IEC 62604-2:2017

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of assessed quality - Part 2: Guidelines for the use

IEC 62604-2:2017 concerns duplexers which can separate receiving signals from transmitting signals and are key components for two-way radio communications, and which are generally used in mobile phone systems compliant with CDMA systems such as N-CDMA in second generation mobile telecommunication systems (2G), W-CDMA / UMTS (3G) or LTE (4G).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- diplexers are described;
- duplexers with a balanced RX port are considered in the measurement method subclause (7.3).
NOTE In this standard, SAW and BAW duplexers are treated simultaneously because both duplexers are used in the same manner especially in mobile phone systems and have same requirements of characteristics, test method and so on.

Duplexeurs à ondes acoustiques de surface (oas) et à ondes acoustiques de volume (oav) sous assurance de la qualité - Partie 2 : Lignes directrices d’utilisation

L’IEC 62604-2:2017 concerne les duplexeurs qui peuvent séparer les signaux en réception des signaux en émission et constituent des composants essentiels pour les radiocommunications bilatérales. Ils sont généralement utilisés dans les systèmes de téléphonie mobile conformes aux systèmes CDMA comme les systèmes N-CDMA des systèmes de télécommunication mobile de seconde génération (2G), W-CDMA / UMTS (3G) ou LTE (4G).
Cette édition comprend les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l’édition précédente:
- description des diplexeurs;
- prise en compte des duplexeurs avec un accès RX symétrique dans le paragraphe relatif à la méthode de mesure (7.3).
NOTE Dans la présente Norme, les duplexeurs à OAS et à OAV sont traités simultanément car ils sont utilisés de la même façon, en particulier dans les systèmes de téléphonie mobile, et présentent les mêmes exigences quant à leurs caractéristiques, leur méthode d’essai, etc.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 28-Nov-2017
• ICS: 31.140 - Piezoelectric devices
• Technical Committee: TC 49 - Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for frequency control, selection and detection
• Drafting Committee: WG 10 - TC 49/WG 10
• Current Stage: DELPUB - Deleted Publication
• Start Date: 01-Sep-2022
• Completion Date: 03-Jul-2020

Relations

• Revised: IEC 62604-2:2022 - Surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of assessed quality - Part 2: Guidelines for the use
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023
• Revises: IEC 62604-2:2011 - Surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of assessed quality - Part 2: Guideline for the use
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Overview

IEC 62604-2:2017 - "Surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of assessed quality - Part 2: Guidelines for the use" provides practical guidance for selecting, applying and testing SAW and BAW duplexers used in RF front-ends. This second edition (2017) cancels the 2011 edition and is a technical revision that now also describes diplexers and addresses duplexers with a balanced RX port in the measurement method. The standard covers duplexers used in frequency division duplex (FDD) mobile systems including CDMA (2G), W‑CDMA/UMTS (3G) and LTE (4G).

Key topics

• Fundamentals and basic function of SAW and BAW duplexers: three‑port devices (TX, RX, antenna) that route TX→antenna, antenna→RX and isolate TX→RX.
• Filter responses: TX and RX filter passbands, centre frequency and pass bandwidth considerations.
• Isolation and insertion loss: requirements and typical characteristic expectations for transmitter−receiver isolation and insertion attenuation.
• Device structure and operation: physical implementations, phase shifting (microstrip/lumped), and packaging impacts.
• Diplexer description: guidance on devices that split multiple bands to a single antenna.
• Measurement methods: recommended setups (including four‑port analyzers) and explicit procedures for balanced RX ports.
• Application guidelines: power durability, harmonics and inter‑modulation distortion, electrostatic (ESD) protection and environmental considerations.
• Selection guidance: matching duplexer specs (centre frequency, bandwidth, insertion loss, isolation) to user equipment and front‑end design.

Applications and users

IEC 62604-2 is practical for:

• RF engineers and front‑end designers integrating SAW/BAW duplexers into mobile handsets, IoT devices and base stations.
• Component specifiers and procurement teams defining performance requirements (centre frequency, pass bandwidth, insertion attenuation).
• Test labs and manufacturers implementing measurement and qualification procedures, especially for balanced RX port duplexers and diplexers.
• Product managers assessing suitability of TC‑SAW or BAW devices where narrow duplex gaps and temperature stability are critical.

Practical guidance helps users minimize front‑end redesign by selecting standard duplexer specifications and addresses real‑world issues like power handling, intermodulation, and ESD protection.

Related standards

• IEC 60862-1:2015 - SAW filters of assessed quality (generic specification)
• IEC 62575-1:2015 - RF BAW filters of assessed quality (generic specification)

Keywords: IEC 62604-2, SAW duplexers, BAW duplexers, diplexer, RF front‑end, mobile communications, LTE, UMTS, CDMA, isolation, insertion loss, measurement method, balanced RX port.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 62604-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2017-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of
assessed quality –
Part 2: Guidelines for the use

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from

either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC

copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
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IEC 62604-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2017-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of

assessed quality –
Part 2: Guidelines for the use

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 31.140 ISBN 978-2-8322-5081-5

