IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021
(Main)Fuel cell technologies - Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking - Product category rules for environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power systems and alternative systems for residential applications
Fuel cell technologies - Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking - Product category rules for environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power systems and alternative systems for residential applications
IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 provides a set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines (i.e. so-called product category rules (PCR) according to ISO 14025 and thus in line with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044) for characterizing the environmental performance of stationary fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) systems, and alternative systems for residential applications based on life cycle thinking primarily for communication to consumers.
This document covers stationary fuel cell CHP systems and alternative heat (and power) systems for residential applications that primarily serve heating purposes. The systems can be complemented with a hot water storage tank and one or more additional heat generators. The systems are connected to the electricity grid. The environmental performance is characterized in an EPD for each individual heat-related device or CHP generator separately. This document also describes how the environmental performance of a given combination of heat-related devices (including CHP generators) is characterized based on the environmental performance of its individual components. The domestic heat distribution system, district heating, or local infrastructures for fuel supply or for fuel storage are not considered
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IEC TS 62282-9-102
Edition 1.0 2021-01
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel
cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Product category rules for
environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power systems and
alternative systems for residential applications
IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021-01(en)
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IEC TS 62282-9-102
Edition 1.0 2021-01
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel
cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Product category rules for
environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power systems and
alternative systems for residential applications
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 27.070 ISBN 978-2-8322-9223-5
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 8
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................... 8
3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................... 8
4 Principles ...................................................................................................................... 12
4.1 Accuracy ............................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Completeness ....................................................................................................... 12
4.3 Consistency .......................................................................................................... 12
4.4 Relevance ............................................................................................................. 12
4.5 Transparency ........................................................................................................ 12
4.6 Voluntary nature ................................................................................................... 12
4.7 Units to be used .................................................................................................... 12
4.8 Quantities to be provided ...................................................................................... 12
5 Product group ................................................................................................................ 13
5.1 General ................................................................................................................. 13
5.2 Combination of heat-related devices ..................................................................... 13
5.3 Product and manufacturing company specification ................................................ 13
6 Assessment ................................................................................................................... 14
6.1 Goal of the assessment ........................................................................................ 14
6.2 Boundary .............................................................................................................. 14
6.2.1 Functional unit and reference flow ................................................................. 14
6.2.2 General system boundary and life cycle stages ............................................. 15
6.2.3 Criteria for the inclusion of inputs and outputs ............................................... 16
6.2.4 Data quality rules ........................................................................................... 18
7 Life cycle inventory ........................................................................................................ 18
7.1 Data collection ...................................................................................................... 18
7.2 Inventory and calculation rules .............................................................................. 18
7.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 18
7.2.2 Carbon neutrality and market-mediated impacts of biofuels ........................... 19
7.3 Allocation rules and multifunctionality ................................................................... 20
7.3.1 General ......................................................................................................... 20
7.3.2 Credits to electricity generated by a CHP generator for residentialapplication ..................................................................................................... 20
7.3.3 Credits to cold generated by heat pumps for residential application ............... 21
7.3.4 Dealing with multifunctionality of CHP in manufacturing ................................. 21
8 Life cycle impact assessment ........................................................................................ 21
8.1 General ................................................................................................................. 21
8.2 Impact categories ................................................................................................. 21
8.3 Impact assessment methods ................................................................................. 21
9 Environmental product declaration (EPD) ...................................................................... 22
9.1 Content ................................................................................................................. 22
9.1.1 General ......................................................................................................... 22
9.1.2 Data from the LCA ......................................................................................... 23
9.1.3 Additional environmental information to be reported ...................................... 24
9.1.4 Demonstration of verification ......................................................................... 25
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9.1.5 Instructions for the installer on how to derive more specific
environmental information from the EPD ........................................................ 26
9.2 Environmental information specific to the needs of a given consumer ascompiled by the installer based on the EPD .......................................................... 26
9.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 26
9.2.2 Case of an individual heat-related device operated at a specific site .............. 27
9.2.3 Case of combinations of heat-related devices operated at a specific site ....... 27
9.2.4 Dealing with greenhouse gas emissions from heat-related devicesburning biofuels ............................................................................................. 28
10 Verification and validity of the EPD ................................................................................ 28
10.1 Report/documentation ........................................................................................... 28
10.2 Verification............................................................................................................ 28
10.3 Validity (period of validity) and update .................................................................. 28
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 1 – System boundary, foreground and background ..................................................... 16
Table 1 – Combinations of space heating and hot water demands to which thedetermined environmental impacts shall be related (reference flows) .................................... 15
Table 2 – Credits by impact category attributed to a kWh of electricity produced by
CHP generators in a given country or region ......................................................................... 20
Table 3 – Replacing impact category names used by the LCA community by namesmore readily understandable by the general public ............................................................... 23
Table 4 – Environmental impact results due to the "supply of one device" to a given
market – Information for the installer ..................................................................................... 23
Table 5 – Environmental impact results due to the "operation of device" in a given
market – Information for the installer ..................................................................................... 24
Table 6 – Environmental impact results due to both "supply of one device" and"operation of device" in a given market – Information for the consumer compiled by the
installer based on the EPD.................................................................................................... 27
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of
fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Product category
rules for environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power
systems and alternative systems for residential applications
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
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indispensable for the correct application of this publication.9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC TS 62282-9-102 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 105: Fuel cell technologies.
