IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023

Nanomanufacturing - Product specifications - Part 5-1: Nanoporous activated carbon - Blank detail specification: Electrochemical capacitors

IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023, which is a Technical Specification, establishes a blank detail specification (BDS) for nanoporous activated carbon used for electrochemical capacitors.
Numeric values for the key control characteristics are left blank as they will be specified between customer and supplier in the detail specification (DS). In the DS key control characteristics can be added or removed if agreed between customer and supplier.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-Jun-2023
• ICS: 07.120 - Nanotechnologies
• Technical Committee: TC 113 - Nanotechnology for electrotechnical products and systems
• Drafting Committee: WG 11 - TC 113/WG 11
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 07-Jun-2023
• Completion Date: 11-Jul-2023

Overview

IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023 is a Technical Specification from the IEC addressing nanomanufacturing product specifications for nanoporous activated carbon used in electrochemical capacitors. It provides a blank detail specification (BDS) template that standardizes how suppliers and customers document product requirements, test methods and acceptance criteria. Numeric target values for key control characteristics are intentionally left blank so they can be agreed case-by-case in the finalized detail specification (DS).

Key topics

• Blank detail specification (BDS) format for procurement and product description, enabling consistent supplier–customer contracts.
• Key control characteristics (KCCs) grouped by type:
  • Chemical: moisture, ash, metallic and anion impurities, elemental composition.
  • Physical: particle size distribution, tap/apparent density, circularity, pH.
  • Structural: specific surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, crystal structure, defect level.
  • Electrochemical: specific capacitance, internal resistance, leakage current, voltage maintenance, cycling and temperature endurance.
• Measurement methods and standards: Annex A lists accepted test procedures and analytical techniques such as Karl Fischer titration, gas adsorption (BET), ICP-MS/ICP-OES, XPS, XRD, Raman, image analysis, and electrochemical charge–discharge protocols.
• Specification tables and matrices: tabular formats for general procurement data and KCC entries; a property–method matrix to map attributes to test methods.
• Flexibility for customization: KCCs can be added or removed in the DS by mutual agreement between supplier and customer.

Applications and users

This Technical Specification is practical for:

• Materials suppliers and manufacturers of nanoporous activated carbon who need a standard product template for electrochemical capacitor markets.
• Electrochemical capacitor OEMs and module integrators specifying electrode materials.
• Quality control and testing laboratories implementing agreed measurement methods and reporting formats.
• Procurement and supply-chain teams seeking standardized contracts and acceptance criteria for nanomaterials.
• R&D teams benchmarking material performance for supercapacitor electrodes.

Practical uses include drafting supplier detail specifications, defining acceptance testing protocols, ensuring traceable material characterization, and reducing disputes over material performance in capacitors.

Related standards

• Part of the IEC 62565 nanomanufacturing product specifications series; consult other parts of the series and applicable IEC standards for electrochemical capacitors and analytical test methods to ensure full regulatory and technical alignment.

Keywords: IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023, nanoporous activated carbon, electrochemical capacitors, blank detail specification, nanomanufacturing, product specifications, key control characteristics, measurement methods.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC TS 62565-5-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2023-06
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Nanomanufacturing – Product specifications –
Part 5-1: Nanoporous activated carbon – Blank detail specification:
Electrochemical capacitors
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IEC TS 62565-5-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2023-06
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Nanomanufacturing – Product specifications –

Part 5-1: Nanoporous activated carbon – Blank detail specification:

Electrochemical capacitors
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 07.120 ISBN 978-2-8322-7096-7