– 2 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017

CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4

1 Scope . 6

2 Normative references . 6

3 Terms and definitions . 7

4 Technical considerations . 7

5 Fundamentals of SAW and BAW duplexers. 7

5.1 Basic function . 7

5.1.1 General . 7
5.1.2 TX filter response (filter response from TX port to antenna port) . 8
5.1.3 RX filter response (filter response from antenna port to RX port) . 9
5.1.4 Isolation (isolation from TX port to RX port) . 9
5.2 Basic structure . 10
5.3 Principle of operation . 10
5.4 Diplexer . 14
6 SAW and BAW duplexer characteristics . 14
6.1 General conditions for SAW and BAW duplexers . 14
6.2 Typical characteristics of SAW and BAW duplexers . 16
6.2.1 UMTS duplexer . 16
6.2.2 US CDMA duplexer . 17
6.2.3 PCS CDMA duplexer . 17
7 Application guidelines . 21
7.1 Power durability . 21
7.2 Harmonics and inter-modulation distortion . 21
7.3 Measurement method for the duplexer . 21
7.4 Electrostatic voltage protection . 23
Bibliography . 24

Figure 1 – Basic duplexer configuration . 8
Figure 2 – Basic TX filter response example of SAW and BAW duplexers . 9
Figure 3 – Basic RX filter response example of SAW and BAW duplexers . 9
Figure 4 – Basic isolation characteristics example of SAW and BAW duplexers . 10
Figure 5 – The block diagram of a duplexer . 11
Figure 6 – Demanded condition of TX part for duplexers . 12
Figure 7 – Phase rotation in TX part . 13
Figure 8 – Demanded condition of RX part for duplexers . 13
Figure 9 – Basic diplexer configuration . 14
Figure 10 – Typical wide range frequency response of TX filter . 15
Figure 11 – Typical wide range frequency response of RX filter for upper local system . 15
Figure 12 – Phase shifter by microstrip line on the surface of a ceramic package . 16
Figure 13 – Lumped element phase shifter . 16
Figure 14 – Duplexer configuration . 16
Figure 15 – Frequency characteristics of SAW duplexer for UMTS Band 1 system . 18
Figure 16 – Frequency characteristics of a SAW duplexer for US CDMA system . 19
)
Figure 17 – Frequency characteristics of BAW duplexer for PCS CDMA system . 20

Figure 18 – Four-port-type network analyzer for duplexer measurement . 22

Figure 19 – Four-port-type network analyzer for measurement of a balanced RX port

duplexer. 23

Table 1 – Frequency allocation for typical LTE frequency division duplex (FDD) bands . 8

– 4 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________
SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE (SAW) AND BULK

ACOUSTIC WAVE (BAW) DUPLEXERS
OF ASSESSED QUALITY –
Part 2: Guidelines for the use

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.

9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62604-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 49:
Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for frequency
control, selection and detection.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
• diplexers are described;
• duplexers with a balanced RX port are considered in the measurement method subclause
(7.3).
NOTE In this standard, SAW and BAW duplexers are treated simultaneously because both duplexers are used in

the same manner especially in mobile phone systems and have same requirements of characteristics, test method
and so on.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:

CDV Report on voting
49/1217/CDV 49/1251/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in

the report on voting indicated in the above table.

This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62604 series, published under the general title Surface acoustic
wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of assessed quality, can be found on
the IEC website.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 6 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017

SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE (SAW) AND BULK

ACOUSTIC WAVE (BAW) DUPLEXERS
OF ASSESSED QUALITY –
Part 2: Guidelines for the use

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62604 concerns duplexers which can separate receiving signals from
transmitting signals and are key components for two-way radio communications, and which
are generally used in mobile phone systems compliant with CDMA systems such as N-CDMA
in second generation mobile telecommunication systems (2G), W-CDMA / UMTS (3G) or
LTE (4G). While in 2G systems mainly dielectric duplexers have been used, the ongoing
miniaturization in 3G and 4G mobile communication systems promoted the development and
application of acoustic wave duplexers due to their small size, light weight and good electrical
performance. While standard surface acoustic wave (SAW) duplexers have been employed for
applications with moderate requirements regarding the steepness of individual filters,
applications with narrow duplex gap (e.g. Bands 2, 3, 8, 25), i.e. the frequency gap between
receiving and transmitting bands, require the application of temperature-compensated (TC)
SAW or bulk acoustic wave (BAW) technology, because of their better temperature
characteristics and resonator Q-factors.
It is neither the aim of these guidelines to explain theory, nor to attempt to cover all the
eventualities which may arise in practical circumstances. These guidelines draw attention to
some of the more fundamental questions, which should be considered by the user before he
places an order for SAW and BAW duplexers for a new application. Such a procedure will be
the user’s insurance against unsatisfactory performance. Because SAW and BAW duplexers
have very similar performance for the usage, it is useful and convenient for users that both
duplexers are described in one standard.
Standard specifications, such as those of IEC, of which these guidelines form a part, and
national specifications or detail specifications issued by manufacturers will define the
available combinations of centre frequency, pass bandwidth and insertion attenuation for each
sort of transmitting and receiving filters and the isolation level between transmitter and
receiver ports, etc. These specifications are compiled to include a wide range of SAW and
BAW duplexers with standardized performances. It cannot be over-emphasized that the user
should, wherever possible, select his duplexers from these specifications, when available,
even if it may lead to making small modifications to his circuit to enable the use of standard
duplexers. This applies particularly to the selection of the nominal frequency band.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60862-1:2015, Surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters of assessed quality – Part 1: Generic
specification
IEC 62575-1:2015, Radio frequency (RF) bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filters of assessed quality
– Part 1: Generic specification

