test sites . 22
6.2.1.3.3 Semi-Anechoic Rooms with a conductive Ground Plane . 22
6.2.1.3.4 Fully Anechoic Rooms (FAR) . 23
6.2.1.3.5 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 25
6.3 Measuring receiver . 26
6.4 Antennas . 27
6.4.1 Test antenna . 27
6.4.2 Substitution antenna . 27
6.4.3 Signalling antenna . 28
7 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters . 28
7.1 Spectral power density . 28
7.1.1 Definition . 28
7.1.2 Limit . 28
7.1.3 Conformance. 28
7.2 RF output power . 30
7.2.1 Definition . 30
7.2.2 Limit . 30
7.2.3 Conformance. 30
7.3 Permitted range of operating frequencies . 31
7.3.1 Definition . 31
7.3.2 Method of measurement . 31
7.3.3 Method of measurement for equipment using FHSS modulation . 32
7.3.4 Limit . 32
7.4 Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain. 32
7.4.1 Definition . 32
7.4.2 Method of measurement - radiated unwanted emissions . 33
7.4.3 Limits . 34
8 Receiver . . 34
8.1 Unwanted emissions . 34
8.1.1 Definition . 34
8.1.2 Method of measurement radiated unwanted components . 34
8.1.3 Limits . 35
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurements . 36
A.1 Substitution method . 36
A.1.1 Principle of the substitution measurement method . 36
A.2 Pre-Substitution method . 37
A.2.1 Principle of radiated power measurement based on site attenuation (Pre-Substitution) . 37
Annex B (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 39
B.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 39
B.2 Material dependent attenuations . 41
Annex C (informative): Bibliography . 43
History . 44
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5 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This final draft European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the Vote phase of the ETSI standards Two-
step Approval Procedure.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range,
as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
For non EEA countries the present document may be used for regulatory (type approval) purposes.
Proposed national transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doa
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 6 months after doa
ETSI
6 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
1 Scope
The present document applies to the following Short Range Device major equipment types:
• Generic Short Range Devices, including alarms, telecommand, telemetry, data transmission in general, etc.
These radio equipment types are capable of operating in frequency bands within the 40 GHz to 246 GHz range as
specified in table 1:
• either with a Radio Frequency (RF) output connection and dedicated antenna or with an integral antenna;
• for all types of modulation.
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated in the CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [i.1] as known at
the date of publication of the present document.
NOTE 1: Table 1 represents the most widely implemented position within the CEPT countries [i.1], but it should
not be assumed that all designated bands are available in all countries. It is also foreseen that these
frequencies may be implemented in [i.2], [i.3] and [i.4] in the future.
Table 1: Short Range Devices within the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range
Frequency Bands Applications Notes
(Transmit and Receive)
57 GHz to 66 GHz Non-specific SRD CEPT-ECC and European Commission
regulatory implementation is under discussion
61,0 GHz to 61,5 GHz Non-specific SRD
122 GHz to 123 GHz Non-specific SRD
244 GHz to 246 GHz Non-specific SRD
NOTE 2: In addition, it should be noted that other frequency bands may be available for short range devices in a
country within the frequency range 40 GHz to 246 GHz covered by the present document. See the
CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [i.1] or as implemented through National Radio Interfaces (NRI) and
additional NRI as relevant.
NOTE 3: On non-harmonized parameters, national administrations may impose certain conditions such as the type
of modulation, frequency, channel/frequency separations, maximum transmitter radiated power, duty
cycle, and the inclusion of an automatic transmitter shut-off facility, as a condition for the issue of an
individual or general licence, or as a condition for the issuing of Individual Rights for use of spectrum or
General Authorization, or as a condition for use "under licence exemption" as it is in most cases for Short
Range Devices.
The present document covers fixed stations, mobile stations and portable stations.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
ETSI
7 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods".
[2] ITU-T Recommendation O.153: "Basic parameters for the measurement of error performance at
bit rates below the primary rate".
[3] ETSI TR 102 273 (V1.2.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[4] ETSI TR 100 028 (V1.4.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[5] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.2] European Commission Decision 2006/771/EC of 9 November 2006 on harmonization of the radio
spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.3] European Commission Decision 2008/432/EC of 23 May 2008 (amending Decision 2006/771/EC)
on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.4] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 74-01: "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain", Hradec
Kralove, Cardiff 2011.
[i.5] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5 (2001): "Attenuation by atmospheric gases".
[i.6] European Commission Decision 2009/381/EC of 13 May 2009 (amending Decision 2006/771/EC)
on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.7] IEC 60153: "Hollow metallic waveguides".
[i.8] ETSI TR 102 215: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Recommended approach, and possible limits for measurement uncertainty for the measurement of
radiated electromagnetic fields above 1 GHz".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
alarm: use of radio communication for indicating an alarm condition at a distant location
artificial antenna: non-radiating dummy load equal to the nominal impedance specified by the provider
assigned frequency band: frequency band within which the device is authorized to operate and to perform the intended
function of the equipment
ETSI
8 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): form of modulation where a combination of data to be transmitted and a
fixed code sequence (chip sequence) is used to directly modulate a carrier, e.g. by phase shift keying
NOTE: The code rate determines the occupied bandwidth.
dedicated antenna: removable antenna supplied and tested with the radio equipment, designed as an indispensable part
of the equipment
fixed station: equipment intended for use in a fixed location
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS): spread spectrum technique in which the transmitter signal occupies a
number of frequencies in time, each for some period of time, referred to as the dwell time
NOTE: Transmitter and receiver follow the same frequency hop pattern. The number of hop positions and the
bandwidth per hop position determine the occupied bandwidth.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
mobile station: equipment normally fixed in a vehicle or used as a transportable station
necessary bandwidth: width of the emitted frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of
information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions
NOTE: The necessary bandwidth including the frequency tolerances is accommodated within the assigned
frequency band.
occupied bandwidth: width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the
mean powers emitted are each equal to 0,5 % of the total mean power of a given emission
NOTE: This corresponds to the -23 dBc bandwidth of the signal.