– 2 – IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023 © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 9
3.1 General terms . 9
3.2 Terms related to the nanoporous activated carbon . 12
3.3 Chemical key control characteristics . 13
3.4 Physical key control characteristic . 14
3.5 Structural key control characteristics . 15
3.6 Electrochemical key control characteristics . 16
3.7 Measurement methods . 17
3.8 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 17
4 General introduction regarding measurement methods . 18
5 Recommended nanoporous activated carbon specification format . 19
5.1 General product description and procurement information . 19
5.2 Chemical key control characteristics . 19
5.3 Physical key control characteristics . 20
5.4 Structural key control characteristics . 21
5.5 Electrochemical key control characteristics . 21
6 Overview of test methods . 22
Annex A (normative) Supporting information for standardized KCC measurement
procedures. 26
A.1 General . 26
A.2 Water content: Karl Fischer . 26
A.2.1 General . 26
A.2.2 Measurement standard . 26
A.3 Water content: Drying loss . 26
A.3.1 General . 26
A.3.2 Measurement standard . 26
A.4 Ash content: Incineration . 27
A.4.1 General . 27
A.4.2 Measurement standard . 27
A.5 Metallic impurities: ICP-MS . 27
A.5.1 General . 27
A.5.2 Measurement standard . 27
A.5.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 27
A.6 Metallic impurities: ICP-OES . 27
A.6.1 General . 27
A.6.2 Measurement standard . 27
A.6.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 27
A.7 Anion impurities: Ion chromatography . 28
A.7.1 General . 28
A.7.2 Measurement standard . 28
A.8 Elemental content: Elemental analyser . 28
A.8.1 General . 28

A.8.2 Measurement standard . 28
A.8.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 28
A.9 Elemental content: CS analyser, ONH analyser . 28
A.9.1 General . 28
A.9.2 Measurement standard . 29
A.9.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 29
A.10 Oxygen functional groups: Boehm titration . 29
A.10.1 General . 29
A.10.2 Measurement standard . 29
A.10.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 29
A.11 Oxygen functional groups: XPS . 30
A.11.1 General . 30
A.11.2 Measurement standard . 30
A.11.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 30
A.12 Particle size distribution: Laser diffraction method . 30
A.12.1 General . 30
A.12.2 Measurement standard . 30
A.13 Tap density: Tapping method . 30
A.13.1 General . 30
A.13.2 Measurement standard . 30
A.14 pH value: pH meter . 31
A.14.1 General . 31
A.14.2 Measurement standard . 31
A.15 Circularity: Static image analysis method . 31
A.15.1 General . 31
A.15.2 Measurement standard . 31
A.15.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 31
A.16 Circularity: Dynamic image analysis method . 31
A.16.1 General . 31
A.16.2 Measurement standard . 31
A.16.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 31
A.17 Circularity: SEM . 31
A.17.1 General . 31
A.17.2 Measurement standard . 32
A.17.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 32
A.18 Apparent density: Funnel method . 32
A.18.1 General . 32
A.18.2 Measurement standard . 32
A.19 Volume resistivity: Four probe method . 32
A.19.1 General . 32
A.19.2 Measurement standard . 32
A.20 Specific surface area: Gas adsorption . 32
A.20.1 General . 32
A.20.2 Measurement standard . 33
A.20.3 Adaptations and modifications required . 33
A.21 Pore volume: Gas adsorption . 33
A.21.1 General . 33
A.21.2 Measurement standard . 33
A.22 Pore size distribution: Gas adsorption . 33

– 4 – IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023 © IEC 2023
A.22.1 General . 33
A.22.2 Measurement standard . 33
A.23 Crystal structure: XRD . 33
A.23.1 General . 33
A.23.2 Measurement standard . 33
A.24 Defect level: Raman spectra . 34
A.24.1 General . 34
A.24.2 Measurement standard . 34
A.25 Specific capacitance: CCC-CVC-CCD . 34
A.25.1 General . 34
A.25.2 Measurement standard . 34
A.26 Internal resistance: CCC-CVC-CCD . 34
A.26.1 General . 34
A.26.2 Measurement standard . 34
A.27 Voltage maintenance rate: CCC-CVC . 35
A.27.1 General . 35
A.27.2 Measurement standard . 35
A.28 Leakage current: CCC-CVC . 35
A.28.1 General . 35
A.28.2 Measurement standard . 35
A.29 Endurance in cycling: CCC-CCD . 35
A.29.1 General . 35
A.29.2 Measurement standard . 35
A.30 Temperature endurance: CVC . 36
A.30.1 General . 36
A.30.2 Measurement standard . 36
Bibliography . 37