3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following

addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

4 Technical considerations
It is of prime interest to a user that the duplexer characteristics should satisfy particular
specifications. The selection of the front-end circuits in user equipments and SAW and BAW
duplexers to meet such specifications should be a matter of agreement between the user and
the manufacturer.
Duplexer characteristics are usually expressed in terms of centre frequency, pass bandwidth
and insertion attenuation for each of transmitting and receiving filter parts in the duplexer and
isolation level between the transmitter and receiver ports. Since the SAW and BAW duplexer
is used in RF front-end of the user equipments, lower insertion attenuation, higher
isolation/rejection level, stronger power durability and smaller/thinner package dimensions are
strictly required.
5 Fundamentals of SAW and BAW duplexers
5.1 Basic function
5.1.1 General
Duplexers are necessary for frequency division duplex (FDD) equipments to receive and
transmit signals simultaneously. Duplexers are 3-port devices which consist of an antenna
port, a transmitter port (TX port) and a receiver port (RX port), as shown in Figure 1. The
duplexer has three basic functions;
– to transfer the transmitting signal from the TX port to the antenna port;
– to transfer the receiving signal from the antenna port to the RX port;
– to prevent transfer of the transmitting signal and noise from the TX port to the RX port.
The transmitting and the receiving frequencies are determined corresponding to each mobile

communication system. For example, Table 1 shows typical allocated frequency bands for
UMTS.
– 8 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017

RX signal
Antenna
RX port
Duplexer
TX signal
Leakage
TX port
IEC
Figure 1 – Basic duplexer configuration
Table 1 – Frequency allocation for typical LTE frequency division duplex (FDD) bands
Downlink Downlink
Uplink frequency Band Uplink frequency
frequency frequency
Band
(MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz)
1 1 920 – 1 980 2 110 – 2 170 16 2 010 – 2 025 2 585 – 2 600
2 1 850 – 1 910 1 930 – 1 990 17 704 – 716 734 – 746
3 1 710 – 1 785 1 805 – 1 880 18 815 – 830 860 – 875
4 1 710 – 1 755 2 110 – 2 155 19 830 – 845 875 – 890
5 824 – 849 869 – 894 20 832 – 862 791 – 821
6 830 – 840 875 – 885 21 1 447,9 – 1 462,9 1 495,5 – 1 510,9
7 2 500 – 2 570 2 620 – 2 690 22 3 410 – 3 490 3 510 – 3 590
8 880 – 915 925 – 960 23 2 000 – 2 020 2 180 – 2 200
9 1 749,9 – 1 784,9 1 844,9 – 1 879,9 24 1 626,5 – 1 660,5 1 525 – 1 559
10 1 710 – 1 770 2 110 – 2 170 25 1 850 – 1 915 1 930 – 1 995
11 1 427,9 – 1 447,9 1 475,9 – 1 495,9 26 814 – 849 859 – 894
12 699 – 716 729 – 746 27 807 – 824 852 – 869
13 777 – 787 746 – 756 28 703 – 748 758 – 803
14 788 – 798 758 – 768 30 2 305 – 2 315 2 350 – 2 360
15 1 900 – 1 920 2 600 – 2 620 31 452,5 – 457,5 462,5 – 467,5

NOTE For a user equipment, uplink frequency means transmitting frequency and downlink frequency means
receiving frequency respectively.
5.1.2 TX filter response (filter response from TX port to antenna port)
Figure 2 shows an example of frequency characteristics of the TX filter. The required
frequency characteristics are low insertion attenuation in the transmitting frequency band (f ),
T
high insertion attenuation in the receiving frequency band (f ) and good impedance matching.
R
...

IEC 62604-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2017-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of
assessed quality –
Part 2: Guidelines for the use

Duplexeurs à ondes acoustiques de surface (OAS) et à ondes acoustiques
de volume (OAV) sous assurance de la qualité –
Partie 2: Lignes directrices d’utilisation

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IEC 62604-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2017-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of

assessed quality –
Part 2: Guidelines for the use

Duplexeurs à ondes acoustiques de surface (OAS) et à ondes acoustiques

de volume (OAV) sous assurance de la qualité –

Partie 2: Lignes directrices d’utilisation

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 31.140 ISBN 978-2-8322-7512-2

– 2 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Technical considerations . 7
5 Fundamentals of SAW and BAW duplexers. 7
5.1 Basic function . 7
5.1.1 General . 7
5.1.2 TX filter response (filter response from TX port to antenna port) . 8
5.1.3 RX filter response (filter response from antenna port to RX port) . 9
5.1.4 Isolation (isolation from TX port to RX port) . 9
5.2 Basic structure . 10
5.3 Principle of operation . 10
5.4 Diplexer . 14
6 SAW and BAW duplexer characteristics . 14
6.1 General conditions for SAW and BAW duplexers . 14
6.2 Typical characteristics of SAW and BAW duplexers . 16
6.2.1 UMTS duplexer . 16
6.2.2 US CDMA duplexer . 17
6.2.3 PCS CDMA duplexer . 17
7 Application guidelines . 21
7.1 Power durability . 21
7.2 Harmonics and inter-modulation distortion . 21
7.3 Measurement method for the duplexer . 21
7.4 Electrostatic voltage protection . 23
Bibliography . 24

