IEC TS 63001:2024
(Main)Measurement of cavitation noise in ultrasonic baths and ultrasonic reactors
Measurement of cavitation noise in ultrasonic baths and ultrasonic reactors
IEC TS 63001:2024 provides a technique of measurement and evaluation of ultrasound in liquids for use in cleaning devices, equipment, and ultrasonic reactors. It specifies
- the cavitation measurement at frequencies between harmonics of the operating frequency f0,
- the cavitation measurement derived by integrating broadband cavitation noise energy,
- the cavitation measurement by extraction of broadband spectral components.
This document covers the measurement and evaluation of cavitation, but not its secondary effects (cleaning results, sonochemical effects, etc.). Further details regarding the generation of cavitation noise in ultrasonic baths and ultrasonic reactors are provided in Annex A.
IEC TS 63001:2024 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2019. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) addition of a new method of measurement: the measurement of integrated broadband cavitation energy between two frequency bounds.
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IEC TS 63001 ®
Edition 2.0 2024-02
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Measurement of cavitation noise in ultrasonic baths and ultrasonic reactors
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
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3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
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International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
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IEC TS 63001 ®
Edition 2.0 2024-02
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Measurement of cavitation noise in ultrasonic baths and ultrasonic reactors
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 17.140.01; 17.140.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-8118-5
– 2 – IEC TS 63001:2024 © IEC 2024
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 List of symbols . 11
5 Measurement equipment . 12
5.1 Hydrophone . 12
5.1.1 General . 12
5.1.2 Calibration of hydrophone sensitivity . 12
5.1.3 Hydrophone properties . 12
5.1.4 Hydrophone compatibility with environment . 13
5.2 Analyser . 13
5.2.1 General considerations . 13
5.2.2 Specific measurement method: inertial cavitation spectrum
measurement at frequencies between harmonics of f . 14
5.2.3 Specific measurement method: Measurement of integrated broadband
cavitation noise energy between two frequency bounds . 14
5.2.4 Specific measurement method: cavitation noise measurement by
extraction of broadband spectral components . 15
5.3 Requirements for equipment being characterized . 15
5.3.1 Temperature and chemistry compatibility with the hydrophone . 15
5.3.2 Electrical interference . 15
6 Measurement procedure . 15
6.1 Reference measurements . 15
6.1.1 Control of environmental conditions for reference measurements . 15
6.1.2 Measurement procedure for reference measurements . 16
6.2 In-situ monitoring measurements . 16
Annex A (informative) Background . 17
A.1 Cavitation in ultrasonic cleaning . 17
A.2 Practical considerations for measurements . 19
A.3 Measurement procedure in the ultrasonic bath . 20
A.4 Characterization methods that do not utilize the acoustic spectrum . 21
Annex B (normative) Cavitation noise measurement between harmonics of f . 22
B.1 General . 22
B.2 Measurement method . 22
Annex C (informative) Example of cavitation noise measurement between harmonics
of f . 26
Annex D (normative) Measurement of integrated broadband cavitation noise energy
between two frequency bounds . 27
D.1 General . 27
D.2 Measurement frequency range . 27
D.3 Definition of integrated broadband cavitation noise energy. 27
Annex E (informative) Example of measurement of integrated broadband cavitation
noise energy between two frequency bounds . 28
Annex F (normative) Cavitation noise measurement by extraction of broadband
spectral components . 31
F.1 Compensation for extraneous noise . 31
F.2 Features of the acoustic pressure spectrum . 31
F.3 Identification of the operating frequency f and direct field acoustic pressure . 32
F.3.1 Identification of the operating frequency f . 32
F.3.2 Fit to primary peak (direct field) . 32
F.3.3 Determination of RMS direct field acoustic pressure . 32