Figure 1 – Industrial chain of electrochemical capacitor . 8

Table 1 – Format for general procurement information . 19
Table 2 – Format for chemical key control characteristics . 20
Table 3 – Format for physical key control characteristics . 21
Table 4 – Format for structural key control characteristics . 21
Table 5 – Format for electrochemical key control characteristics . 22
Table 6 – Matrix of properties and methodologies of nanoporous activated carbon for
electrochemical capacitors . 23

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
NANOMANUFACTURING –
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS –
Part 5-1: Nanoporous activated carbon –
Blank detail specification: Electrochemical capacitors

FOREWORD
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
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https://patents.iec.ch. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC TS 62565-5-1 has been prepared by subcommittee 113: Nanotechnology for
electrotechnical products and systems. It is a Technical Specification.
The text of this Technical Specification is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
113/715/DTS 113/742/RVDTS
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
– 6 – IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023 © IEC 2023
The language used for the development of this Technical Specification is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement,
available at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by
IEC are described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62565 series, published under the general title
Nanomanufacturing – Product specifications, can be found on the IEC website.
Future documents in this series will carry the new general title as cited above. Titles of
existing documents in this series will be updated at the time of the next edition.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
INTRODUCTION
This document specifies how to report the various characteristics of nanoporous activated
carbon for electrochemical capacitors, and how to incorporate these into a bilateral detail
specification between vendor and user.
Electrochemical capacitors are widely used in the fields of electric vehicles, high speed trains,
airplanes, photovoltaics, wind power and electronics, due to their ultra-fast charge and
discharge capability, long cycle life, wide working temperature range, high security reliability
and low maintenance cost [1] . Nanoporous activated carbon is the active material in
electrochemical capacitors [2], [3], [4] (Figure 1), and is one of the most critical factors that
determine the electrochemical performance of a device.
Both precursor and process will affect the chemical, physical and structural characteristics of
nanoporous activated carbon remarkably. The precursor of nanoporous activated carbon can
be biomass, pitch and resin. The production process can be gas activation using diluted
oxygen gas, steam, CO , etc., or chemical activation using H PO , ZnCl , KOH, etc. The
2 3 4 2
chemical, physical and structural key control characteristics (KCCs) will significantly affect the
electrochemical performance of nanoporous activated carbon. For instance, the metallic
impurities will affect the self-discharging and endurance in cycling, the pore size distribution
will affect the specific capacitance and the DC resistance. However, not all relationships
between the chemical, physical, structure and application properties of active materials are
clear so far. In the commercial market, the KCCs will be good indicators to choose an
appropriate nanoporous activated carbon. Therefore, it is important to report KCCs, including
electrochemical characteristics.
For nanoporous activated carbon manufacturers, the accurate characterization is critical for
product optimization, finalization and quality control. For electrochemical capacitor
manufacturers, who use the nanoporous activated carbon, before the large-scale production
of electrochemical capacitors, the correct and accurate characterization of KCCs can be good
indicators for choosing the appropriate raw materials and achieving quality assurance
To permit common processing equipment and common unit processes with predictable and
reproducible results to be used in different fabrication lines, it is important for nanoporous
activated carbon characteristics to be described and assessed in a proper manner and to
standardize the methods for quality control of the manufacturing processes.
In this document, the key chemical, physical, structural and electrochemical characteristics
that will significantly influence the performance of electrochemical capacitors are listed. This
document also provides information about measurement methods and existing standards
concerning the correct determination of KCCs.
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

– 8 – IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023 © IEC 2023

Key
BMS battery management system
EVs electrical vehicles
PV photovoltaic power
3C computer, communication and consumer electronics
Figure 1 – Industrial chain of electrochemical capacitor

NANOMANUFACTURING –
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS –
Part 5-1: Nanoporous activated carbon –
Blank detail specification: Electrochemical capacitors

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62565, which is a Technical Specification, establishes a blank detail
specification (BDS) for
• nanoporous activated carbon
used for
• electrochemical capacitors
Numeric values for the key control characteristics are left blank as they will be specified
between customer and supplier in the detail specification (DS). In the DS key control
characteristics can be added or removed if agreed between customer and supplier
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
nanomanufacturing
intentional synthesis, generation or control of nanomaterials, or fabrication step in the
nanoscale, for commercial purposes
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.11]