Figure 1 – Basic duplexer configuration . 8
Figure 2 – Basic TX filter response example of SAW and BAW duplexers . 9
Figure 3 – Basic RX filter response example of SAW and BAW duplexers . 9
Figure 4 – Basic isolation characteristics example of SAW and BAW duplexers . 10
Figure 5 – The block diagram of a duplexer . 11
Figure 6 – Demanded condition of TX part for duplexers . 12
Figure 7 – Phase rotation in TX part . 13
Figure 8 – Demanded condition of RX part for duplexers . 13
Figure 9 – Basic diplexer configuration . 14
Figure 10 – Typical wide range frequency response of TX filter . 15
Figure 11 – Typical wide range frequency response of RX filter for upper local system . 15
Figure 12 – Phase shifter by microstrip line on the surface of a ceramic package . 16
Figure 13 – Lumped element phase shifter . 16
Figure 14 – Duplexer configuration . 16
Figure 15 – Frequency characteristics of SAW duplexer for UMTS Band 1 system . 18
Figure 16 – Frequency characteristics of a SAW duplexer for US CDMA system . 19
)
Figure 17 – Frequency characteristics of BAW duplexer for PCS CDMA system . 20

Figure 18 – Four-port-type network analyzer for duplexer measurement . 22
Figure 19 – Four-port-type network analyzer for measurement of a balanced RX port
duplexer. 23

Table 1 – Frequency allocation for typical LTE frequency division duplex (FDD) bands . 8

– 4 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE (SAW) AND BULK
ACOUSTIC WAVE (BAW) DUPLEXERS
OF ASSESSED QUALITY –
Part 2: Guidelines for the use

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62604-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 49:
Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for frequency
control, selection and detection.
This bilingual version (2019-10) corresponds to the monolingual English version, published in
2017-11.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.

This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
• diplexers are described;
• duplexers with a balanced RX port are considered in the measurement method subclause
(7.3).
NOTE In this standard, SAW and BAW duplexers are treated simultaneously because both duplexers are used in
the same manner especially in mobile phone systems and have same requirements of characteristics, test method
and so on.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
49/1217/CDV 49/1251/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
The French version of this standard has not been voted upon.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62604 series, published under the general title Surface acoustic
wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexers of assessed quality, can be found on
the IEC website.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 6 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017
SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE (SAW) AND BULK
ACOUSTIC WAVE (BAW) DUPLEXERS
OF ASSESSED QUALITY –
Part 2: Guidelines for the use

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62604 concerns duplexers which can separate receiving signals from
transmitting signals and are key components for two-way radio communications, and which
are generally used in mobile phone systems compliant with CDMA systems such as N-CDMA
in second generation mobile telecommunication systems (2G), W-CDMA / UMTS (3G) or
LTE (4G). While in 2G systems mainly dielectric duplexers have been used, the ongoing
miniaturization in 3G and 4G mobile communication systems promoted the development and
application of acoustic wave duplexers due to their small size, light weight and good electrical
performance. While standard surface acoustic wave (SAW) duplexers have been employed for
applications with moderate requirements regarding the steepness of individual filters,
applications with narrow duplex gap (e.g. Bands 2, 3, 8, 25), i.e. the frequency gap between
receiving and transmitting bands, require the application of temperature-compensated (TC)
SAW or bulk acoustic wave (BAW) technology, because of their better temperature
characteristics and resonator Q-factors.
It is neither the aim of these guidelines to explain theory, nor to attempt to cover all the
eventualities which may arise in practical circumstances. These guidelines draw attention to
some of the more fundamental questions, which should be considered by the user before he
places an order for SAW and BAW duplexers for a new application. Such a procedure will be
the user’s insurance against unsatisfactory performance. Because SAW and BAW duplexers
have very similar performance for the usage, it is useful and convenient for users that both
duplexers are described in one standard.
Standard specifications, such as those of IEC, of which these guidelines form a part, and
national specifications or detail specifications issued by manufacturers will define the
available combinations of centre frequency, pass bandwidth and insertion attenuation for each
sort of transmitting and receiving filters and the isolation level between transmitter and
receiver ports, etc. These specifications are compiled to include a wide range of SAW and
BAW duplexers with standardized performances. It cannot be over-emphasized that the user
should, wherever possible, select his duplexers from these specifications, when available,
even if it may lead to making small modifications to his circuit to enable the use of standard
duplexers. This applies particularly to the selection of the nominal frequency band.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60862-1:2015, Surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters of assessed quality – Part 1: Generic
specification
IEC 62575-1:2015, Radio frequency (RF) bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filters of assessed quality
– Part 1: Generic specification

