IEC TR 61000-1-4:2022
(Main)Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 1-4: General - Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 1-4: General - Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz
IEC TR 61000-1-4:2022 is available as IEC TR 61000-1-4:2022 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC TR 61000-1-4:2022 which is a technical report, reviews the sources and effects of power frequency conducted harmonic current emissions in the frequency range up to 2 kHz on the public electricity supply, and gives an account of the reasoning and calculations leading to the existing emission limits for equipment in the editions of IEC 61000-3-2, up to and including the fifth edition (2018) with Amendment 1 (2020), and in the second edition of IEC 61000-3-12. The history is traced from the first supra-national standard on low-frequency conducted emissions into the public electricity supply, EN 50006:1975 and its evolution through IEC (60)555-2 to IEC 61000-3-2, IEC TR 61000-3-4 and IEC 61000-3-12. To give a full picture of the history, that of the standard for the measuring instrument IEC 61000-4-7 is mentioned as well. NOTE All IEC standards were renumbered starting from 60000 from 1998-01-01. To indicate the references of standards withdrawn before, or not reprinted after, that date, the “60x” prefix is here enclosed in parentheses. Hence “IEC (60)555-2”. Some concepts in this document apply to all low voltage AC systems, but the numerical values apply specifically to the European 230 V/400 V 50 Hz system. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2005. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- relation between compatibility levels, emission limits and immunity requirements clarified;
- sharing of emission levels between LV, MV and HV clarified;
- new historical information added.
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IEC TR 61000-1-4 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-06
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 1-4: General – Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency
conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range
up to 2 kHz
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
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3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
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IEC TR 61000-1-4 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-06
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 1-4: General – Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency
conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range
up to 2 kHz
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.100.10 ISBN 978-2-8322-2263-8
– 2 – IEC TR 61000-1-4:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 General appraisal . 8
5 Acceptable provisions in standards related to regulatory legislation . 8
6 History of IEC 61000-3-2 and its predecessors . 9
6.1 History table . 9
6.2 Before 1960 . 9
6.3 1960 to 1975 . 9
6.4 1975 to 1982 . 10
6.5 1982 to 1995 . 10
6.6 1995 to 2000 . 12
6.7 The “Millennium Amendment”. 13
6.8 2000 to 2019 . 13
6.9 2020 to 2022 . 14
6.9.1 Impact factor approach . 14
6.9.2 Effect of the coronavirus pandemic from 2020 to 2022 . 15
7 History of IEC 61000-3-12 and its predecessor . 15
7.1 Origin . 15
7.2 1989 to 1998 . 15
7.3 After 1998 . 16
8 History of IEC 61000-4-7 up to 2008 . 16
8.1 First edition in 1991 . 16
8.2 Second edition in 2002 . 16
8.3 Amendment 1 to the second edition . 16
8.4 Developments since 2008 . 17
9 Economic considerations taken into account in setting limits in IEC 61000-3-2
before publication in 1995, and before the finalization of the text of the Millennium
Amendment . 17
Annex A (informative) Compatibility level and compensation factor . 19
A.1 Explanation of the allocation of only part of the total compatibility level to the
low-voltage network . 19
A.2 Compensation factor . 20
A.2.1 Maximum permissible current emission – original approach . 20