– 10 – IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023 © IEC 2023
3.1.2
key control characteristic
KCC
material property or intermediate product characteristic which can affect safety or compliance
with regulations, fit, function, performance, quality, reliability or subsequent processing of the
final product
Note 1 to entry: The measurement of a key control characteristic is described in a standardized measurement
procedure with known accuracy and precision.
Note 2 to entry: It is possible to define more than one measurement method for a key control characteristic if the
correlation of the results is well-defined and known.
3.1.3
product specification
structured document which describes all characteristics of a product known to be relevant for
applications of that product
3.1.4
blank detail specification
BDS
structured generic specification providing a comprehensive set of key control characteristics
which are needed to describe a specific nano-enabled product without assigning specific
values and/or attributes
Note 1 to entry: Examples of nano-enabled products are: nanomaterials, nanocomposites and nano-
subassemblies.
Note 2 to entry: Blank detail specifications are intended to be used by industrial users to prepare their detail
specifications used in bilateral procurement contracts. A blank detail specification facilitates the comparison and
benchmarking of different materials. Furthermore, a standardized format makes procurement more efficient and
more error robust.
3.1.5
detail specification
DS
specification based on a blank detail specification with assigned values and attributes
Note 1 to entry: The properties listed in the detail specification are usually a subset of the key control
characteristics listed in the relevant blank detail specification or sectional blank detail specification. The industrial
partners define only those properties which are required for the intended application.
Note 2 to entry: Detail specifications are defined by the industrial partners. SDOs will be involved only if there is a
general need for a detail specification in an industrial sector.
Note 3 to entry: The industrial partners may define additional key control characteristics if they are not listed in
the blank detail specification or sectional blank detail specification.
3.1.6
measurand
quantity intended to be measured
Note 1 to entry: If the quantity is a key control characteristic, the measurement is an essential part of the quality
management system.
3.1.7
measurement method
process of experimentally obtaining one or more values that can reasonably be attributed to a
quantity
Note 1 to entry: If the quantity is a key control characteristic, the measurement is an essential part of the quality
management system.
3.1.8
measurement principle
phenomenon serving as a basis of a measurement
EXAMPLE 1: Thermoelectric effect applied to the measurement of temperature.
EXAMPLE 2: Energy absorption applied to the measurement of amount-of-substance concentration.
EXAMPLE 3: Hall effect applied to the measurement of magnetic flux density.
Note 1 to entry: The phenomenon can be of a physical, chemical, or biological nature.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-112:2010, 112-04-03]
3.1.9
measurement procedure
detailed description of a measurement according to one or more measurement principles and
to a given measurement method, based on a measurement model, and including any
calculation to obtain a measurement result
Note 1 to entry: A measurement procedure is usually documented in sufficient detail to enable an operator to
perform a measurement.
Note 2 to entry: A measurement procedure can include a statement concerning a target measurement uncertainty.
Note 3 to entry: A measurement procedure is sometimes called a standard operating procedure, abbreviated
SOP.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.6]
3.1.10
measurement result
set of quantity values being attributed to a measurand together with any other available
relevant information
Note 1 to entry: A measurement result is generally expressed as a single measured quantity value and a
measurement uncertainty. If the measurement uncertainty is considered to be negligible for some purpose, the
measurement result may be expressed as a single measured quantity value. In many fields, this is the common
way of expressing a measurement result.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.9, modified – Notes 1 and 3 to entry have been
deleted.]
3.1.11
measurement accuracy
closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value of a
measurand
Note 1 to entry: The concept "measurement accuracy" is not a quantity and is not given a numerical quantity
value. A measurement is said to be more accurate when it offers a smaller measurement error.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99, 2.13, modified – Note 2 and 3 to entry have been deleted.]
3.1.12
measurement standard
standardized measurement procedure
normative document established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that
provides a measurement procedure, for common and repeated use, aimed at the achievement
of the optimum degree of order in a given context
Note 1 to entry: Standards are in general based on the consolidated results of science, technology and
experience, and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits.