3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Technical considerations
It is of prime interest to a user that the duplexer characteristics should satisfy particular
specifications. The selection of the front-end circuits in user equipments and SAW and BAW
duplexers to meet such specifications should be a matter of agreement between the user and
the manufacturer.
Duplexer characteristics are usually expressed in terms of centre frequency, pass bandwidth
and insertion attenuation for each of transmitting and receiving filter parts in the duplexer and
isolation level between the transmitter and receiver ports. Since the SAW and BAW duplexer
is used in RF front-end of the user equipments, lower insertion attenuation, higher
isolation/rejection level, stronger power durability and smaller/thinner package dimensions are
strictly required.
5 Fundamentals of SAW and BAW duplexers
5.1 Basic function
5.1.1 General
Duplexers are necessary for frequency division duplex (FDD) equipments to receive and
transmit signals simultaneously. Duplexers are 3-port devices which consist of an antenna
port, a transmitter port (TX port) and a receiver port (RX port), as shown in Figure 1. The
duplexer has three basic functions;
– to transfer the transmitting signal from the TX port to the antenna port;
– to transfer the receiving signal from the antenna port to the RX port;
– to prevent transfer of the transmitting signal and noise from the TX port to the RX port.
The transmitting and the receiving frequencies are determined corresponding to each mobile
communication system. For example, Table 1 shows typical allocated frequency bands for
UMTS.
– 8 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017
RX signal
Antenna
RX port
Duplexer
TX signal
Leakage
TX port
IEC
Figure 1 – Basic duplexer configuration
Table 1 – Frequency allocation for typical LTE frequency division duplex (FDD) bands
Downlink Downlink
Uplink frequency Band Uplink frequency
frequency frequency
Band
(MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz)
1 1 920 – 1 980 2 110 – 2 170 16 2 010 – 2 025 2 585 – 2 600
2 1 850 – 1 910 1 930 – 1 990 17 704 – 716 734 – 746
3 1 710 – 1 785 1 805 – 1 880 18 815 – 830 860 – 875
4 1 710 – 1 755 2 110 – 2 155 19 830 – 845 875 – 890
5 824 – 849 869 – 894 20 832 – 862 791 – 821
6 830 – 840 875 – 885 21 1 447,9 – 1 462,9 1 495,5 – 1 510,9
7 2 500 – 2 570 2 620 – 2 690 22 3 410 – 3 490 3 510 – 3 590
8 880 – 915 925 – 960 23 2 000 – 2 020 2 180 – 2 200
9 1 749,9 – 1 784,9 1 844,9 – 1 879,9 24 1 626,5 – 1 660,5 1 525 – 1 559
10 1 710 – 1 770 2 110 – 2 170 25 1 850 – 1 915 1 930 – 1 995
11 1 427,9 – 1 447,9 1 475,9 – 1 495,9 26 814 – 849 859 – 894
12 699 – 716 729 – 746 27 807 – 824 852 – 869
13 777 – 787 746 – 756 28 703 – 748 758 – 803
14 788 – 798 758 – 768 30 2 305 – 2 315 2 350 – 2 360
15 1 900 – 1 920 2 600 – 2 620 31 452,5 – 457,5 462,5 – 467,5

NOTE For a user equipment, uplink frequency means transmitting frequency and downlink frequency means
receiving frequency respectively.
5.1.2 TX filter response (filter response from TX port to antenna port)
Figure 2 shows an example of frequency characteristics of the TX filter. The required
frequency characteristics are low insertion attenuation in the transmitting frequency band (f ),
T
high insertion attenuation in the receiving frequency band (f ) and good impedance matching.
R
5.1.3 RX filter response (filter response from antenna port to RX port)
Figure 3 shows an example of frequency characteristics of the RX filter. The required
frequency characteristics are low insertion attenuation in the receiving band (f ) and high
R
insertion attenuation in the transmitting frequency band (f ).
T
5.1.4 Isolation (isolation from TX port to RX port)
Figure 4 shows an example of isolation characteristics. One of the important functions for the
duplexers is isolation characteristics, which show the frequency dependence of the leakage
power from the TX port to the RX port.
f
T
f
R
Frequency
IEC
Figure 2 – Basic TX filter response example of SAW and BAW duplexers
f
R
f
T
Frequency
IEC
Figure 3 – Basic RX filter response example of SAW and BAW duplexers
Attenuation (dB) Attenuation (dB)