It is a Technical Specification.The text of this Technical Specification is based on the following documents:
DTS Report on voting
105/797/DTS 105/813A/RVDTS
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.The language used for the development of this Technical Specification is English.
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021 – 5 –
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.A list of all parts in the IEC 62282 series, published under the general title Fuel cell technologies,
can be found on the IEC website.The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
– 6 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
INTRODUCTION
In developing new or improved products, manufacturers pursue environmentally conscious
designs and evaluate their efforts, for example, by adopting a life cycle assessment (LCA)
approach, in order to improve the environmental performance and communicate it to consumers.
This part of IEC 62282 addresses core product category rules (PCR) for characterizing the
environmental performance of stationary fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) systems
(defined as: generator systems that use one or more fuel cell stack(s) to generate electric power
and heat) and alternative heat (and power) systems for residential applications based on life
cycle thinking for communication to consumers. They primarily serve heating purposes.
Alternative micro combined heat and power production (µCHP) systems (e.g. Stirling or internal
combustion engines) and residential heating systems are also covered. All of these heating
systems can be complemented with a peak boiler and/or a hot water storage tank. This shows
that there are multiple possibilities to combine stationary fuel cell CHP systems and alternative
heat (and power) systems in residential applications. This document is therefore written in a
way to allow for an environmental product declaration (EPD) for each individual heat-related
device to be established. If combined in a given home, this document also provides
requirements and guidance on how to derive specific information on their joint environmental
impacts based on the individual EPDs. Because the environmental implications of local
infrastructures are known neither to the manufacturer nor to the installer, local infrastructures
are not considered (i.e. the domestic heat distribution system and infrastructures for fuel supply
(e.g. municipal natural gas network) or fuel storage (e.g. oil tank in situ or in the municipality)).
District heating is beyond the scope of this document.According to ISO 14025, a PCR is a set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for
developing Type III environmental declarations of one or more product categories, providing
quantified environmental data. The PCR, and the resulting EPDs, are based on life cycle
thinking in order to avoid an incomplete assessment of the systems in question and to identify
environmental burden shifting among environmental impact categories and life cycle stages.
The EPDs are accordingly generated using the principles, framework, methodologies and
practices established by the ISO 14040 series of standards (i.e. ISO 14040 and ISO 14044).
The overall goal of the EPD of stationary fuel cell CHP systems and alternative systems for
residential applications is to encourage the demand for, and supply of, those products that
cause less burden on the environment, through communication of verified and accurate
information that is not misleading, thereby stimulating the potential for market-driven continuous
environmental improvement. This document focuses on residential applications, but can also
be applied to applications in the tertiary sector.This document is intended to be used by manufacturers of heat-related devices (including CHP
generators) on a voluntary basis. The information provided is then used by consumers or
installers.---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021 – 7 –
The installation of a heating system (including CHP systems) individually or in combination with
other heat-related devices (e.g. µCHP combined with a peak boiler and a hot water storage
tank) depends on the heating demand of the consumer in a given home (in turn depending on
e.g. the climate, and the size and insulation level of the building) and also on the consumer's
technical preferences (e.g. CHP versus only heating, fuel cell CHP systems versus other
systems). The environmental performance of an individual heat-related device or a combination
thereof will therefore depend on the specific setting that the manufacturer cannot anticipate in
the EPD of its heat-related device. It will, therefore, be the task of the installer of a heat-related
device (including CHP generators), or a combination thereof, to adapt or integrate the
information of the EPD(s) of the heat-related device(s) in order to provide information on the
environmental performance of the overall heating systems that can potentially be installed in a
given home. Neither will the manufacturers be necessarily able to know to which extent the
devices run on biofuels (including on which kind of biofuel) and in particular whether the biofuels
used can be regarded as carbon neutral. Therefore, the case of carbon neutrality of biofuels is
not quantitatively dealt with in the EPD. However, it is discussed in the EPD so that the
consumer or installer of a heat-related device can take potentially existing carbon neutrality into
account.NOTE At the time of publication of this document, a new ISO standard on "carbon neutrality" (ISO 14068) is under
development.---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
– 8 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of
fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Product category
rules for environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power
systems and alternative systems for residential applications
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62282 provides a set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines (i.e. so-