F.3.4 Validation . 32
F.4 Identification of cavitation noise components . 32
F.4.1 Subtraction of direct field component of spectrum . 32
F.4.2 Determination of non-broadband cavitation component . 32
F.4.3 Determination of broadband cavitation component . 33
F.4.4 Validation . 33
Bibliography . 34
Figure A.1 – Typical setup of an ultrasonic cleaning device . 17
Figure A.2 – Spatial distribution of the acoustic pressure level in water in front of a
35 kHz transducer with reflections on all sides of the water bath (0,12 m × 0,3 m ×
0,25 m) . 18
Figure A.3 – Typical Fourier spectrum for sinusoidal ultrasound excitation above the
cavitation threshold at an operating frequency of 35 kHz . 18
Figure A.4 –Photograph of cavitation structure under the water surface at an operating
frequency of 25 kHz . 19
Figure A.5 – Typical rectangular ultrasound signal with a frequency of 25 kHz and
50 Hz double half wave modulation . 20
Figure B.1 – Block diagram of the measuring method of the cavitation noise level L . 24
CN
Figure C.1 – Power dependency of the cavitation noise level L . 26
CN
Figure C.2 – Diagram with example of spectral acoustic pressure of an ultrasonic bath
with an operating frequency of 46 kHz and its harmonics and sub-harmonics . 26
Figure E.1 – Schematic of the cylindrical cavitation hollow cavitation sensor [27], [28] . 28
Figure E.2 – High-frequency spectra obtained from the cavitation sensor of the type
shown in Figure E.1 [28] for a commercial ultrasonic cleaning vessel operating at
40 kHz whose nominal power setting has been changed from 5 % to 95 % of its full
operating power . 29
Figure E.3 – Variation in the integrated broadband cavitation energy derived using the
cylindrical cavitation sensor, from the acoustic spectra shown in Figure E.2 . 30
Figure E.4 – Raster scan covering a commercial ultrasonic cleaning vessel with four
transducers operating at 40 kHz . 30
Figure F.1 – Schematic representation of acoustic pressure spectrum pf() . 31
RMS
– 4 – IEC TS 63001:2024 © IEC 2024
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
MEASUREMENT OF CAVITATION NOISE IN ULTRASONIC BATHS
AND ULTRASONIC REACTORS
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to
...
IEC TS 63001 ®
Edition 2.0 2024-02
REDLINE VERSION
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Measurement of cavitation noise in ultrasonic baths and ultrasonic reactors
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Secretariat Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC Products & Services Portal - products.iec.ch
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a Discover our powerful search engine and read freely all the
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical publications previews, graphical symbols and the glossary.
committee, …). It also gives information on projects, replaced With a subscription you will always have access to up to date
and withdrawn publications. content tailored to your needs.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published
The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
details all new publications released. Available online and once
containing more than 22 500 terminological entries in English
a month by email.
and French, with equivalent terms in 25 additional languages.
Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
(IEV) online.
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need
further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC TS 63001 ®
Edition 2.0 2024-02
REDLINE VERSION
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Measurement of cavitation noise in ultrasonic baths and ultrasonic reactors
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 17.140.01; 17.140.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-8272-4
– 2 – IEC TS 63001:2024 RLV © IEC 2024
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 2
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 List of symbols . 8
5 Measurement equipment . 12
5.1 Hydrophone . 12
5.1.1 General . 12
5.1.2 Calibration of hydrophone sensitivity . 13
5.1.3 Hydrophone properties . 13
5.1.4 Hydrophone compatibility with environment . 14
5.2 Analyser . 14
5.2.1 General considerations . 14
5.2.2 Specific measurement method: transient cavitation spectrum at f =
2,25 f
0 .
5.2.3 Specific measurement method: broadband transient and stable
cavitation spectra .