– 10 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017
f
R
f
T
Frequency
IEC
Figure 4 – Basic isolation characteristics example of SAW and BAW duplexers
5.2 Basic structure
Duplexers are 3-port devices/modules, which enable to transmit and receive signals
simultaneously through a common antenna. A basic structure of duplexers is shown in
Figure 5. SAW and BAW duplexers consist of a transmitter (TX) part and a receiver (RX) part.
These two parts, which may add a phase shifter, are connected to an antenna port. The
phase shifter is utilized to prevent the interaction between the filters. In Figure 5, Z and Z
t r
correspond to the impedance of the TX and RX part at the antenna port side, whereas Z is
o
the impedance of the antenna port. The following conditions shall be fulfilled to achieve the
duplexer functions.
Z ≅ Z and |Z | << |Z | in the TX pass band
o t o r
Z ≅ Z and |Z | << |Z | in the RX pass band
o r o t
DMS (double mode SAW) type filters which are also known as LCRF (longitudinally coupled
) )
1 2
resonator filters) , ladder type SAW and BAW filters and other type of SAW filters such as
3)
can be adopted as TX and RX
interdigitated interdigital transducer (lIDT) resonator filters
filters. High power durability is required in the TX filters.
5.3 Principle of operation
In the TX pass band, the impedance of the TX part in the antenna port side (Z ) is almost the
t
same as that of antenna(Z ), while that of the RX part (Z ) is much higher, which means that
o r
at the antenna port, the RX part has large reflection coefficient in this band.
Z ≅ Z and |Z | << |Z | in the TX pass band
o t o r
On the other hand, in the RX pass band, the impedance of the RX part at the antenna port
side (Z ) is almost the same as that of antenna (Z ), while that of the TX part (Z ) is much
r o t
higher. This also means the TX part has large reflection coefficient in this band.
Z ≅ Z and |Z | << |Z | in the RX pass band
o r o t
___________
1)
See IEC 60862-2:2012, 5.3.
2)
See IEC 60862-2:2012, 5.2.
3)
See IEC 60862-2:2012, 5.4.
Attenuation (dB)
TX part
Z
o
Z
t
TX filter
Phase shifter
TX port
Antenna port
RX port
RX filter
Phase shifter
Z
r
RX part
IEC
Figure 5 – The block diagram of a duplexer
The transmitting signal applied to the TX port passes through the TX filter and then flows to
the antenna port, not the RX filter. The received signal from the antenna port does not flow to
the TX filter, but to the RX filter. As a result, the TX part and the RX part can share the
common antenna port. In the following explanation, the impedance of the antenna (Z ) is
o
assumed to be 50 Ω. The S curve of the TX part at the antenna port side shall satisfy the
demanded condition indicated in Figure 6. The impedance of its pass band shall be around
50 Ω. In the rejection band, the impedance shall be sufficiently larger than 50 Ω. In the actual
duplexer, the S trace in the Smith chart of the TX filter is rotated to its optimum state by a
phase shifter, as shown in Figure 7. On the other hand, the frequency characteristics of the
amplitude of S remains the same as that without phase shifter. Figure 8 shows the S
21 21
frequency characteristics and S demanded condition of the RX part.
– 12 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017

–10
Mk1: 824 MHz
1,83 dB
Mk2: 849 MHz
1 2
1,85 dB
Mk3: 869 MHz
57,96 dB
Mk4: 894 MHz
46,91 dB
Pass band Rejection band
760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960
Frequency (MHz)
Pass band
The area demanded for pass band
Z = ∼50 Ω (|Г |<0,33)
t
Rejection band
The area demanded for rejection band
Z >>50 Ω (|Г |∼1,0)
t
IEC
Figure 6 – Demanded condition of TX part for duplexers
Attenuation (dB)
Z Z
t t
TX filter TX filter
Phase shifter
S S
11 11
Phase rotation
Before phase rotation After phase rotation
IEC
Figure 7 – Phase rotation in TX part
Mk1: 824 MHz
85,10 dB
Mk2: 849 MHz
61,14 dB
Mk3: 869 MHz
2,28 dB
Mk4: 894 MHz
40   2,06 dB
760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960
Frequency (MHz)
Z
r
TX filter
Phase shifter
S
Pass band
The area demanded for pass band
Z ≅ 50 Ω (|Г |<0,33)
r
The area demanded for rejection band
Z >>50 Ω (|Г|≅ 1,0)
r
Rejection band
IEC
Figure 8 – Demanded condition of RX part for duplexers
Attenuation (dB)
– 14 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017
5.4 Diplexer
Diplexers combine different frequency domains as shown in Figure 9. They have a structure
and an operation principle very similar to those of duplexers.
Signal in frequency domain 1
Diplexer
Signal in frequency domain 2
IEC
Figure 9 – Basic diplexer configuration
6 SAW and BAW duplexer characteristics
6.1 General conditions for SAW and BAW duplexers
The TX filter, RX filter and phase shifter, which compose SAW and BAW duplexers, as shown
in 5.2, are described in Clause 6. The duplexer assembly configuration is also explained here.
– TX filter
The TX filter of the duplexers needs high power durability against the transmitting signal.
To ensure the durability against high power, e.g. 1 W, a ladder filter or lattice filter is used
for the TX filter because of their higher power durability among several types of SAW and
BAW filters. SAW ladder and lattice filters are described in 5.2 of IEC 60862-2:2012 and
BAW ladder filter is described in 4.4 of IEC 62575-2:2012.
Besides low insertion attenuation in the TX band (f ) and high insertion attenuation in the
T
RX band (f ) described in 5.1, the high attenuation in the second harmonic (2f ) and the
R T
third harmonic (3f ) is also important. The attenuation in spurious frequency (f )
T SP
suppresses the inter-modulation signal at f = 2f – f . The typical frequency response is
R T SP
shown in Figure 10.
– RX filter
Transmitting power passes through the TX filter and attacks the antenna port side of the
RX filter. Filter types used for the TX filter can be adopted for the RX filter, but DMS
(double mode SAW) type filters which are also known as LCRF (longitudinally coupled
resonator filters) have the possibility of adoption with trap elements to block the
transmitting power.
Besides low insertion attenuation in the RX band(f ) and high insertion attenuation in the
R
TX band(f ) described in 5.1, a heterodyne receiver with the intermediate frequency (f )
T IF
demands high attenuation in the local oscillation frequency(f ) and the image frequency
LO
(f = f + f for upper local system). The inter-modulation signal in f can be reduced by
IM LO IF R
high attenuation in the duplex image frequency (f = 2f – f ). The typical frequency
DIM T R
response is shown in Figure 11.