A.2.2 Detailed consideration . 21
A.2.3 New work prompted by the preparation of this document . 23
Annex B (informative) Comparison of Class A limits and the harmonic spectra of
phase-controlled dimmers of incandescent lamps at 90° firing angle . 27
Annex C (informative) Comparison of Class C (IEC 61000-3-2:2018 and IEC 61000-3-
2:2018/AMD1:2020, Table 2) limits and the harmonic spectrum of a discharge lamp
with inductive ballast . 28
Annex D (informative) Comparison of Class D limits and the harmonic spectra of
capacitor-filtered single-phase rectifiers with 35° and 65° conduction angles . 29
Annex E (informative) Economic considerations taken into account in setting limits,
before finalization of the text of the Millennium Amendment to IEC 61000-3-2 . 30
Annex F (Informative) Concept plan for a full revision of IEC 61000-3-2 . 32
F.1 Rationale . 32
F.2 Density . 32
F.3 Usage factor . 32
F.4 Contribution . 32
F.5 Phase angle factor . 32
F.6 System and site mitigation . 33
F.7 Network factors . 33
Annex G (informative) Histories of IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 61000-3-12 and related
standards . 34
Bibliography . 36
Figure A.1 – Harmonic voltage drops and harmonic current injections in a typical
system . 20
Figure A.2 – Permissible number of Class A loads versus harmonic order, with an
additional 10 Ω load on the feeder . 26
Figure B.1 – Comparison of Class A limits and spectra of dimmers . 27
Figure C.1 – Comparison of Class C limits and the harmonic spectrum of a discharge
lamp . 28
Figure D.1 – Comparison of Class D limits and harmonic spectra of single-phase
230 W rectifiers with capacitor filters. 29
Figure E.1 – Illustration of the concept of total aggregate cost trade-offs for meeting
compatibility levels . 31
Table A.1 – Compensation factors k considered valid in 1995 (IEC 61000-3-2:1995
p,h
[1] (first edition)) . 21
Table A.2 – Sub-factors of k . 22
p,h
Table A.3 – Compensated sharing factors . 24
Table G.1 – Publication history of IEC 61000-3-2 . 34
Table G.2 – Publication history of IEC 61000-3-12 . 35
Table G.3 – Publication history of IEC 61000-4-7 . 35
– 4 – IEC TR 61000-1-4:2022 © IEC 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) –
Part 1-4: General – Historical rationale for the limitation
of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions
from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services a
...
IEC TR 61000-1-4 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-06
REDLINE VERSION
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 1-4: General – Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency
conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range
up to 2 kHz
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Secretariat Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC Products & Services Portal - products.iec.ch
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a Discover our powerful search engine and read freely all the
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical publications previews. With a subscription you will always
committee, …). It also gives information on projects, replaced have access to up to date content tailored to your needs.
and withdrawn publications.
Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published
containing more than 22 300 terminological entries in English
details all new publications released. Available online and
and French, with equivalent terms in 19 additional languages.
once a month by email.
Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC TR 61000-1-4 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-06
REDLINE VERSION
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 1-4: General – Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency
conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range
up to 2 kHz
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.100.10 ISBN 978-2-8322-3848-6
– 2 – IEC TR 61000-1-4:2022 RLV © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 General appraisal . 9