called product category rules (PCR) according to ISO 14025 and thus in line with ISO 14040
and ISO 14044) for characterizing the environmental performance of stationary fuel cell
combined heat and power (CHP) systems, and alternative systems for residential applications
based on life cycle thinking primarily for communication to consumers. The environmental
performance of a system is communicated to the consumer and the installer by means of an
environmental product declaration (EPD).This document covers stationary fuel cell CHP systems and alternative heat (and power)
systems for residential applications that primarily serve heating purposes. The systems can be
complemented with a hot water storage tank and one or more additional heat generators. The
systems are connected to the electricity grid. The environmental performance is characterized
in an EPD for each individual heat-related device or CHP generator separately. This document
also describes how the environmental performance of a given combination of heat-related
devices (including CHP generators) is characterized based on the environmental performance
of its individual components. The domestic heat distribution system, district heating, or local
infrastructures for fuel supply or for fuel storage are not considered.This document focuses on residential applications, but can also be used to assess applications
in the tertiary or service sector.This document does not override, or in any way change, legally required environmental
information, claims or labelling, or any other applicable legal requirements.2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.ISO 14020:2000, Environmental labels and declarations – General principles
ISO 14021:2016, Environmental labels and declarations – Self-declared environmental claims
(Type II environmental labelling)ISO 14025:2006, Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations
– Principles and procedures3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
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IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021 – 9 –
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
fuel cell stack
assembly of cells, separators, cooling plates, manifolds and a supporting structure that
electrochemically converts, typically, hydrogen-rich gas and air reactants to DC power, heat
and other reaction products[SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-06-01]
3.2
combined heat and power
CHP
simultaneous generation of thermal and electric energy in one process
[SOURCE: IEC 62282-3-400:2016, 3.1.19]
3.3
CHP generator
system that produces thermal and electric energy
[SOURCE: IEC 62282-3-400:2016, 3.1.21, modified – "includes a fuel cell power system
producing" replaced by "produces"; "and is the preferential source of heat" and Note 1 to entry
deleted.]3.4
fuel cell combined heat and power system
fuel cell CHP system
device consisting of one or more fuel cell stack(s) that is intended to simultaneously produce
both electric power and heatNote 1 to entry: The configuration of a fuel cell CHP system neither includes a supplementary heat generator nor a
hot water storage tank. As a result, it is not necessarily identical to a fuel cell cogeneration system as defined in
IEC 60050-485.3.5
heat generator
system that produces thermal energy
3.6
domestic hot water
water delivered by a heat generator or a CHP generator, raised to a certain temperature in
order to use it for domestic needs, such as kitchen, bathroom[SOURCE: IEC 62282-3-400:2016, 3.1.37, modified – "the small fuel cell CHP appliance"
replaced by "a heat generator or a CHP generator".]3.7
heat-related device
device that can generate, store, transfer or control thermal energy
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, the transfer function is generally not included.
Note 2 to entry: CHP generators are also considered as heat-related devices.---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
– 10 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
3.8
functional unit
quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.20]
3.9
reference flow
measure of the outputs from processes in a given product system required to fulfil the function
expressed by the functional unit[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.29]
3.10
foreground system
element of the life cycle of a product that is specific to it
Note 1 to entry: The foreground system notably comprises the manufacturing, use and end-of-life of the product.
3.11background system
element of the life cycle of a product that is not specific to it
EXAMPLE Material supply for constructing the manufacturing site or machinery used.
3.12elementary flow
material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment
without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied
that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.12]
3.13
environmental aspect
element of an organization's activities or products or services that interacts or can interact with
the environmentNote 1 to entry: An environmental aspect can cause (an) environmental impact(s). A significant environmental
aspect is one that has or can have one or more significant environmental impact(s).
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.2, modified – Note 2 to entry deleted.]3.14
environmental impact
change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an
organization's environmental aspects[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.4]
3.15
impact category
class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results
may be assigned[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.39]
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IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021 – 11 –
3.16
characterization factor
factor derived from a characterization model which is applied to convert an assigned life cycle
inventory analysis result...
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