operating frequency: nominal frequency at which equipment is operated; this is also referred to as the operating centre
frequency
NOTE: Equipment may be able to operate at more than one operating frequency.
operating frequency range: range of operating frequencies over which the equipment can be adjusted through tuning,
switching or reprogramming
portable station: equipment intended to be carried, attached or implanted
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
spread spectrum: modulation technique in which the energy of a transmitted signal is spread throughout a large
portion of the frequency spectrum
ultra low power equipment: equipment using transmit envelope power below the receiver and idle/standby transmitter
limits given in CEPT/ERC Recommendation 74-01 [i.4], see table 5
unwanted emissions: emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level
of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information
NOTE: Unwanted emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and
frequency conversion products.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
D Aperture dimension of the radiating antenna
ant
dB deciBel
dBi gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
E Electrical field strength
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9 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
Eo Reference electrical field strength
NOTE: See annex A.
f Frequency
P Power
R Distance
Ro Reference distance
NOTE: See annex A.
t Time
λ wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropical radiated power
EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility
emf electromagnetic field
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FH Frequency Hopping
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous-Wave radar
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FSL Free Space Loss
IF Intermediate Frequency
ITU-R International Telecommunications Union, Radio Sector
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union, Telecommunications Sector
LO Local Oscillator
NRI National Radio Interfaces
NSA Normalized Site Attenuation
OATS Open Area Test Site
OBW Occupied BandWidth
PDL Power Density Limit
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
RX Receiver
SRD Short Range Device
SRDMG Short Range Device Maintenance Group
TX Transmitter
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 Technical requirements specifications
4.1 General requirements
4.1.1 Receiver category
For SRDs in the scope of the present document, there is no need to distinguish between different receiver categories.
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10 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
Where appropriate, testing shall be carried out on suitable frequencies for the equipment concerned.
If equipment is designed to operate with different carrier powers, measurements of each transmitter parameter shall be
performed at the highest power level at which the transmitter is intended to operate.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
available.
A test fixture for equipment with an integral antenna may be supplied (see clause 6.2).
To simplify and harmonize the testing procedures between the different testing laboratories, measurements shall be
performed, according to the present document, on samples of equipment defined in clauses 4.2.1 to 4.2.3.2.
These clauses are intended to give confidence that the requirements set out in the present document have been met
without the necessity of performing measurements on all frequencies.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing
One or more samples of the equipment, as appropriate, shall be tested.
Stand alone equipment shall be tested complete with any ancillary equipment needed for testing.
If equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to be the most complex.
4.2.2 Testing of equipment with alternative power levels
If a family of equipment has alternative output power levels provided by the use of separate power modules or add on
stages, or additionally has alternative frequency coverage, then all these shall be declared. Each module or add on stage
shall be tested in combination with the equipment. The necessary samples and tests shall be based on the requirements
of clause 4.2. As a minimum, measurements of the radiated power (e.i.r.p.) and unwanted emissions shall be performed
for each combination and shall be stated in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
4.3.1 General
The equipment tested shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good engineering practice
and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
Transmitters and receivers may be individual or combination units.
4.3.2 Controls
Those controls which, if maladjusted, might increase the interfering potentialities of the equipment shall not be easily
accessible to the user.
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility
If the transmitter is equipped with an automatic transmitter shut-off facility, it should be made inoperative for the
duration of the test. In the case this not possible, a proper test method shall be described and documented.
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11 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
4.3.4 Receiver automatic switch-off
If the receiver is equipped with a battery-saving circuit for automatic switch-off, this circuit shall be made inoperative
for the duration of the tests. In the case this is not possible, a proper test method shall be described and documented.
4.3.5 Marking (equipment identification)
4.3.5.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.3.5.2 Marking
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. In cases where the
equipment is too small to carry the marking, it is sufficient to provide the relevant information in the users' manual.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment
All necessary test signal sources and set-up information shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of modulation technology implemented in the equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the transmitter/transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels in
the main beam;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the radio equipment;
• for FMCW, FH, FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the modulation
parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important parameters
are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation (Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating , hopping or stepped frequency hopping;
• the implementation of any mitigation techniques such as duty cycle;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) is to be stated.
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
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12 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimetre range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cut-off frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC [i.7] for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Internal
Designations of frequently used
Designations dimensions of
flanges
Frequency waveguide
Band
in GHz UG-XXX/U
MIL- 153- RCSC in MIL-F-
EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
W-85 IEC (British) inches 3922
(reference)
54-006
Ka 26,5 to 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x UG-559/U Rectangular
3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 to 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
2,84 0,112
U 40,0 to 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
2,388 0,094
V 50,0 to 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 0,148 x
67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879 0,074
E 60,0 to 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 0,122 x
67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549 0,061
W 75,0 to 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 0,100 x
67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
110,0 1,270 0,050
As waveguides are rigid, it is unpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
ETSI
13 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 40/67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers.
Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too
complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the Local Oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower Intermediate
Frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than
with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high
IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for
conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal.
To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal
should be as low as possible. For this, the frequency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO
frequency ranges are for example 3 GHz to 6 GHz or 7 GHz to 15 GHz. IF frequencies are in the range from 320 MHz
to about 700 MHz. If the measured air interface is wider than the IF bandwidth, then it is advisable to split the
measurement in several frequency ranges, i.e. a one step total RF output power measurement should not be performed.
Because of the great frequency spacing between the LO and the IF signal, the two signals can be separated by means of
a simple diplexer. The diplexer may be realized as part of the mixer or the spectrum analyzer, or as a separate
component. Mixers with an integrated diplexer are also referred to as three-port mixers, mixers without diplexers as
two-port mixers. Figure 1 shows an example where a diplexer is used to convey both, the IF and LO frequencies.
Coaxial cable connections to an external mixer (diplexer) shall be calibrated as well and in conjunction when calibrating
the mixer and the measuring receiver. Those cables shall not be replaced in concrete measurements. In particular the
cable length shall not be varied.
It shall be regarded that the mixer inputs are sufficiently insulated towards the antenna port with regard to the injected
signal (mixed signal) so that the mixed signal, multiplied by the LO, is sufficiently absorbed.