– 12 – IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023 © IEC 2023
3.1.13
good practice guide
GPG
informal document which is not necessarily peer reviewed but can be used as a working
document to establish a measurement procedure
Note 1 to entry: A GPG serves as the first document based on initial scientific research which is intended to be
the first step toward future standardization.
3.1.14
standard maturity level
SML
measure for estimating the maturity of a measurement procedure based on the consensus
achieved in the stakeholder community
Note 1 to entry: SML 1 – No documented measurement procedure available.
Note 2 to entry: SML 2 – Good practice guide publicly available based on a reasonable consensus achieved in the
stakeholder community, e.g. an industrial or academic consortium.
Note 3 to entry: SML 3 – IEC or ISO standard or Technical Specification available which can be applied with
modification and adaptation to the intended application and use case of the BDS scope.
Note 4 to entry: SML 4 – IEC or ISO standard or Technical Specification available for the exact intended
application and use case of the BDS.
3.1.15
use case
specification of a generalized field of application, possibly entailing the following information
about the system: one or several scenarios; the functional range; the desired behaviour; and
the system boundaries
Note 1 to entry: The use case description typically does not include a detailed list of all relevant scenarios for this
use case. Instead, a more abstract description of these scenarios is used.
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62565-1:2023, 3.18.]
3.1.16
procurement information
information other than key control characteristics needed for the procurement process.
3.2 Terms related to the nanoporous activated carbon
3.2.1
electrochemical capacitor
supercapacitor
device that stores electrical energy using a double layer in an electrochemical cell
Note 1 to entry: The electrochemical capacitor is not to be confused with electrolytic capacitors
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-114:2014, 114-03-03]
3.2.2
active material
material which electrostatically adsorbs and desorbs the ions at the electrode–electrolyte
interface to store electric energy when the cell charges and discharges

3.2.3
nanopore
cavity with at least one dimension in the nanoscale, which may contain a gas or liquid
Note 1 to entry: The shape and content of the cavity can vary. The concept of nanopore overlaps with micropore
(pore with width about 2 nm or less), mesopore (pore with width between approximately 2 nm and 50 nm), and
macropore (pore with width greater than about 50 nm). See ISO 15901-3:2007.
Note 2 to entry: When nanopores are appropriately interconnected they may allow for transport through the
material (permeability).
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, 2.13]
3.2.4
nanoporous material
solid material with nanopores
Note 1 to entry: The solid may be either amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture of both.
Note 2 to entry: The definitions of solid nanofoam (where most of the volume is occupied by pores) and
nanoporous material (also materials with a small fraction of pores covered) are overlapping.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, 3.4]
3.2.5
activated charcoal
activated carbon
carbon, usually in the form of granules, treated to enhance its surface area and consequent
ability to adsorb and desorb the ions through a highly developed pore structure
3.2.6
nanoporous activated carbon
activated carbon with nanopores
Note 1 to entry: The performance of such activated carbon application mainly depends on its nanoporous
structure.
3.3 Chemical key control characteristics
3.3.1
water content
ratio, expressed in percent, between the mass of water contained in the material as received
and the corresponding dry residue of the material
[SOURCE: ISO 21268-2:2019, 3.6, modified – Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.3.2
ash content
percent by mass of carbon-free residue on combustion and pyrolysis
[SOURCE: ISO 1998-2:1998, 2.10.120]
3.3.3
metallic impurity
magnetic element, such as Fe, Co, Ni, present but not intentionally added to a material, and
the minimum content of which is not controlled
3.3.4
elemental content
content of element, such as C, H, N, S, O, P, Si, within moisture free material, expressed in
percent of mass
– 14 – IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023 © IEC 2023
3.3.5
anion impurity
− 2− −
anion, such as Cl , SO , NO , present but not intentionally added to a material, and the
4 3
minimum content of which is not controlled
3.3.6
functional group
atom, or a group of atoms that has similar chemical properties whenever it occurs in different
compounds, which defines the characteristic physical and chemical properties of families of
organic compounds
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62607-6-13:2020, 3.1.2.2]
3.3.7
oxygen functional group
functional group containing oxygen atom
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62607-6-13:2020, 3.1.2.3]
3.4 Physical key control characteristic
3.4.1
particle size distribution
cumulative distribution of particle concentration as a function of particle size
[SOURCE: ISO 14644-1:2015, 3.2.4]
3.4.2
tap density
density of a powder in a container that has been tapped under specified conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 12749-3:2015, 3.4.4]
3.4.3
apparent density
loose bulk density
dry mass per unit volume of a powder obtained by free pouring under specified conditions
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 23362:2021, 3.1.4]
3.4.4
volume resistivity
ρ
v
measured volume resistance calculated to apply to a cube of unit side
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in ohm metres (Ω·m).
[SOURCE: ISO 14309:2019, 3.3]
3.4.5
pH value
measure of the concentration of acidity or alkalinity of a material in an aqueous solution
[SOURCE: ISO 20976-1:2019, 3.15]