– Phase shifter
There are various types of phase shifters according to duplexer configurations and the
out-of-band complex impedance of TX and RX filters. To construct the phase shifter of a
delay line with the desired electrical length, a stripline is located between the inside layers
of a package, or a microstrip line is located on the surface of a package as shown in
Figure 12. Figure 13 shows a lumped element phase shifter. A suitable number of lumped
elements is not fixed at three. In some cases no phase shifter is necessary.
– Duplexer configuration
Figure 14 shows two types of the duplexer configuration. They have merits and demerits
with regard to characteristics, size, cost and other items.
Figure 14(a) shows a module type, which mounts SAW and BAW filters and other
components on a substrate, such as a printed board. Figure 14(b) shows a device type,
which seals the package after mounting SAW and BAW filter bare chips on a package,
such as multi-layered ceramics. In those two types, the TX and RX filters/chips are
separated from each other, and there is the possibility of a single filter/chip solution.
f
SP
f
T
3f
T
2f
T
f
R
Frequency
IEC
Figure 10 – Typical wide range frequency response of TX filter
f
R
f
DIM
f f
LO IM
f
T
Frequency
IEC
Figure 11 – Typical wide range frequency response of RX filter for upper local system
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
– 16 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017

IEC
Figure 12 – Phase shifter by microstrip line on the surface of a ceramic package

TX filter TX port
Antenna port
RX filter RX port
Phase shifter
IEC
Figure 13 – Lumped element phase shifter

SAW/BAW filters Metal lid
SAW/BAW chips
Metal cover Discrete components
for phase shifter
Microstrip line (phase shifter)
Printed board
Ceramic multilayer substrate
IEC
IEC
a) Module type  b) Device type
Figure 14 – Duplexer configuration
6.2 Typical characteristics of SAW and BAW duplexers
6.2.1 UMTS duplexer
As an example of a duplexer for a UMTS system, a SAW duplexer for UMTS Band 1 is shown
in 6.2. The frequency regulation of Band 1 is provided by a third generation partnership
project (3GPP). The transmitter and receiver pass bands in the handset are 1 920 MHz to
1 980 MHz and 2 110 MHz to 2 170 MHz, respectively. Both frequency bands are indicated by
f and f in Figure 15. The size of this duplexer is typically 4,9 mm × 4,9 mm × 1,7 mm. A 41°
T R
rotated Y cut X propagated LiNbO crystal is used as substrate. The structure of the filter is a
ladder (see 5.2 of IEC 60862-2:2012), and the electrodes material is made by Al-Ti alloy for
high power durability.
Frequency characteristics of this SAW duplexer for UMTS Band 1 are shown in Figure 15. The
typical insertion attenuation from the TX port to the antenna port and that from the antenna
port to the RX port are 1,4 dB and 2,3 dB, respectively. The isolation values between
transmitter and receiver ports are typically 48 dB for the TX band and 40 dB for the RX band.
6.2.2 US CDMA duplexer
The frequency characteristics example of US CDMA duplexer is shown in Figure 16. This type
of duplexer is also applicable to UMTS Band 5. The TX passband frequency is 824 MHz to
849 MHz, while RX passband frequency is 869 MHz to 894 MHz. Both frequency bands are
indicated by f and f in the figure. The dimension of this duplexer is typically
T R
3,8 mm × 3,8 mm × 1,6 mm. Y cut X propagated LiTaO with a rotation angle optimized
around 36° is used as a substrate. The ladder type SAW filters are used for both TX and RX
parts. Typical insertion attenuation is 1,8 dB from TX port to antenna port. And 2,5 dB typical
insertion attenuation is from antenna port to RX port. The isolation between TX port and
RX port is typically 60 dB for the TX band and 47 dB for the RX band.
6.2.3 PCS CDMA duplexer
According to Table 1, the guard band or a gap distance between the transmitting and
receiving frequencies for UMTS band 2 or PCS band is relatively narrow, and high Q
characteristics or a sharp filter response in the transition band is required. From this
requirement, BAW duplexers which are composed of film bulk acoustic resonators (FBAR) or
solidly mounted resonators (SMR) are mainly used for PCS CDMA duplexers. The frequency
characteristics example of a PCS CDMA duplexer using FBAR is shown in Figure 17. The TX
passband frequency is 1 850 MHz to 1 910 MHz, while the RX passband frequency is
1 930 MHz to 1 990 MHz. This duplexer can comply with the specified maximum insertion
attenuation of 3,5 dB for the TX band and 4,0 dB for the RX band, with excellent transition
band responses between the TX and RX bands. Also, the specified minimum isolation values
between the transmitter and receiver ports are 54 dB for the TX band and 43 dB for the RX
band.
TX RX
f f
T R
1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4
Frequency (GHz)
IEC
a) Amplitude responses of the duplexer from TX port to antenna port and
from antenna port to RX port (near pass band)
Attenuation (dB)
– 18 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017
f f
T R
1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4
Frequency (GHz)
IEC
b) Isolation characteristics of the duplexer between RX port and TX port
3f
T
2f
60 T
6,30
0 1,05 2,10 3,15 4,20 5,25
Frequency (GHz)
IEC
c) Amplitude response of the duplexer from TX port to antenna port (DC to 6 GHz)
Figure 15 – Frequency characteristics of SAW duplexer for UMTS Band 1 system
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
TX RX
f f
T R
760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960
Frequency (MHz) IEC
a) Amplitude responses of the duplexer from TX port to antenna port and
from antenna port to RX port (near pass band)
f f
T R
760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960
IEC
Frequency (MHz)
b) Isolation characteristics of the duplexer between RX port and TX port
–10
3f
T
2f
T
0 300 600 900 1 200 1 500 1 800 2 100 2 400 2 700 3 000
Frequency (MHz) IEC
c) Amplitude response of the duplexer from TX port to antenna port (DC to 3 GHz)
Figure 16 – Frequency characteristics of a SAW duplexer for US CDMA system
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB) Attenuation (dB)