Figure 1: Set-up of measurement receiver, diplexer and mixer
ETSI
14 Final draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-04)
4.7.2 Signal identification
A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 × f , as there
IF
is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of > 2 × f both, wanted and image response overlap
IF
and cannot be separated any more.
Depending on the width of the analyzed frequency bands additional responses created from other harmonics may be
displayed. In these cases it has to be determined with good engineering practice, which of the displayed responses are
false responses. Signal identification techniques implemented in spectrum analyzers are based on the fact that only
responses corresponding to the selected number of harmonic show a frequency spacing of 2 × fIF.
This can be used for automated signal identification: Apart from the actual measurement sweep, in which the lower
sideband is defined as "wanted", a reference sweep is performed. For the reference sweep, the frequency of the LO
signal is tuned such that the user-selected harmonic of the LO signal (order m') is shifted downwards by 2 × f relative
IF
to the measurement sweep.
Parameters which influence the signal identification routines are:
• Number of harmonic: the higher the harmonic number the more false responses will be created. A high LO
frequency range which results in a lower harmonic number for a given frequency range is desirable.
• IF
...
Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Radio equipment to be used
in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and
test methods
2 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TG28-0421-1
Keywords
radio, SRD, testing
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ETSI
3 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Technical requirements specifications . 10
4.1 General requirements . 10
4.1.1 Receiver category . 10
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 10
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing . 10
4.2.2 Testing of equipment with alternative power levels . 10
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 10
4.3.1 General . 10
4.3.2 Controls . 11
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility . 11
4.3.4 Receiver automatic switch-off . 11
4.3.5 Marking (equipment identification) . 11
4.3.5.1 Equipment identification . 11
4.3.5.2 Marking . 11
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment . 11
4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 12
4.6 RF waveguides . 12
4.7 External harmonic mixers . 13
4.7.1 Introduction. 13
4.7.2 Signal identification . 14
4.7.3 Measurement hints . 14
4.8 Interpretation of the measurement results . 15
4.8.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 16
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 16
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions . 16
5.2 Test power source . 16
5.2.1 External test power source . 17
5.2.2 Internal test power source . 17
5.3 Normal test conditions . 17
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 17
5.3.2 Normal test power source . 17
5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 17
5.3.2.2 Other power sources . 17
5.4 Extreme test conditions . 18
5.4.1 Extreme temperatures . 18
5.4.2 Extreme test source voltages . 18
5.4.2.1 Mains voltage . 18
5.4.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources . 18
5.4.2.3 Power sources using other types of batteries . 18
5.4.2.4 Other power sources . 18
6 General conditions . 19
6.1 Normal test signals and test modulation . 19
6.1.1 Normal test signals for data . 19
ETSI
4 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
6.1.2 Product Information . 19
6.1.3 Testing of frequency agile or hopping equipment . 20
6.2 Test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements . 20
6.2.1 Test fixture . 20
6.2.1.1 Requirements . 20
6.2.1.2 Calibration . 21
6.2.1.3 Test Sites and general arrangement . 21
6.2.1.3.1 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 21
6.2.1.3.2 Other test sites . 22
6.2.1.3.3 Semi-Anechoic Rooms with a conductive Ground Plane . 22
6.2.1.3.4 Fully Anechoic Rooms (FAR) . 24
6.2.1.3.5 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 26
6.3 Measuring receiver . 27
6.4 Antennas . 28
6.4.1 Test antenna . 28
6.4.2 Substitution antenna . 28
6.4.3 Signalling antenna . 29
7 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters . 29
7.1 Spectral power density . 29
7.1.1 Definition . 29
7.1.2 Limit . 29
7.1.3 Conformance. 29
7.2 RF output power . 31
7.2.1 Definition . 31
7.2.2 Limit . 31
7.2.3 Conformance. 31
7.3 Permitted range of operating frequencies . 32
7.3.1 Definition . 32
7.3.2 Method of measurement . 32
7.3.3 Method of measurement for equipment using FHSS modulation . 33
7.3.4 Limit . 33
7.4 Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain. 33
7.4.1 Definition . 33
7.4.2 Method of measurement - radiated unwanted emissions . 34
7.4.3 Limits . 35
8 Receiver . . 35
8.1 Unwanted emissions . 35
8.1.1 Definition . 35
8.1.2 Method of measurement radiated unwanted components . 35
8.1.3 Limits . 36
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurements . 37
A.1 Substitution method . 37
A.1.1 Principle of the substitution measurement method . 37
A.2 Pre-Substitution method . 38
A.2.1 Principle of radiated power measurement based on site attenuation (Pre-Substitution) . 38
Annex B (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 40
B.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 40
B.2 Material dependent attenuations . 42
Annex C (informative): Bibliography . 44
History . 45
ETSI
5 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the Public Enquiry phase
of the ETSI standards Two-step Approval Procedure.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range,
as identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
For non EEA countries the present document may be used for regulatory (type approval) purposes.
Proposed national transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doa
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 6 months after doa
ETSI
6 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
1 Scope
The present document applies to the following Short Range Device major equipment types:
• Generic Short Range Devices, including alarms, telecommand, telemetry, data transmission in general, etc.
These radio equipment types are capable of operating in frequency bands within the 40 GHz to 246 GHz range as
specified in table 1:
• either with a Radio Frequency (RF) output connection and dedicated antenna or with an integral antenna;
• for all types of modulation.
Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated in the CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [i.1] as known at
the date of publication of the present document.
NOTE 1: Table 1 represents the most widely implemented position within the CEPT countries [i.1], but it should
not be assumed that all designated bands are available in all countries. It is also foreseen that these
frequencies may be implemented in [i.3], [i.4], [i.5] in the future.
Table 1: Short Range Devices within the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range
Frequency Bands Applications Notes
(Transmit and Receive)
57 GHz to 66 GHz Non-specific SRD See LS from SRDMG to ETSI ERM [i.7].
Implementation in [i.1] under discussion.