5 Acceptable provisions in standards related to regulatory legislation . 11
6 History of IEC 61000-3-2 and its predecessors . 11
6.1 History table . 11
6.2 Before 1960 . 12
6.3 1960 to 1975 . 12
6.4 1975 to 1982 . 13
6.5 1982 to 1995 . 13
6.6 1995 to 2000 . 15
6.7 The “Millennium Amendment”. 16
6.7 Future development of IEC 61000-3-2 .
6.8 2000 to 2019 . 16
6.9 2020 to 2022 . 17
6.9.1 Impact factor approach . 17
6.9.2 Effect of the coronavirus pandemic from 2020 to 2022 . 17
7 History of IEC 61000-3-12 and its predecessor . 17
7.1 Origin . 17
7.2 1989 to 1998 . 18
7.3 After 1998 . 19
8 History of IEC 61000-4-7 up to 2008 . 19
8.1 First edition in 1991 . 19
8.2 Second edition in 2002 . 19
8.3 Amendment 1 to the second edition . 19
8.4 Developments since 2008 . 20
9 Economic considerations taken into account in setting limits in IEC 61000-3-2
before publication in 1995, and before the finalization of the text of the Millennium
Amendment . 20
Annex A (informative) Compatibility level and compensation factor . 22
A.1 Explanation of the allocation of only part of the total compatibility level to the
low-voltage network . 22
A.2 Compensation factor . 24
A.2.1 Derivation from the model in Figure A.1 Maximum permissible current
emission – original approach . 24
A.2.2 Detailed consideration . 25
A.2.3 New work prompted by the preparation of this document . 27
Annex B (informative) Comparison of Class A limits and the harmonic spectra of
phase-controlled dimmers of incandescent lamps at 90° firing angle . 31
Annex C (informative) Comparison of Class C (IEC 61000-3-2:2018 and IEC 61000-3-
2:2018/AMD1:2020, Table 2) limits and the harmonic spectrum of a discharge lamp
with inductive ballast . 32
Annex D (informative) Comparison of Class D limits and the harmonic spectra of
capacitor-filtered single-phase rectifiers with 35° and 65° conduction angles . 33
Annex E (informative) Economic considerations taken into account in setting limits,
before finalization of the text of the Millennium Amendment to IEC 61000-3-2 . 34
Annex F (Informative) Concept plan for a full revision of IEC 61000-3-2 . 36
F.1 Introduction Rationale . 36
F.2 Density . 36
F.3 Usage factor . 36
F.4 Contribution . 36
F.5 Phase angle factor . 36
F.6 System and site mitigation . 37
F.7 Network factors . 37
Annex G (informative) Derivation of the limits in IEC 61000-3-12 .
Annex H (informative) Explanation of the reasons for using the concepts of total
harmonic distortion (THD) and partial weighted harmonic distortion (PWHD) .
Annex G (informative) Histories of IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 61000-3-12 and related
standards . 52
Bibliography . 54
Figure 1 – Diagram showing compatibility level in relation to disturbance and
immunity levels .
Figure A.1 – Allocation of harmonic voltage drops over the transformer impedances in
a typical system .
Figure A.1 – Harmonic voltage drops and harmonic current injections in a typical
system . 24
Figure A.2 – Permissible number of Class A loads versus harmonic order, with an
additional 10 Ω load on the feeder . 30
Figure B.1 – Comparison of Class A limits and spectra of dimmers . 31
Figure C.1 – Comparison of Class C limits and the harmonic spectrum of a discharge
lamp . 32
Figure D.1 – Comparison of Class D limits and harmonic spectra of single-phase
230 W rectifiers with capacitor filters. 33
Figure E.1 – Illustration of the concept of total aggregate cost trade-offs for meeting
compatibility levels . 35
Figure H.1a – Diagram of a LV system consisting of a transformer, a busbar and n
equal feeders .
Figure H.1b – Equivalent circuit for the LV system with "fictitious" feeders .
Figure H.2 – Relative total distortion weight “tdw” as a function of the short-circuit ratio
R .
sce
Table A.1 – Compensation factors k considered valid in 1995 (IEC 61000-3-2:1995
p,h
[1] (first edition)) . 25
Table A.2 – Sub-factors of k . 26
p,h
Table A.3 – Compensated sharing factors . 28
Table G.1 – Relative total distortion weight depending on the point x where the
distorting load is connected .
Table G.2 – Comparison of limit values of IEC 61000-3-12 (columns 2 and 4) with the
approximation by equation (8) (columns 3 and 5) .
– 4 – IEC TR 61000-1-4:2022 RLV © IEC 2022
Table G.3 – Compatibility levels .
Table G.4 – Maximum harmonic currents and voltages for one piece of single phase
equipment (from Table 2 of IEC 61000-3-12) .
Table G.5 – Maximum harmonic currents and voltages for one piece of balanced three
phase equipment (from Table 3 of IEC 61000-3-12) .
Table G.6 – Maximum harmonic currents and voltages for one piece of balanced three
phase equipment (from Table 4 of IEC 61000-3-12): .
Table G.7 – Maximum harmonic currents and voltages for n pieces of single phase
equipment (from Table 2 of IEC 61000-3-12) .
...
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