– 20 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017
3,5 dB 4,0 dB
40 43 dB
52 dB
S
S
1 750 1 800 1 850 1 900 1 950 2 000 2 050
Frequency (MHz)
IEC
a) Amplitude responses of the duplexer from TX port to antenna port and
from antenna port to RX port (near pass band)
S
43 dB
54 dB
1 750 1 800 1 850 1 900 1 950 2 000 2 050
Frequency (MHz)
IEC
b) Isolation characteristics of the duplexer between RX port and TX port
S
S
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency (GHz)
IEC
c) Amplitude responses of the duplexer from TX port to antenna port and
from antenna port to RX port (DC to 6 GHz)
)
Figure 17 – Frequency characteristics of BAW duplexer for PCS CDMA system
___________
4)
P.Bradley et al.: "A 6-port Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) Multiplexer For U.S. CDMA Handsets
Permitting use of PCS, U.S. CDMA and GPS with a single Antenna”, Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp., pp.325-328,
2006.
Attenuation (dB) Attenuation (dB) Attenuation (dB)

7 Application guidelines
7.1 Power durability
High power durability of about 1 W is necessary for SAW and BAW duplexers. There are two
modes of damage caused by power beyond the durability and the situation is severer for a
SAW duplexer than for a BAW duplexer.
The first mode is breakdown. High voltage momentarily destroys SAW electrodes. Input power
should be considered to prevent their breakdown.
The second mode is stress migration. The excessive repeated mechanical stress can induce
electrode deteriorations, such as voids and hillocks. They cause frequency shift and insertion
attenuation degradation of the SAW duplexer.
In order to protect the SAW duplexer from such deteriorations, and to keep the duplexer
working for a sufficient amount of time, the drive level shall be less than 1 W. Various
technologies of high power durability in SAW devices intended to extend their lifetime have
been studied; these are described in 5.5 of IEC 61019-2:2005.
In the case of a BAW duplexer, it is said that its durability is stronger than that of an SAW.
However, consideration of the drive level is necessary also for a BAW duplexer. More detailed
studies and reports are required technically.
7.2 Harmonics and inter-modulation distortion
Nonlinearity of SAW and BAW duplexers loaded in high power can cause harmonics, which
generates unwanted output signals in stop band areas, as shown by Figure 10 and Figure 11.
In addition inter-modulation distortion also occurs both in stop band and pass band areas.
Detailed technical information is described in 8.5.7 of IEC 60862-1:2015.
7.3 Measurement method for the duplexer
The measurement method shall basically be performed in accordance with the measurement
method of IEC 60862-1:2015 and IEC 62575-1:2015. However, in the evaluation of the
duplexer, the instructions given by the application notes from a vendor should be considered.
Because the duplexer is a three-port device, it is recommended to use multi-port-type network
analyzers. Figure 18 shows a schematic diagram of the measurement method for a duplexer
with a four-port-type network analyzer, as an example.
However, a conventional two-port-type network analyzer can be also used for measuring the
characteristics between any two ports chosen from three ports of the duplexer with 50 Ω
termination of the unchosen port. A vector voltmeter or other filter test equipment can be also
applicable in the same way instead of the network analyzer.

– 22 – IEC 62604-2:2017 © IEC 2017
Network analyzer
Source
Transfer switch
R1 R2 R3 R4
T1 T2 T3 T4
Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4
50 Ω
Antenna port TX port
Duplexer
RX port
IEC
Figure 18 – Four-port-type network analyzer for duplexer measurement
)
Adopting a balanced connection filter to the RX filter, a duplexer with a balanced RX port
will be realized. It can also be evaluated using four-port-type network analyzer as shown in
Figure 19.
___________
5)
See IEC 60862-2:2012, 5.3.5.
Network analyzer
Source
Transfer switch
R2 R3 R4
R1
T2 T3 T4
T1
Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4
Antenna port TX port
Duplexer
RX port
IEC
Figure 19 – Four-port-type network analyzer for measurement of
a balanced RX port duplexer
7.4 Electrostatic voltage protection
Since the duplexers are used in the front-end of the user equipment, electrostatic overstress
(discharge) can easily affect the device's antenna port, and a countermeasure against the
static electricity is generally required, particularly for SAW duplexers. As the electrode gap of
IDT in the SAW duplexer is very narrow, especially for the high frequency range, and it might
be a cause of degradation or destruction to apply static electricity to a SAW duplexer, it is
necessary to be careful not to apply static electricity or excessive voltage while transporting,
assembling and measuring.
If the piezoelectric material of duplexers has large pyro-electricity, excessive voltage can
occur during rapid temperature changes. In order to prevent such an occurrence, it is
necessary to take care not to add any thermal shock. In the soldering process, adequate
preheating is effective.
– 24 – IEC 62604-
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