61,0 GHz to 61,5 GHz Non-specific SRD
122 GHz to 123 GHz Non-specific SRD
244 GHz to 246 GHz Non-specific SRD
NOTE 2: In addition, it should be noted that other frequency bands may be available for short range devices in a
country within the frequency range 40 GHz to 246 GHz covered by the present document. See the
CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [i.1] or as implemented through National Radio Interfaces (NRI) and
additional NRI as relevant.
NOTE 3: On non-harmonized parameters, national administrations may impose certain conditions such as the type
of modulation, frequency, channel/frequency separations, maximum transmitter radiated power, duty
cycle, and the inclusion of an automatic transmitter shut-off facility, as a condition for the issue of an
individual or general licence, or as a condition for the issuing of Individual Rights for use of spectrum or
General Authorization, or as a condition for use "under licence exemption" as it is in most cases for Short
Range Devices.
The present document covers fixed stations, mobile stations and portable stations.
ETSI
7 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references,only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods".
[2] ITU-T Recommendation O.153: "Basic parameters for the measurement of error performance at
bit rates below the primary rate".
[3] ETSI TR 102 273 (V1.2.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[4] ETSI TR 100 028 (V1.4.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.2] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated
measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz".
[i.3] European Commission Decision 2006/771/EC of 9 November 2006 on harmonization of the radio
spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.4] European Commission Decision 2008/432/EC of 23 May 2008 (amending Decision 2006/771/EC)
on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.5] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 74-01: "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain", Hradec
Kralove, 2005.
[i.6] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5 (2001): "Attenuation by atmospheric gases".
[i.7] Liaison statement from SRDMG to ETSI ERM: "LS from CEPT/ECC-SRD/MG to ERM and
ERM-TG28 on 57-66 GHz non specific SRDs in Annex 1 of ERC/REC 70-03", DOC number:
ERM TG28-23-11, 27.April 2009.
[i.8] European Commission Decision 2009/381/EC of 13 May 2009 (amending Decision 2006/771/EC)
on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.9] ETSI TR 102 215: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Recommended approach, and possible limits for measurement uncertainty for the measurement of
radiated electromagnetic fields above 1 GHz".
[i.10] IEC 60153: "Hollow metallic waveguides".
ETSI
8 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
alarm: use of radio communication for indicating an alarm condition at a distant location
artificial antenna: non-radiating dummy load equal to the nominal impedance specified by the provider
assigned frequency band: frequency band within which the device is authorized to operate and to perform the intended
function of the equipment
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): form of modulation where a combination of data to be transmitted and a
fixed code sequence (chip sequence) is used to directly modulate a carrier, e.g. by phase shift keying
NOTE: The code rate determines the occupied bandwidth.
dedicated antenna: removable antenna supplied and tested with the radio equipment, designed as an indispensable part
of the equipment
fixed station: equipment intended for use in a fixed location
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS): spread spectrum technique in which the transmitter signal occupies a
number of frequencies in time, each for some period of time, referred to as the dwell time
NOTE: Transmitter and receiver follow the same frequency hop pattern. The number of hop positions and the
bandwidth per hop position determine the occupied bandwidth.
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
mobile station: equipment normally fixed in a vehicle or used as a transportable station
necessary bandwidth: width of the emitted frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of
information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions
NOTE: The necessary bandwidth including the frequency tolerances is accommodated within the assigned
frequency band.
occupied bandwidth: width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the
mean powers emitted are each equal to 0,5 % of the total mean power of a given emission
NOTE: This corresponds to the -23 dBc bandwidth of the signal.
operating frequency: nominal frequency at which equipment is operated; this is also referred to as the operating centre
frequency
NOTE: Equipment may be able to operate at more than one operating frequency.
operating frequency range: range of operating frequencies over which the equipment can be adjusted through tuning,
switching or reprogramming
portable station: equipment intended to be carried, attached or implanted
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
spread spectrum: modulation technique in which the energy of a transmitted signal is spread throughout a large
portion of the frequency spectrum
unwanted emissions: emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level
of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information
NOTE: Unwanted emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and
frequency conversion products.
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9 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
ultra low power equipment: equipment using transmit envelope power below the receiver and idle/standby transmitter
limits given in CEPT/ERC Recommendation 74-01 [i.5], see table 5
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
D Aperture dimension of the radiating antenna
ant
dB deciBel
dBi gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna
E Electrical field strength
Eo Reference electrical field strength (see annex A)
f Frequency
P Power
R Distance
Ro Reference distance (see annex A)
t Time
λ wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropical radiated power
EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility
emf electromagnetic field
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FH Frequency Hopping
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous-wave radar
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
IF Intermediate Frequency
ITU-R International Telecommunications Union, Radio Sector
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union, Telecommunications Sector
LO Local Oscillator
NRI National Radio Interfaces
OATS Open Area Test Site
OBW Occupied BandWidth
PDL Power Density Limit
PRF Pulse Repitition Frequency
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RX Receiver
SRD Short Range Device
TX Transmitter
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
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10 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
4 Technical requirements specifications
4.1 General requirements
4.1.1 Receiver category
For SRDs in the scope of the present document, there is no need to distinguish between different receiver categories.
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
Where appropriate, testing shall be carried out on suitable frequencies for the equipment concerned.
If equipment is designed to operate with different carrier powers, measurements of each transmitter parameter shall be
performed at the highest power level at which the transmitter is intended to operate.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
available.
A test fixture for equipment with an integral antenna may be supplied (see clause 6.2).
To simplify and harmonize the testing procedures between the different testing laboratories, measurements shall be
performed, according to the present document, on samples of equipment defined in clauses 4.2.1 to 4.2.3.2.
These clauses are intended to give confidence that the requirements set out in the present document have been met
without the necessity of performing measurements on all frequencies.
The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as
applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing
One or more samples of the equipment, as appropriate, shall be tested.
Stand alone equipment shall be tested complete with any ancillary equipment needed for testing.
If equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to be the most complex.