5.2.2 Specific measurement method: inertial cavitation spectrum
measurement at frequencies between harmonics of f . 15
5.2.3 Specific measurement method: Measurement of integrated broadband
cavitation noise energy between two frequency bounds . 15
5.2.4 Specific measurement method: cavitation noise measurement by
extraction of broadband spectral components . 16
5.3 Requirements for equipment being characterized . 15
5.3.1 Temperature and chemistry compatibility with the hydrophone . 16
5.3.2 Electrical interference . 16
6 Measurement procedure . 16
6.1 Reference measurements . 16
6.1.1 Control of environmental conditions for reference measurements . 16
6.1.2 Measurement procedure for reference measurements . 17
6.2 Measurement procedures for In-situ monitoring measurements In-situ
monitoring measurements . 17
Annex A (informative) Background . 18
A.1 Cavitation in ultrasonic cleaning . 18
A.2 Practical considerations for measurements . 21
A.3 Measurement procedure in the ultrasonic bath . 22
A.4 Characterization methods that do not utilize the acoustic spectrum . 22
Annex B (normative) Cavitation measurement at 2,25 f .
Annex C (informative) Example of cavitation measurement at 2,25 f .
Annex B (normative) Cavitation noise measurement between harmonics of f . 28
B.1 General . 28
B.2 Measurement method . 28
Annex C (informative) Example of cavitation noise measurement between harmonics
of f . 32
Annex D (normative) Measurement of integrated broadband cavitation noise energy
between two frequency bounds . 33
D.1 General . 33
D.2 Measurement frequency range . 33
D.3 Definition of integrated broadband cavitation noise energy. 33
Annex E (informative) Example of measurement of integrated broadband cavitation
noise energy between two frequency bounds . 34
Annex F (normative) Cavitation noise measurement by extraction of broadband
spectral components . 37
F.1 Compensation for extraneous noise . 37
F.2 Features of the acoustic pressure spectrum . 37
F.3 Identification of the operating frequency f and direct field acoustic pressure . 39
F.3.1 Identification of the operating frequency f . 39
F.3.2 Fit to primary peak (direct field) . 39
F.3.3 Determination of RMS direct field acoustic pressure . 39
F.3.4 Validation . 39
F.4 Identification of stable and transient cavitation noise components . 39
F.4.1 Subtraction of direct field component of spectrum . 39
F.4.2 Determination of stable non-broadband cavitation component . 39
F.4.3 Determination of transient broadband cavitation component . 40
F.4.4 Validation . 40
Bibliography . 41
Figure A.1 – Typical setup of an ultrasonic cleaning device . 18
Figure A.2 – Spatial distribution of the acoustic pressure level in water in front of a 25
35 kHz transducer with reflections on all sides of the water bath (0,12 m × 0,3 m ×
0,25 m) . 19
Figure A.3 – Typical Fourier spectrum for sinusoidal ultrasound excitation above the
cavitation threshold at an operating frequency of 35 kHz . 20
Figure A.4 – Sketch Photograph of cavitation structure under the water surface at an
operating frequency of 25 kHz . 21
Figure A.5 – Typical rectangular ultrasound signal with a frequency of 25 kHz and
50 Hz double half wave modulation . 21
Figure B.1 – Block diagram of the measuring method of the cavitation noise level L . 30
CN
Figure C.1 – Power dependency of the cavitation noise level L . 32
CN
Figure C.2 – Diagram with example of spectral acoustic pressure of an ultrasonic bath
with an operating frequency of 46 kHz and its harmonics and sub-harmonics . 32
Figure E.1 – Schematic of the cylindrical cavitation hollow cavitation sensor [27], [28] . 34
Figure E.2 – High-frequency spectra obtained from the cavitation sensor of the type
shown in Figure E.1 [28] for a commercial ultrasonic cleaning vessel operating at
40 kHz whose nominal power setting has been changed from 5 % to 95 % of its full
operating power . 35
Figure E.3 – Variation in the integrated broadband cavitation energy derived using the
cylindrical cavitation sensor, from the acoustic spectra shown in Figure E.2 . 36
Figure E.4 – Raster scan covering a commercial ultrasonic cleaning vessel with four
transducers operating at 40 kHz . 36
Figure F.1 – Schematic representation of acoustic pressure spectrum pf() . 38
RMS
– 4 – IEC TS 63001:2024 RLV © IEC 2024
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
MEASUREMENT OF CAVITATION NOISE IN ULTRASONIC BATHS
AND ULTRASONIC REACTORS
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way
...
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