3.4.6
circularity
degree to which the projected area of the particle is similar to a circle, based on its perimeter
3.5 Structural key control characteristics
3.5.1
specific surface area
absolute surface area of the sample divided by sample mass
[SOURCE: ISO 9277:2022, 3.11]
3.5.2
pore volume
volume of open pores unless otherwise stated
[SOURCE: ISO 15901-1:2016, 3.14]
3.5.3
pore size distribution
percentage by numbers or by volume of each classified pore size which exists in a material
[SOURCE: ISO 3252:2019, 3.3.47]
3.5.4
crystal structure
arrangement of a regular and repeating internal unit of atoms in three dimensions in which the
atoms are set in space in a fixed relation to each other
Note 1 to entry: For carbon material, interplanar spacing and crystallite size are important parameters to describe
the crystal structure.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 11937:2012, 3.4, modified – Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.5.5
interplanar spacing
d
hkl
perpendicular distance between consecutive planes of the crystallographic plane set (h k l)
Note 1 to entry: For carbon material, especially amorphous carbon, interplanar spacing d of crystallographic
plane set (002) is used to describe the distance between two adjacent graphene layers.
[SOURCE: ISO 25498:2018, 3.6, modified – Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.5.6
crystallite size
dimensions of a single coherent crystalline region
Note 1 to entry: The mean size of crystal thickness L and crystal diameter L are often used to describe the
c a
crystallite size of carbon material.

– 16 – IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023 © IEC 2023
3.6 Electrochemical key control characteristics
3.6.1
capacitance
ability of a capacitor to store electrical charge
Note 1 to entry: Unit: farad (F).
[SOURCE: IEC 62576:2018, 3.5, modified – Information on units has been moved to a Note 1
to entry.]
3.6.2
internal resistance
combined resistance of constituent material specific resistance and inside connection
resistance of a capacitor
Note 1 to entry: Unit: ohm (Ω).
[SOURCE: IEC 62576:2018, 3.15, modified – Information on units has been moved to a
Note 1 to entry.]
3.6.3
specific capacitance
capacitance of capacitor divided by the mass or volume of active material mass
Note 1 to entry: Unit: farad per gram (F/g) or farad per cubic centimetre (F/cm ).
3.6.4
leakage current
value of the current that flows through a capacitor after a charge for a fixed period of time
Note 1 to entry: Unit: ampere (A).
[SOURCE: IEC 62391-1:2022, 3.12, modified – Note 2 to entry has been deleted.]
3.6.5
voltage maintenance rate
ratio of voltage maintenance
ratio of the voltage at the open-ended terminals to the charge voltage after a specified time
period subsequent to the charging of a capacitor
[SOURCE: IEC 62576:2018, 3.25]
3.6.6
endurance in cycling
number of charge and discharge cycles when the measured capacitance or internal resistance
value reaches a specified degree of its initial value under a certain temperature and a certain
rate of charge current
3.6.7
temperature endurance
ratio of the capacitance or internal resistance to its initial value after a specified charging time
at constant voltage charge under a certain temperature

3.7 Measurement methods
3.7.1
constant current discharge
CCD
discharge during which the electric current is maintained at a constant value regardless of the
battery voltage or temperature
3.7.2
constant current charge
CCC
charge during which the electric current is maintained at a constant value regardless of the
battery voltage or temperature
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-05-38]
3.7.3
constant voltage charge
CVC
char
...