4.2.2 Testing of equipment with alternative power levels
If a family of equipment has alternative output power levels provided by the use of separate power modules or add on
stages, or additionally has alternative frequency coverage, then all these shall be declared. Each module or add on stage
shall be tested in combination with the equipment. The necessary samples and tests shall be based on the requirements
of clause 4.2. As a minimum, measurements of the radiated power (e.i.r.p.) and unwanted emissions shall be performed
for each combination and shall be stated in the test report.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
4.3.1 General
The equipment tested shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good engineering practice
and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
Transmitters and receivers may be individual or combination units.
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11 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
4.3.2 Controls
Those controls which, if maladjusted, might increase the interfering potentialities of the equipment shall not be easily
accessible to the user.
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility
If the transmitter is equipped with an automatic transmitter shut-off facility, it should be made inoperative for the
duration of the test. In the case this not possible, a proper test method shall be described and documented.
4.3.4 Receiver automatic switch-off
If the receiver is equipped with a battery-saving circuit for automatic switch-off, this circuit shall be made inoperative
for the duration of the tests. In the case this not possible, a proper test method shall be described and documented.
4.3.5 Marking (equipment identification)
4.3.5.1 Equipment identification
The marking shall include as a minimum:
• the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
• the type designation.
4.3.5.2 Marking
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. In cases where the
equipment is too small to carry the marking, it is sufficient to provide the relevant information in the users' manual.
4.4 Auxiliary test equipment
All necessary test signal sources and set-up information shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing.
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
• the type of modulation technology implemented in the equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed);
• the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment;
• the intended combination of the transmitter/transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels in
the main beam;
• the nominal power supply voltages of the radio equipment;
• for FMCW, FH, FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the modulation
parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important parameters
are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation (Hz/s);
• the implementation of features such as gating , hopping or stepped frequency hopping;
• the implementation of any mitigation techniques such as duty cycle;
• for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repitition Frequency (PRF) is to be stated.
ETSI
12 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
4.5 General requirements for RF cables
All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of
coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used:
• a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end;
• a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB.
When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of
return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered.
All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation
pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used
in connection with the cables.
Table 2: Connector systems
Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque
N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm
SMA 18 GHz ~0,56 Nm
(some up to 26 GHz)
3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
2,92 mm 40 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 46 GHz)
2,40 mm 50 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 60 GHz)
1,85 mm 65 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
(some up to 75 GHz)
4.6 RF waveguides
Wired signal transmission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low
attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is
limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not
possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper
frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer
unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation.
The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC [i.10] for
various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using
different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands
together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges.
For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are
available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on
waveguides.
ETSI
13 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides
Internal
Designations of frequently used
Designations dimensions of
flanges
Frequency waveguide
Band
in GHz UG-XXX/U
MIL- 153- RCSC in MIL-F-
EIA in mm equivalent Remarks
W-85 IEC (British) inches 3922
(reference)
Ka 26,5 to 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 0,280 x 54-006 UG-559/U Rectangular
3,56 0,140 68-002 - Rectangular
67B-005 UG-381/U Round
Q 33,0 to 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 0,224 x
67B-006 UG-383/U Round
2,84 0,112
U 40,0 to 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 0,188 x
67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round
2,388 0,094
V 50,0 to 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 0,148 x
67B-008 UG-385/U Round
1,879 0,074
E 60,0 to 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 0,122 x
67B-009 UG-387/U Round
1,549 0,061
W 75,0 to 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 0,100 x
67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
110,0 1,270 0,050
As waveguides are rigid, it is unpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with
waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is
used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna.
4.7 External harmonic mixers
4.7.1 Introduction
Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz.
The frequency range is extended from 40/67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers.
Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too
complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are
waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these
bands for calibrated measurements.
In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the Local Oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower Intermediate
Frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than
with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high
IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for
conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal.
To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal
should be as low as possible. For this, the frequency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO
frequency ranges are for example 3 GHz to 6 GHz or 7 GHz to 15 GHz. IF frequencies are in the range from 320 MHz
to about 700 MHz. If the measured air interface is wider than the IF bandwidth, then it is advisable to split the
measurement in several frequency ranges, i.e. a one step total RF output power measurement should not be performed.
Because of the great frequency spacing between the LO and the IF signal, the two signals can be separated by means of
a simple diplexer. The diplexer may be realized as part of the mixer or the spectrum analyzer, or as a separate
component. Mixers with an integrated diplexer are also referred to as three-port mixers, mixers without diplexers as
two-port mixers. Figure 1 shows an example where a diplexer is used to convey both, the IF and LO frequencies.
ETSI
14 Draft ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2010-06)
Figure 1: Set-up of measurement receiver, diplexer and mixer
4.7.2 Signal identification
A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 x f , as there
IF
is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of > 2 x f both, wanted and image response overlap
IF
and cannot be separated any more.
Depending on the width of the analyzed frequency bands additional responses created from other harmonics may be
displayed. In these cases it has to be determined by signal identification techniques, which of the displayed responses
are false responses. Signal identification techniques implemented in spectrum analyzers are based on the fact that only
responses corresponding to the selected number of harmonic show a frequency spacing of 2 x f .
IF
This can be used for automated signal identification: Apart from the actual measurement sweep, in which the lower
sideband is defined as "wanted", a reference sweep is performed. For the reference sweep, the frequency of the LO
signal is tuned such that the user-selected harmonic of the LO signal (order m') is shifted downwards by 2 x f relative
IF
to the measurement sweep.
Parameters which influence the signal identification routines are:
• Number of harmonic: the higher the harmonic number the more false responses will be created. A high LO
frequency range which results in a lower harmonic number for a given frequency range is desirable.
• IF Frequency: the higher the IF frequency of the spectrum analyzer, the greater the spacing at which image
frequency response is displayed on the frequency axis. For a single modulated or unmodulated input signal
displayed on the frequency axis, an image-free range of 2 x f is obtained around this signal in which no
IF
signal identification is necessary.
4.7.3 Measurement hints
To obtain accurate and reproducible results, the following points should be observed:
• A low-loss ca
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.PHWRGHElectromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM) - Short Range Devices (SRD) - Radio equipment to be used in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range - Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods33.100.01Elektromagnetna združljivost na splošnoElectromagnetic compatibility in general33.060.20Sprejemna in oddajna opremaReceiving and transmitting equipmentICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 305 550-1 Version 1.1.1SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011en01-september-2011SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07)European Standard Electromagnetic compatibilityand Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Short Range Devices (SRD);Radio equipment to be usedin the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range;Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 2
Reference DEN/ERM-TG28-0421-1 Keywords radio, SRD, testing ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00
Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
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Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2011. All rights reserved.
DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTM and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association. SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights . 5 Foreword . 5 1 Scope . 6 2 References . 6 2.1 Normative references . 7 2.2 Informative references . 7 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7 3.1 Definitions . 7 3.2 Symbols . 8 3.3 Abbreviations . 9 4 Technical requirements specifications . 9 4.1 General requirements . 9 4.1.1 Receiver category . 9 4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes . 10 4.2.1 Choice of model for testing . 10 4.2.2 Testing of equipment with alternative power levels . 10 4.3 Mechanical and electrical design . 10 4.3.1 General . 10 4.3.2 Controls . 10 4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility . 10 4.3.4 Receiver automatic switch-off . 11 4.3.5 Marking (equipment identification) . 11 4.3.5.1 Equipment identification . 11 4.3.5.2 Marking . 11 4.4 Auxiliary test equipment . 11 4.5 General requirements for RF cables . 11 4.6 RF waveguides . 12 4.7 External harmonic mixers . 13 4.7.1 Introduction. 13 4.7.2 Signal identification . 14 4.7.3 Measurement hints . 14 4.8 Interpretation of the measurement results . 14 4.8.1 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty . 15 5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures . 16 5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions . 16 5.2 Test power source . 16 5.2.1 External test power source . 16 5.2.2 Internal test power source . 17 5.3 Normal test conditions . 17 5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 17 5.3.2 Normal test power source . 17 5.3.2.1 Mains voltage . 17 5.3.2.2 Other power sources . 17 5.4 Extreme test conditions . 17 5.4.1 Extreme temperatures . 17 5.4.2 Extreme test source voltages . 17 5.4.2.1 Mains voltage . 17 5.4.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources . 18 5.4.2.3 Power sources using other types of batteries . 18 5.4.2.4 Other power sources . 18 6 General conditions . 18 6.1 Normal test signals and test modulation . 18 6.1.1 Normal test signals for data . 19 SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 4 6.1.2 Product Information . 19 6.1.3 Testing of frequency agile or hopping equipment . 19 6.2 Test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements . 19 6.2.1 Test fixture . 19 6.2.1.1 Requirements . 19 6.2.1.2 Calibration . 20 6.2.1.3 Test Sites and general arrangement . 21 6.2.1.3.1 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 21 6.2.1.3.2 Other test sites . 22 6.2.1.3.3 Semi-Anechoic Rooms with a conductive Ground Plane . 22 6.2.1.3.4 Fully Anechoic Rooms (FAR) . 23 6.2.1.3.5 Minimum requirements for test sites for measurements above 18 GHz . 25 6.3 Measuring receiver . 26 6.4 Antennas . 27 6.4.1 Test antenna . 27 6.4.2 Substitution antenna . 27 6.4.3 Signalling antenna . 28 7 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters . 28 7.1 Spectral power density . 28 7.1.1 Definition . 28 7.1.2 Limit . 28 7.1.3 Conformance. 28 7.2 RF output power . 30 7.2.1 Definition . 30 7.2.2 Limit . 30 7.2.3 Conformance. 30 7.3 Permitted range of operating frequencies . 31 7.3.1 Definition . 31 7.3.2 Method of measurement . 31 7.3.3 Method of measurement for equipment using FHSS modulation . 32 7.3.4 Limit . 32 7.4 Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain. 32 7.4.1 Definition . 32 7.4.2 Method of measurement - radiated unwanted emissions . 33 7.4.3 Limits . 34 8 Receiver . 34 8.1 Unwanted emissions . 34 8.1.1 Definition . 34 8.1.2 Method of measurement radiated unwanted components . 34 8.1.3 Limits . 35 Annex A (normative): Radiated measurements . 36 A.1 Substitution method . 36 A.1.1 Principle of the substitution measurement method . 36 A.2 Pre-Substitution method . 37 A.2.1 Principle of radiated power measurement based on site attenuation (Pre-Substitution) . 37 Annex B (informative): Atmospheric absorptions and material dependent attenuations . 39 B.1 Atmospheric absorptions . 39 B.2 Material dependent attenuations . 41 Annex C (informative): Bibliography . 43 History . 44
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 5 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http://ipr.etsi.org). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range, as identified below: Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods"; Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive". For non EEA countries the present document may be used for regulatory (type approval) purposes.
National transposition dates Date of adoption of this EN: 28 June 2011 Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 30 September 2011 Date of latest publication of new National Standard or endorsement of this EN (dop/e):
31 March 2012 Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 31 March 2012
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 6 1 Scope The present document applies to the following Short Range Device major equipment types: • Generic Short Range Devices, including alarms, telecommand, telemetry, data transmission in general, etc. These radio equipment types are capable of operating in frequency bands within the 40 GHz to 246 GHz range as specified in table 1: • either with a Radio Frequency (RF) output connection and dedicated antenna or with an integral antenna; • for all types of modulation. Table 1 shows a list of the frequency bands as designated in the CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [i.1] as known at the date of publication of the present document. NOTE 1: Table 1 represents the most widely implemented position within the CEPT countries [i.1], but it should not be assumed that all designated bands are available in all countries. It is also foreseen that these frequencies may be implemented in [i.2], [i.3] and [i.4] in the future. Table 1: Short Range Devices within the 40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range Frequency Bands (Transmit and Receive) Applications Notes 57 GHz to 66 GHz Non-specific SRD CEPT-ECC and European Commission regulatory implementation is under discussion
61,0 GHz to 61,5 GHz Non-specific SRD
122 GHz to 123 GHz Non-specific SRD
244 GHz to 246 GHz Non-specific SRD
NOTE 2: In addition, it should be noted that other frequency bands may be available for short range devices in a country within the frequency range 40 GHz to 246 GHz covered by the present document. See the CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [i.1] or as implemented through National Radio Interfaces (NRI) and additional NRI as relevant. NOTE 3: On non-harmonized parameters, national administrations may impose certain conditions such as the type of modulation, frequency, channel/frequency separations, maximum transmitter radiated power, duty cycle, and the inclusion of an automatic transmitter shut-off facility, as a condition for the issue of an individual or general licence, or as a condition for the issuing of Individual Rights for use of spectrum or General Authorization, or as a condition for use "under licence exemption" as it is in most cases for Short Range Devices. The present document covers fixed stations, mobile stations and portable stations. 2 References References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 7 2.1 Normative references The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. [1] CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods". [2] ITU-T Recommendation O.153: "Basic parameters for the measurement of error performance at bit rates below the primary rate". [3] ETSI TR 102 273 (V1.2.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties". [4] ETSI TR 100 028 (V1.4.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics". [5] ETSI TS 103 052: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated measurement methods and general arrangements for test sites up to 100 GHz". 2.2 Informative references The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)". [i.2] European Commission Decision 2006/771/EC of 9 November 2006 on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices. [i.3] European Commission Decision 2008/432/EC of 23 May 2008 (amending Decision 2006/771/EC) on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices. [i.4] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 74-01: "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain", Hradec Kralove, Cardiff 2011. [i.5] ITU-R Recommendation P.676-5 (2001): "Attenuation by atmospheric gases". [i.6] European Commission Decision 2009/381/EC of 13 May 2009 (amending Decision 2006/771/EC) on harmonization of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices. [i.7] IEC 60153: "Hollow metallic waveguides". [i.8] ETSI TR 102 215: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Recommended approach, and possible limits for measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated electromagnetic fields above 1 GHz". 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: alarm: use of radio communication for indicating an alarm condition at a distant location artificial antenna: non-radiating dummy load equal to the nominal impedance specified by the provider assigned frequency band: frequency band within which the device is authorized to operate and to perform the intended function of the equipment SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 8 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): form of modulation where a combination of data to be transmitted and a fixed code sequence (chip sequence) is used to directly modulate a carrier, e.g. by phase shift keying NOTE: The code rate determines the occupied bandwidth. dedicated antenna: removable antenna supplied and tested with the radio equipment, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment fixed station: equipment intended for use in a fixed location Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS): spread spectrum technique in which the transmitter signal occupies a number of frequencies in time, each for some period of time, referred to as the dwell time NOTE: Transmitter and receiver follow the same frequency hop pattern. The number of hop positions and the bandwidth per hop position determine the occupied bandwidth. integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment mobile station: equipment normally fixed in a vehicle or used as a transportable station necessary bandwidth: width of the emitted frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions NOTE: The necessary bandwidth including the frequency tolerances is accommodated within the assigned frequency band. occupied bandwidth: width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to 0,5 % of the total mean power of a given emission NOTE: This corresponds to the -23 dBc bandwidth of the signal. operating frequency: nominal frequency at which equipment is operated; this is also referred to as the operating centre frequency NOTE: Equipment may be able to operate at more than one operating frequency. operating frequency range: range of operating frequencies over which the equipment can be adjusted through tuning, switching or reprogramming portable station: equipment intended to be carried, attached or implanted radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field spread spectrum: modulation technique in which the energy of a transmitted signal is spread throughout a large portion of the frequency spectrum ultra low power equipment: equipment using transmit envelope power below the receiver and idle/standby transmitter limits given in CEPT/ERC Recommendation 74-01 [i.4], see table 5 unwanted emissions: emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information NOTE: Unwanted emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products. 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: Dant Aperture dimension of the radiating antenna dB deciBel dBi gain in deciBels relative to an isotropic antenna E Electrical field strength SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 9 Eo Reference electrical field strength NOTE: See annex A. f Frequency P Power R Distance Ro Reference distance NOTE: See annex A. t Time λ wavelength 3.3 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropical radiated power EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility emf electromagnetic field ERC European Radiocommunication Committee EUT Equipment Under Test FH Frequency Hopping FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous-Wave radar FSK Frequency Shift Keying FSL Free Space Loss IF Intermediate Frequency ITU-R International Telecommunications Union, Radio Sector ITU-T International Telecommunications Union, Telecommunications Sector LO Local Oscillator NRI National Radio Interfaces NSA Normalized Site Attenuation OATS Open Area Test Site OBW Occupied BandWidth PDL Power Density Limit PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment RBW Resolution BandWidth RF Radio Frequency RMS Root Mean Square RX Receiver SRD Short Range Device SRDMG Short Range Device Maintenance Group TX Transmitter VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 4 Technical requirements specifications 4.1 General requirements 4.1.1 Receiver category For SRDs in the scope of the present document, there is no need to distinguish between different receiver categories. SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 10 4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes Equipment submitted for testing, where applicable, shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all frequencies over which it is intended to operate. Where appropriate, testing shall be carried out on suitable frequencies for the equipment concerned. If equipment is designed to operate with different carrier powers, measurements of each transmitter parameter shall be performed at the highest power level at which the transmitter is intended to operate. Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be available. A test fixture for equipment with an integral antenna may be supplied (see clause 6.2). To simplify and harmonize the testing procedures between the different testing laboratories, measurements shall be performed, according to the present document, on samples of equipment defined in clauses 4.2.1 to 4.2.2. These clauses are intended to give confidence that the requirements set out in the present document have been met without the necessity of performing measurements on all frequencies. The provider shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as applicable, in order to establish the appropriate test conditions. 4.2.1 Choice of model for testing One or more samples of the equipment, as appropriate, shall be tested. Stand alone equipment shall be tested complete with any ancillary equipment needed for testing. If equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to be the most complex. 4.2.2 Testing of equipment with alternative power levels If a family of equipment has alternative output power levels provided by the use of separate power modules or add on stages, or additionally has alternative frequency coverage, then all these shall be declared. Each module or add on stage shall be tested in combination with the equipment. The necessary samples and tests shall be based on the requirements of clause 4.2. As a minimum, measurements of the radiated power (e.i.r.p.) and unwanted emissions shall be performed for each combination and shall be stated in the test report. 4.3 Mechanical and electrical design 4.3.1 General The equipment tested shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services. Transmitters and receivers may be individual or combination units. 4.3.2 Controls Those controls which, if maladjusted, might increase the interfering potentialities of the equipment shall not be easily accessible to the user. 4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility If the transmitter is equipped with an automatic transmitter shut-off facility, it should be made inoperative for the duration of the test. In the case this not possible, a proper test method shall be described and documented. SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 11 4.3.4 Receiver automatic switch-off If the receiver is equipped with a battery-saving circuit for automatic switch-off, this circuit shall be made inoperative for the duration of the tests. In the case this is not possible, a proper test method shall be described and documented. 4.3.5 Marking (equipment identification) 4.3.5.1 Equipment identification The marking shall include as a minimum: • the name of the manufacturer or his trademark; • the type designation. 4.3.5.2 Marking The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. In cases where the equipment is too small to carry the marking, it is sufficient to provide the relevant information in the users' manual. 4.4 Auxiliary test equipment All necessary test signal sources and set-up information shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing. The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer: • the type of modulation technology implemented in the equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed); • the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment; • the intended combination of the transmitter/transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. levels in the main beam; • the nominal power supply voltages of the radio equipment; • for FMCW, FH, FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important parameters are the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation (Hz/s); • the implementation of features such as gating , hopping or stepped frequency hopping; • the implementation of any mitigation techniques such as duty cycle; • for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) is to be stated. 4.5 General requirements for RF cables All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used: • a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either end; • a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB. When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered. All RF cables and waveguide interconnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used in connection with the cables. SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 12 Table 2: Connector systems Connector System Frequency Recommended coupling torque N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm SMA 18 GHz (some up to 26 GHz) ~0,56 Nm 3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 2,92 mm 40 GHz (some up to 46 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 2,40 mm 50 GHz (some up to 60 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 1,85 mm 65 GHz (some up to 75 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm
4.6 RF waveguides Wired signal transmission in the millimetre range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propagation in the waveguide is not possible below a certain cut-off frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation. The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC [i.7] for various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using different capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges. For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are available for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on waveguides. Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides Band Frequency in GHz Designations Internal dimensions of waveguide Designations of frequently used flanges MIL-W-85 EIA 153-IEC RCSC (British) in mm in inches MIL-F-3922 UG-XXX/U equivalent (reference) Remarks Ka 26,5 to 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 3,56 0,280 x 0,140 54-006 68-002 67B-005 UG-559/U - UG-381/U Rectangular Rectangular Round Q 33,0 to 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 2,84 0,224 x 0,112 67B-006 UG-383/U Round U 40,0 to 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 2,388 0,188 x 0,094 67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round V 50,0 to 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 1,879 0,148 x 0,074 67B-008 UG-385/U Round E 60,0 to 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 1,549 0,122 x 0,061 67B-009 UG-387/U Round W 75,0 to 110,0 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 1,270 0,100 x 0,050 67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round
As waveguides are rigid, it is unpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencies - the harmonic mixer is used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna. SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 13 4.7 External harmonic mixers 4.7.1 Introduction Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz. The frequency range is extended from 40/67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers. Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic mixers are waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these bands for calibrated measurements. In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the Local Oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower Intermediate Frequency (IF). The advantage of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinearity and are used for conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal. To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal should be as low as possible. For this, the frequency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO frequency ranges are for example 3 GHz to 6 GHz or 7 GHz to 15 GHz. IF frequencies are in the range from 320 MHz to about 700 MHz. If the measured air interface is wider than the IF bandwidth, then it is advisable to split the measurement in several frequency ranges, i.e. a one step total RF output power measurement should not be performed. Because of the great frequency spacing between the LO and the IF signal, the two signals can be separated by means of a simple diplexer. The diplexer may be realized as part of the mixer or the spectrum analyzer, or as a separate component. Mixers with an integrated diplexer are also referred to as three-port mixers, mixers without diplexers as two-port mixers. Figure 1 shows an example where a diplexer is used to convey both, the IF and LO frequencies. Coaxial cable connections to an external mixer (diplexer) shall be calibrated as well and in conjunction when calibrating the mixer and the measuring receiver. Those cables shall not be replaced in concrete measurements. In particular the cable length shall not be varied. It shall be regarded that the mixer inputs are sufficiently insulated towards the antenna port with regard to the injected signal (mixed signal) so that the mixed signal, multiplied by the LO, is sufficiently absorbed.
Figure 1: Set-up of measurement receiver, diplexer and mixer SIST EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1:2011
ETSI ETSI EN 305 550-1 V1.1.1 (2011-07) 14 4.7.2 Signal identification A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 × fIF, as there is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of > 2 × fIF both, wanted and image response overlap and cannot be separated any more. Depending on the width of the analyzed frequency bands additional responses created from other harmonics may be displayed. In these cases it has to be determined with good engineering practice, which of the displayed responses are false responses. Signal identification techniques implemented in spectrum analyzers are based on the fact that only responses corresponding to the selected number of harmonic show a frequency spacing of 2 × fIF. This can be used for automated signal identification: Apart from the actual measurement sweep, in which the lower sideband is defined as "wanted", a reference sweep is performed. For the reference sweep, the frequency of the LO signal is tuned such that the user-selected harmonic of the LO signal (order m') is shifted downwards by 2 × fIF relative to the measurement sweep. Parameters which influence the signal identification routines are: • Number of harmonic: the higher the harmonic number the more false responses will be created. A high LO frequency range which results in a lower harmonic number for a given frequency range is desirable. • IF Frequency: the higher the IF frequency of the spectrum analyzer, the greater the spacing at which image frequency response is displayed on the frequency axis. For a single modulated or unmodulated input signal displayed on the frequency axis, an image-free range of 2 × fIF is obtained around this signal in which no signal identification is necessary. 4.7.3 Measurement hints To obtain accurate and reproducible results, the following points should be observed: • A low-loss cable with a substantially flat frequency response should be used for feeding the LO signal to the mixer. The conversion loss of the mixer is normally specified for
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